This document provides an overview of English literature. It begins by defining literature and discussing its nature and value. It then examines various periods of English literature in chronological order from Old English to 20th century works. For each period, it outlines the major historical influences and provides examples of prominent authors and literary forms. One work discussed in depth is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe from the Renaissance period.

1. ENGLISH LITERATUREENGLISH LITERATURE
Muhammad Sajid us SalamMuhammad Sajid us Salam
LecturerLecturer
Department of English Language & Applied LinguisticsDepartment of English Language & Applied Linguistics
AIOU, Islamabad.AIOU, Islamabad.

2. What is literature?What is literature?
What is the nature ofWhat is the nature of
literature?literature?
What is the value of literature?What is the value of literature?
Why do we study literature?Why do we study literature?
How do we study literature?How do we study literature?

3. 1. What is Literature?1. What is Literature?
 Literature refers to the practice andLiterature refers to the practice and
profession of writing. It comes from humanprofession of writing. It comes from human
interest in telling a story, in arranging wordsinterest in telling a story, in arranging words
in artistic forms, in describing in words somein artistic forms, in describing in words some
aspects of human experiences.aspects of human experiences.

4. 2. Why we read Literature?2. Why we read Literature?
 PleasurePleasure
 RelaxationRelaxation
 KnowledgeKnowledge

5. Literature
1. Histories
2. Romances – pose and verse (Metrical Romances)
3. Tales
4. Dramas
5. Lyric poetry
6. Ballads

6. Prose
Poetry
Drama
Sonnet
Tudor Literature
Courtly Literature - romantic by nature
Citizen literature – more realistic by nature

7. Indo-European languagesIndo-European languages

8. Overview of English InfluencesOverview of English Influences
Pre-History-1066 A.D.Pre-History-1066 A.D.
C.R.A.V.N.C.R.A.V.N.
Celts (Brythons and Gaels) up to 55Celts (Brythons and Gaels) up to 55
B.C.B.C.
Roman Conquest 55 B.C. - 407 A.D.Roman Conquest 55 B.C. - 407 A.D.
Anglo-Saxon Period 407 A.D. - 787Anglo-Saxon Period 407 A.D. - 787
A.D.A.D.
Viking Invasions 787 A.D. - 1066Viking Invasions 787 A.D. - 1066
A.D.A.D.
Noman Conquest begins in 1066Noman Conquest begins in 1066
A.D.A.D.

9. History of English LiteratureHistory of English Literature
Old English Literature
Medieval English Literature
Renaissance English Literature
17th century English Literature
18th century English Literature
Romantic English Literature
19th century English Literature
20th century English Literature

10. Old English LiteratureOld English Literature
 449A.D.---1066449A.D.---1066
 Formation of EnglandFormation of England
 Formation of Old EnglishFormation of Old English
 Poetic traditionPoetic tradition
 The Song of BeowulfThe Song of Beowulf---the national epic---the national epic
 Anglo-Saxon period: from tribal society toAnglo-Saxon period: from tribal society to
feudalismfeudalism

11. Medieval English LiteratureMedieval English Literature
 About five centuriesAbout five centuries
 Feudal system, Roman Catholic churchFeudal system, Roman Catholic church
 Literary forms: romance, popular balladLiterary forms: romance, popular ballad
 Representatives:Geoffrey Chaucer,Representatives:Geoffrey Chaucer,
William LanglandWilliam Langland

12. Renaissance English LiteratureRenaissance English Literature
 Late 15Late 15thth
century---early 17century---early 17thth
centurycentury
 The rise of bourgeois classThe rise of bourgeois class
 Renaissance: the rebirth of lettersRenaissance: the rebirth of letters
the key: humanismthe key: humanism
 Thomas More: the greatest humanistThomas More: the greatest humanist
 Representatives:Representatives:
--William Shakespeare: drama--William Shakespeare: drama
--Edmund Spencer: poetry--Edmund Spencer: poetry
--Francis Bacon: essay--Francis Bacon: essay

13. 1717thth
century English Literaturecentury English Literature
 English Revolution, Restoration, the “GloriousEnglish Revolution, Restoration, the “Glorious
Revolution”--constitutional monarchyRevolution”--constitutional monarchy
 Literature of the Revolution:Literature of the Revolution:
--Poetry: John Milton--Poetry: John Milton
Metaphysical poetryMetaphysical poetry
--Prose: John Bunyan--Prose: John Bunyan
 Literature of the Restoration:Literature of the Restoration:
--comedies (comedy of manners)--comedies (comedy of manners)
--John Dryden--John Dryden

14. 1818thth
century English Literaturecentury English Literature
 The industrial revolution, the rise of bourgeois middleThe industrial revolution, the rise of bourgeois middle
classclass
 The Enlightenment—the struggle of bourgeoisieThe Enlightenment—the struggle of bourgeoisie
against feudalismagainst feudalism
 Neoclassicism: Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison,Neoclassicism: Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison,
Richard SteeleRichard Steele
 Realistic novel: Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, HenryRealistic novel: Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Henry
FieldingFielding
 Sentimentalism: Laurence Stern, Thomas GraySentimentalism: Laurence Stern, Thomas Gray
 Pre-Romanticism: William Blake, Robert BurnsPre-Romanticism: William Blake, Robert Burns

15. Romantic English LiteratureRomantic English Literature
 The French Revolution & the industrialThe French Revolution & the industrial
revolutionrevolution
 PoetryPoetry
William Wordsworth, S. T. ColeridgeWilliam Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge
Robert Southey; Byron, Shelley, KeatsRobert Southey; Byron, Shelley, Keats
 Prose: Charles LambProse: Charles Lamb
 Novel: Walter Scott, Jane AustenNovel: Walter Scott, Jane Austen

16. 1919thth
century English Literaturecentury English Literature
 The Victorian periodThe Victorian period
 The struggle between the working classThe struggle between the working class
and the capitalistsand the capitalists
 Critical realism: novel (Critical realism: novel (the 40s and early 50sthe 40s and early 50s))
Charles Dickens, W. M. Thackeray, BronteCharles Dickens, W. M. Thackeray, Bronte
sisters, George Eliot etc.sisters, George Eliot etc.
 Prose & poetry: the mid and late 19Prose & poetry: the mid and late 19thth
centurycentury
 Chartist literatureChartist literature

17.  Literary trends at the end of the 19Literary trends at the end of the 19thth
centurycentury
--Naturalism: George Gissing--Naturalism: George Gissing
--Neo-romanticism: Robert Louis--Neo-romanticism: Robert Louis
StevensonStevenson
--Aestheticism: Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater--Aestheticism: Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater

18. 2020thth
century English Literaturecentury English Literature
 The two world warsThe two world wars
 New ideas and new theoriesNew ideas and new theories
 Realistic writing: early 20Realistic writing: early 20thth
centurycentury
--poetry: Thomas Hardy, war poets--poetry: Thomas Hardy, war poets
--novel: John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells,--novel: John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells,
Arnold BennettArnold Bennett
--drama: George Bernard Shaw--drama: George Bernard Shaw
 Modernism: the 20s and 30sModernism: the 20s and 30s
--a movement of experiments in--a movement of experiments in
techniquestechniques

19. -- poetry: W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot.-- poetry: W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot.
-- novel: D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce-- novel: D.H. Lawrence, E.M. Foster, James Joyce
and Virginia Woolfand Virginia Woolf
--drama: J.M. Synge--drama: J.M. Synge
 English literature since 1945English literature since 1945
--postmodernism--postmodernism
--drama: Samuel Becket, John Osborne,Harold--drama: Samuel Becket, John Osborne,Harold
PinterPinter
--novel: William Golding, John Fowles, Kingsley Amis--novel: William Golding, John Fowles, Kingsley Amis
(the Angry Yong man), Martin Amis etc.(the Angry Yong man), Martin Amis etc.
--poetry: Dylan Thomas, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes--poetry: Dylan Thomas, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes
and Seamus Heaneyand Seamus Heaney

20. BEOWULF: c. 1000BEOWULF: c. 1000
 Written in alliterative verse and uses kennings, as doesWritten in alliterative verse and uses kennings, as does
Caedmon’s Hymn. An epic poem in the elegiac mode. Caedmon’s Hymn. An epic poem in the elegiac mode.
 Deals with the Danish King, Hrothgar, whose court is attackedDeals with the Danish King, Hrothgar, whose court is attacked
by the monster Grendel and his mother, who kill Many of theby the monster Grendel and his mother, who kill Many of the
kings men. kings men.
 Beowulf , a young Great, comes boasting to Hrothgar’s court,Beowulf , a young Great, comes boasting to Hrothgar’s court,
and avenges these deaths by fighting Grendel and his mother,and avenges these deaths by fighting Grendel and his mother,
receiving rich rewards from Hrothgar—his ring-bearer—forreceiving rich rewards from Hrothgar—his ring-bearer—for
these deeds. these deeds.
He then fights a dragon to save his own people, but dies inHe then fights a dragon to save his own people, but dies in
slaying it. The poem ends in a lament for Beowulf.slaying it. The poem ends in a lament for Beowulf.
Contributions to Literature
1. Epic and War poetry

21. Norman conquest led by William of Normandy “The Conqueror”Norman conquest led by William of Normandy “The Conqueror”
EFFECTS/INFLUENCESEFFECTS/INFLUENCES
 Love of law and orderLove of law and order
 William drew up the code of laws and prepared theWilliam drew up the code of laws and prepared the Domesday BookDomesday Book
w/c includes a gigantic survey of all the real estate & other taxablew/c includes a gigantic survey of all the real estate & other taxable
property of Englandproperty of England
 great increase in the growth and importance of towns in Englandgreat increase in the growth and importance of towns in England
 French or Anglo- Norman which is based on Latin.French or Anglo- Norman which is based on Latin.
 Many words were introduced.Many words were introduced.
 English grammar was simplified.English grammar was simplified.
 Standard English languageStandard English language

22. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales
nextnext
 ChaucerChaucer’’s masterpiece and one of thes masterpiece and one of the
monumental works in English literaturemonumental works in English literature
 Outline of the storyOutline of the story
 The tales: The Wife of BathThe tales: The Wife of Bath

23. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1343 – 1400)GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1343 – 1400)
The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales (1380s) (1380s)
24 tales and a framing prologue that sets up the fiction of pilgrims24 tales and a framing prologue that sets up the fiction of pilgrims
meeting at a tavern as they begin their pilgrimage to the shrine ofmeeting at a tavern as they begin their pilgrimage to the shrine of
St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury.
Each agrees to tell a tale. The tales are inked by prologues. TheEach agrees to tell a tale. The tales are inked by prologues. The
narrator begins the prologue by describing the fine April day andnarrator begins the prologue by describing the fine April day and
each of the pilgrims in his entourage. each of the pilgrims in his entourage.
Some characters: Knight, Miller, Wife of Bath, Prioress, Nun’s Priest,Some characters: Knight, Miller, Wife of Bath, Prioress, Nun’s Priest,
Squire, Reeve, Pardoner, Summoner, Cook, Man of Law, OxfordSquire, Reeve, Pardoner, Summoner, Cook, Man of Law, Oxford
Scholar, etc. Scholar, etc.

24. RENAISSANCE LITERATURE (1485 – 1660)RENAISSANCE LITERATURE (1485 – 1660)
 ““Renaissance” means “Rebirth”--Rebirth of interest in theRenaissance” means “Rebirth”--Rebirth of interest in the
Greek and Latin classics.Greek and Latin classics.
 Emphasis on humanistic education for statesmanship Emphasis on humanistic education for statesmanship
 Focus on the individual and a concern with the fullestFocus on the individual and a concern with the fullest
possible cultivation of human potential through properpossible cultivation of human potential through proper
educationeducation
 Focus on individual consciousness and the interior mind Focus on individual consciousness and the interior mind
concern with the refinement of the language and theconcern with the refinement of the language and the
development of a national, vernacular literature development of a national, vernacular literature
Reformation- movement that aimed for reformation in the
Roman Catholic church which gave rise to the Protestant
domination empowered by Martin Luther.

25. Christopher MarloweChristopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe (1564Christopher Marlowe (1564––1593) was an1593) was an
English dramatist, poet and translator of theEnglish dramatist, poet and translator of the
Elizabethan era. He is known for hisElizabethan era. He is known for his
magnificentmagnificent blank verseblank verse, his overreaching, his overreaching
protagonists, and his own mysterious andprotagonists, and his own mysterious and
untimely death.untimely death.

26. Christopher MarloweChristopher Marlowe
 ““University WitsUniversity Wits””
 The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus

27. The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus nextnext
 1. It is based on a German legend.1. It is based on a German legend.
 The hero of the play is Doctor Faustus, a young andThe hero of the play is Doctor Faustus, a young and
brilliant scholar. The chief feature of his character is abrilliant scholar. The chief feature of his character is a
thirst for knowledge.thirst for knowledge.
 Faustus takes one by one the chief subjects ofFaustus takes one by one the chief subjects of
academic curriculum, philosophy, medicine and law.academic curriculum, philosophy, medicine and law.
He is bored with the orthodox curriculum, and turns toHe is bored with the orthodox curriculum, and turns to
the study of magic in order to understand andthe study of magic in order to understand and
possess the kingdoms of the earth.possess the kingdoms of the earth.
 Then he meet the Devil and the doctor must sell hisThen he meet the Devil and the doctor must sell his
soul to the Devil so he may live 24 years, with thesoul to the Devil so he may live 24 years, with the
Devil at his command. Then Faustus signs the bondDevil at his command. Then Faustus signs the bond
with his own blood.with his own blood.

28. The Tragical History of Doctor FaustusThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus
backback
 After the contract with the Devil, Faustus makes aAfter the contract with the Devil, Faustus makes a
tour in the universe on a dragontour in the universe on a dragon’’s back. Then hes back. Then he
gives a display of his magic art and plays tricks upongives a display of his magic art and plays tricks upon
the Pope at a banquet.the Pope at a banquet.
 Meanwhile Faustus is drawing near his doom. It isMeanwhile Faustus is drawing near his doom. It is
the scholars who are his companions on his last nightthe scholars who are his companions on his last night
on earth. Even in his painful expectation of theon earth. Even in his painful expectation of the
coming of the devils, he thinks of his friends safety:coming of the devils, he thinks of his friends safety: ““
Gentlemen, away, lest you perish with me.Gentlemen, away, lest you perish with me.”” So oneSo one
hour before midnight, Faustus is left to face his awfulhour before midnight, Faustus is left to face his awful
destiny alone until he is carried away by the Devil.destiny alone until he is carried away by the Devil.

29. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare
 William Shakespeare (1564William Shakespeare (1564––1616) was1616) was
anan EnglishEnglish poetpoet andand playwrightplaywright, widely, widely
regarded as the greatest writer in theregarded as the greatest writer in the
English languageEnglish language and the world'sand the world's
preeminent dramatist. He is often calledpreeminent dramatist. He is often called
England'sEngland's national poetnational poet and the "and the "BardBard
of Avonof Avon" (or simply "The Bard")." (or simply "The Bard").

30. Shakespeare in LoveShakespeare in Love

31. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare
Shakespeare’s BirthplaceShakespeare’s Birthplace

32. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare
 His surviving works consist of 38 plays,His surviving works consist of 38 plays,
154 sonnets, two long narrative poems,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems,
and several other poems. His plays haveand several other poems. His plays have
been translated into every major livingbeen translated into every major living
language, and are performed more oftenlanguage, and are performed more often
than those of any other playwright.than those of any other playwright.
 Historical playsHistorical plays
 Great comediesGreat comedies
 Great tragediesGreat tragedies

33. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare backback
Historical plays:Historical plays:
 Henry ⅣHenry Ⅳ
 Richard IIIRichard III
 Henry ⅤHenry Ⅴ
 Henry VIIIHenry VIII

34. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare backback
Great comedies:Great comedies:
 The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice
 As You Like ItAs You Like It
 Twelfth NightTwelfth Night
 A Midsummer NightA Midsummer Night’’s Dreams Dream

35. William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare backback
Great tragedies:Great tragedies:
 HamletHamlet
 OthelloOthello
 King LearKing Lear
 MacbethMacbeth

36. Francis BaconFrancis Bacon
 He is the founder of English materialistHe is the founder of English materialist
philosophy, founder of modern science inphilosophy, founder of modern science in
England and the first English essayist.England and the first English essayist.
His works:His works:
 Essays (Essays (Of StudyOf Study, Of Truth), Of Truth)
 New InstrumentNew Instrument
 Advancement of LearningAdvancement of Learning

37. Of StudyOf Study
 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, andStudies serve for delight, for ornament, and
for ability.for ability.
 Reading makes a full man; conference aReading makes a full man; conference a
ready man; and writing an exact man.ready man; and writing an exact man.
 Histories make men wise; poets witty; theHistories make men wise; poets witty; the
mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep;mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep;
moral grave; logic and rhetoric able tomoral grave; logic and rhetoric able to
contend.contend.

38. John MiltonJohn Milton
 About the authorAbout the author
 AboutAbout Paradise LostParadise Lost
 Major worksMajor works

39. John MiltonJohn Milton
 With the Restoration of Charles II, Milton wasWith the Restoration of Charles II, Milton was
arrested and imprisoned. His book werearrested and imprisoned. His book were
burnt. But he was saved, he probably owedburnt. But he was saved, he probably owed
his escape from death to his blindness. A firehis escape from death to his blindness. A fire
in London destroyed his house. He movedin London destroyed his house. He moved
from place to place until he settled down onfrom place to place until he settled down on
the outskirts of London.the outskirts of London.
 His blindness forced him to depend on hisHis blindness forced him to depend on his
daughters for an assistance with his readingdaughters for an assistance with his reading
and writing. Everyday he dictated his epicand writing. Everyday he dictated his epic
Paradise LostParadise Lost 10 or 20 lines at a time.10 or 20 lines at a time.

40. Paradise LostParadise Lost
 It is a long epic of 12 books. The story was takenIt is a long epic of 12 books. The story was taken
from the Bible.from the Bible.
 The Old TestamentThe Old Testament
 The New TestamentThe New Testament
 The story was taken from the Old Testament, theThe story was taken from the Old Testament, the
Creation.Creation.

41. Paradise LostParadise Lost
 Content:Content:
 1. the rebellion of Satan and his fellow-angles in1. the rebellion of Satan and his fellow-angles in
Heaven.Heaven.
 2. the Creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve2. the Creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve
by God.by God.
 3. Satan3. Satan’’s temptation of Eve and the departure ofs temptation of Eve and the departure of
Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.

42. Paradise LostParadise Lost
 Satan and his followers are banished fromSatan and his followers are banished from
Heaven and driven into the hell.Heaven and driven into the hell.
 Satan fearlessly withstands all pains andSatan fearlessly withstands all pains and
passionately strives for victory. He choose forpassionately strives for victory. He choose for
his battlefield the most perfect spot everhis battlefield the most perfect spot ever
created by God--the Garden of Eden, wherecreated by God--the Garden of Eden, where
live the first man and woman--Adam and Eve.live the first man and woman--Adam and Eve.
They were not permit to eat the fruit thatThey were not permit to eat the fruit that
grows on the Tree of Knowledge.grows on the Tree of Knowledge.

43. Paradise LostParadise Lost
 Satan persuade her to break GodSatan persuade her to break God’’s command,s command,
Eve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and pickEve eats an apple from the forbidden tree and pick
for Adam. Adam and Eve were expelled from thefor Adam. Adam and Eve were expelled from the
Garden of Eden and doomed to an earthly life fullGarden of Eden and doomed to an earthly life full
of hardships and sufferings.of hardships and sufferings.

44. John MiltonJohn Milton backback
His masterpiece:His masterpiece:
 Paradise LostParadise Lost
 Paradise RegainedParadise Regained
 Samson AgonistSamson Agonist

45. William WordsworthWilliam Wordsworth
His works:His works:
 Lyrical BalladsLyrical Ballads
 To the CuckooTo the Cuckoo
 Lines Written in Early SpringLines Written in Early Spring
 I Wandered Lonely as a CloudI Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
 Lucy PoemsLucy Poems

46. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeSamuel Taylor Coleridge
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772––1834) was an1834) was an
English poet, critic and philosopher who was,English poet, critic and philosopher who was,
along with his friend William Wordsworth, onealong with his friend William Wordsworth, one
of the founders of theof the founders of the Romantic MovementRomantic Movement inin
England and one of theEngland and one of the Lake PoetsLake Poets..
 He is probably best known for his poemsHe is probably best known for his poems
The Rime of the Ancient MarinerThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner, as well as, as well as
his major prose workhis major prose work Biographia LiterariaBiographia Literaria..

47. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeSamuel Taylor Coleridge

48. George Gordon ByronGeorge Gordon Byron
 George Gordon Byron (1788George Gordon Byron (1788––1824) was a British1824) was a British
poet and a leading figure inpoet and a leading figure in RomanticismRomanticism..
 He is regarded as one of the greatest EuropeanHe is regarded as one of the greatest European
poets and remains widely read and influential,poets and remains widely read and influential,
both in the English-speaking world and beyond.both in the English-speaking world and beyond.
 Byron's fame rests not only on his writings butByron's fame rests not only on his writings but
also on his life, which featured extravagant living,also on his life, which featured extravagant living,
numerous love affairs, debts, separation, andnumerous love affairs, debts, separation, and
marital exploits. He was famously described bymarital exploits. He was famously described by
Lady Caroline LambLady Caroline Lamb as "mad, bad, andas "mad, bad, and
dangerous to know."dangerous to know."

49. George Gordon ByronGeorge Gordon Byron
His major works:His major works:
 Child HaroldChild Harold’’s Pilgrimages Pilgrimage
 Don JuanDon Juan

50. Percy Bysshe ShelleyPercy Bysshe Shelley
 Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792––1822) was1822) was
one of the majorone of the major EnglishEnglish
Romantic poetsRomantic poets and is widelyand is widely
considered to be among the finestconsidered to be among the finest
lyric poetslyric poets in the English language.in the English language.
 He was famous for his association withHe was famous for his association with
John KeatsJohn Keats and Lord Byron. Theand Lord Byron. The
novelist Mary Shelley was his secondnovelist Mary Shelley was his second
wife.wife.

51. Percy Bysshe ShelleyPercy Bysshe Shelley
His major works:His major works:
 Prometheus UnboundPrometheus Unbound
 A Defence of PoetryA Defence of Poetry
 Ode to the West WindOde to the West Wind
 The Revolt of IslamThe Revolt of Islam

52. Percy Bysshe ShelleyPercy Bysshe Shelley
 The trumpet of a prophecy ! O, Wind,The trumpet of a prophecy ! O, Wind,
If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?If winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

53. John KeatsJohn Keats
 John Keats (1795John Keats (1795––1821) was one of the1821) was one of the
principal poets of the English Romanticprincipal poets of the English Romantic
movement. During his short life, hismovement. During his short life, his
work received constant critical attackswork received constant critical attacks
from periodicals of the day, but hisfrom periodicals of the day, but his
posthumous influence on poets hasposthumous influence on poets has
been immense.been immense.
 Elaborate word choice and sensualElaborate word choice and sensual
imagery characterize Keats's poetry.imagery characterize Keats's poetry.

54. John KeatsJohn Keats
Major works:Major works:
 IsabellaIsabella
 The Eve of St. AgnesThe Eve of St. Agnes,,
 LamiaLamia
 Ode to a NightingaleOde to a Nightingale

55. 19th Century Novels19th Century Novels
 Mary ShelleyMary Shelley
 Walter ScottWalter Scott
 Jane AustenJane Austen
 Bronte SistersBronte Sisters
 Charles DickensCharles Dickens
 William Makepeace ThackerayWilliam Makepeace Thackeray
 Thomas HardyThomas Hardy

56. Jane AustenJane Austen
Her major works:Her major works:
 Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice
 Sense and SensibilitySense and Sensibility
 EmmaEmma
 Northanger AbbeyNorthanger Abbey
 Mansfield ParkMansfield Park
 PersuasionPersuasion

57. Jane AustenJane Austen
 Jane Austen(1775-1817), is a famous EnglishJane Austen(1775-1817), is a famous English
novelist. With detail, Austen portrayed thenovelist. With detail, Austen portrayed the
quiet, day-to-day life of members of the upperquiet, day-to-day life of members of the upper
middle class.middle class.
 Her works combine romantic comedy withHer works combine romantic comedy with
social satire and psychological insight.social satire and psychological insight.

58. Charles DickensCharles Dickens
 Charles John Huffam Dickens(1812Charles John Huffam Dickens(1812––1870),1870),
pen-name "Boz", was one of the most popularpen-name "Boz", was one of the most popular
English novelists of the Victorian era.English novelists of the Victorian era.
 Many of Dickens's novels first appeared inMany of Dickens's novels first appeared in
periodicals and magazines in serialized form.periodicals and magazines in serialized form.
 Unlike many other authors who completedUnlike many other authors who completed
entire novels before serial productionentire novels before serial production
commenced, Dickens often composed hiscommenced, Dickens often composed his
works in parts, in the order in which they wereworks in parts, in the order in which they were
meant to appear. Such a practice lent hismeant to appear. Such a practice lent his
stories a particular rhythm.stories a particular rhythm.

59. Charles DickensCharles Dickens
His Major works:His Major works:
 Oliver TwistOliver Twist
 A Tale of Two CitiesA Tale of Two Cities
 Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations
 David CopperfieldDavid Copperfield
Charles DickensCharles Dickens

60. Thomas HardyThomas Hardy
 Thomas Hardy(1840Thomas Hardy(1840––
1928) was an English1928) was an English
novelist, short storynovelist, short story
writer, and poet of thewriter, and poet of the
naturalist movement,naturalist movement,
though he saw himselfthough he saw himself
as a poet and wroteas a poet and wrote
novels mainly fornovels mainly for
financial gain only.financial gain only.

61. Thomas HardyThomas Hardy
His Major works:His Major works:
 Tess of the DTess of the D’’urbervillesurbervilles
 Under the Greenwood TreeUnder the Greenwood Tree
 Far from the Madding CrowdFar from the Madding Crowd
 Major of CasterbridgeMajor of Casterbridge
 Jude the ObscureJude the Obscure

62. The 20The 20thth
Century LiteratureCentury Literature
 ModernismModernism
 Joseph ConradJoseph Conrad
 Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf
 D. H. LawrenceD. H. Lawrence
 E. M. ForsterE. M. Forster
 T. S. EliotT. S. Eliot
 William Butler YeatsWilliam Butler Yeats
 Oscar WildeOscar Wilde

63. Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf
 Virginia Woolf (1882Virginia Woolf (1882––1941) was an English1941) was an English
novelist and essayist, regarded as one ofnovelist and essayist, regarded as one of
the foremost modernist literary figures of thethe foremost modernist literary figures of the
twentieth century.twentieth century.
 During the interwar period, Woolf was aDuring the interwar period, Woolf was a
significant figure in London literary societysignificant figure in London literary society
and a member of the Bloomsbury Group.and a member of the Bloomsbury Group.

64. Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf
 The Bloomsbury GroupThe Bloomsbury Group was an Englishwas an English
collectivity of friends and relatives who livedcollectivity of friends and relatives who lived
in or near London during the first half of thein or near London during the first half of the
twentieth century.twentieth century.
 Their work deeply influenced literature,Their work deeply influenced literature,
aesthetics, criticism, and economics as wellaesthetics, criticism, and economics as well
as modern attitudes towards feminism,as modern attitudes towards feminism,
pacifism, and sexuality. Its best knownpacifism, and sexuality. Its best known
members were Virginia Woolf, John Maynardmembers were Virginia Woolf, John Maynard
Keynes, E. M. Forster, and Lytton Strachey.Keynes, E. M. Forster, and Lytton Strachey.

65. Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf
 She sometimes used theShe sometimes used the ““stream ofstream of
consciousnessconsciousness”” technique.technique.
▶▶Stream of Consciousness isStream of Consciousness is a psychologicala psychological
termterm indicating the flux of conscious andindicating the flux of conscious and
subconscious thoughts and impressionssubconscious thoughts and impressions
moving in the mind at any given timemoving in the mind at any given time
independently of the personindependently of the person’’s will.s will.
▶▶In the 20th century, under the influence ofIn the 20th century, under the influence of
FleudFleud’’s theory of psychological analysis , as theory of psychological analysis , a
number of writers adopted the Stream ofnumber of writers adopted the Stream of
Consciousness as a method of novel writing.Consciousness as a method of novel writing.

66. Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf

67. Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf
 Her most famous works include theHer most famous works include the
novelsnovels Mrs DallowayMrs Dalloway (1925),(1925), To theTo the
LighthouseLighthouse (1927) and(1927) and OrlandoOrlando (1928),(1928),
and the book-length essayand the book-length essay A Room ofA Room of
One's OwnOne's Own (1929), with its famous(1929), with its famous
dictum, "a woman must have moneydictum, "a woman must have money
and a room of her own if she is to writeand a room of her own if she is to write
fiction."fiction."

68. OthersOthers T. S. EliotT. S. Eliot
 William Butler YeatsWilliam Butler Yeats
 Oscar WildeOscar Wilde

69. Another view ofAnother view of
The 20The 20thth
Century LiteratureCentury Literature
 PostmodernismPostmodernism
 George OrwellGeorge Orwell
 John FowlesJohn Fowles
 Graham GreeneGraham Greene

70. Let us RecapLet us Recap

71. Pre-Historical/Pre-RomanPre-Historical/Pre-Roman

72. Anglo-Saxons-JutesAnglo-Saxons-Jutes

73. Anglo-Saxon LiteratureAnglo-Saxon Literature
Germanic ethos that celebrated the warrior and his exploits.Germanic ethos that celebrated the warrior and his exploits.
Most storytelling was oral.Most storytelling was oral.
Old English PoetryOld English Poetry became distinctive...became distinctive...
1.1. AlliterationAlliteration- repetition of consonant sounds- repetition of consonant sounds
2.2. KenningKenning- a metaphor expressed as a compound noun -- a metaphor expressed as a compound noun -
“whale-path” for the seaCaesura- a break or pause in poetry“whale-path” for the seaCaesura- a break or pause in poetry
3.3. CaesuraCaesura- a break or pause in poetry- a break or pause in poetry
RUNES: Anglo-Saxon alphabet/OLD ENGLISH. Runes were probablyRUNES: Anglo-Saxon alphabet/OLD ENGLISH. Runes were probably
brought to Britain in the 5brought to Britain in the 5thth
century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes andcentury by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and
Frisians, and were used until about the 11Frisians, and were used until about the 11thth
century. Runiccentury. Runic
inscription are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and otherinscription are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and other
objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts haveobjects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have
survived.survived.

74. Anglo-Saxon Poetry and RiddlesAnglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles
The Book of ExeterThe Book of Exeter
Contains more than 30 poems and 90Contains more than 30 poems and 90
riddles.riddles.
Written down by monks in about 975, ourWritten down by monks in about 975, our
primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetryprimary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry
Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, orDominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or
mournfulmournful
Dominant tone of riddles is light andDominant tone of riddles is light and
somewhat bawdy (for entertainmentsomewhat bawdy (for entertainment
purposes- think SNL).purposes- think SNL).

75. BeowulfBeowulf......
The major text we will read from this period is the EPICThe major text we will read from this period is the EPIC BeowulfBeowulf. It. It
is the story of a Scandinavian (GEAT) warrior or knight probably inis the story of a Scandinavian (GEAT) warrior or knight probably in
the sixth century, who comes to help a neighboring tribe, the Danes,the sixth century, who comes to help a neighboring tribe, the Danes,
who are being attacked by a monster.who are being attacked by a monster.
We study English history to understand the CONTEXT ofWe study English history to understand the CONTEXT of BeowulfBeowulf,,
and we studyand we study BeowulfBeowulf to understand the world which was OLDto understand the world which was OLD
ENGLISH.ENGLISH.
Consider the fighting, hunting, farming and loving Anglo-SaxonConsider the fighting, hunting, farming and loving Anglo-Saxon
heritage. The Non-Christians only hope was for fame andheritage. The Non-Christians only hope was for fame and
commemoration in poetry.commemoration in poetry.
BeowulfBeowulf is considered the shining star of Old English literature.is considered the shining star of Old English literature.
The Book of ExeterThe Book of Exeter is the largest surviving collection of poetry.is the largest surviving collection of poetry.

76. A Brief Glimpse of the History ofA Brief Glimpse of the History of
English from “Our Father”English from “Our Father”
OLD
ENGLISH
400-
1066
Beowulf
Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum
si þin nama gehalgod tobecume þin rice gewurþe þin willa on
eorðan swa swa on heofonum
urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us to dæg
and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum
and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice.
Middle
English
1066-
1485
Chaucer
Oure fadir þat art in heuenes halwid be þi name;
þi reume or kyngdom come to be. Be þi wille don in herþe as it
is doun in heuene.
yeue to us today oure eche dayes bred.
And foryeue to us oure dettis þat is oure synnys as we foryeuen
to oure dettouris þat is to men þat han synned in us.
And lede us not into temptacion but delyuere us from euyl.
Early Modern
English
1485-
1800
Shakes-
peare
Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name.
Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in
heauen.
Giue us this day our daily bread.
And forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters.
And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill.
Amen.
Modern
English
1800-
present
Austen Extra Credit! Write “The Our Father” in Modern English.

77. So, what do I need to know about theSo, what do I need to know about the
History of the Englsih Language?History of the Englsih Language?
Major datesMajor dates
55 B.C.55 B.C.
43 A.D.43 A.D.
410 A.D.410 A.D.
597 A.D.597 A.D.
1066 A.D.1066 A.D.

78. Major people…Major people…
Julius CaesarJulius Caesar
St. AugustineSt. Augustine
King Ethelbert of KentKing Ethelbert of Kent
King Alfred “the great”King Alfred “the great”
William the ConquerorWilliam the Conqueror
William, Duke of NormandyWilliam, Duke of Normandy

79. 3. Old English Period3. Old English Period
469 AD - 1066 AD469 AD - 1066 AD
 Three conquests.Three conquests.
 The Song of Beowulf:The Song of Beowulf:

80. Middle English LiteratureMiddle English Literature
 Bible translations,Bible translations,
 Geoffrey Chaucer:Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales
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81. Renaissance LiteratureRenaissance Literature
 Vernacular Literature.Vernacular Literature.
 William Caxton.William Caxton.
 Book of Common Prayer.Book of Common Prayer.

82. Early Modern PeriodEarly Modern Period
 Elizabethan EraElizabethan Era
 Jacobean LiteratureJacobean Literature
 Caroline and Cromwellian LiteratureCaroline and Cromwellian Literature
 Restoration LiteratureRestoration Literature
 Augustan Literature.Augustan Literature.

83. Elizabethan EraElizabethan Era
 William ShakespeareWilliam Shakespeare
 Hamlet,Hamlet,
 Romeo and Juliet,Romeo and Juliet,
 The Merchant of VeniceThe Merchant of Venice
 MacbethMacbeth
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84. Jacobean LiteratureJacobean Literature
 Post-Shakespeare.Post-Shakespeare.
 Dramatist Ben Jonson:Dramatist Ben Jonson:
TTheory of Humorsheory of Humors
Beaumont and FletcherBeaumont and Fletcher
The Knight of the Burning PestleThe Knight of the Burning Pestle

85. Caroline and CromwellianCaroline and Cromwellian
LiteratureLiterature
 Commonwealth.Commonwealth.
 Samuel Pepys.Samuel Pepys.
 Great Plague.Great Plague.
 Great Fire of London.Great Fire of London.
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86. Restoration LiteratureRestoration Literature
 John Milton:John Milton:
 Paradise LostParadise Lost
 The Country WifeThe Country Wife
 Pilgrim’s ProgressPilgrim’s Progress
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87. Augustan LiteratureAugustan Literature
 Jonathan Swift:Jonathan Swift:
 A Tale of a TubA Tale of a Tub
 Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels
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88. 18th Century18th Century
 Age of Enlightment.Age of Enlightment.
 Age of Sensibility.Age of Sensibility.
 Horace Walpole:Horace Walpole: The Castle of OtrantoThe Castle of Otranto

89. RomanticismRomanticism
 Industrialism.Industrialism.
 William Blake: Romantic AgeWilliam Blake: Romantic Age
 Oscar WildeOscar Wilde
 Mary Shelley:Mary Shelley:
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90. Victorian LiteratureVictorian Literature
 Charles Dickens.Charles Dickens.
 Arthur Conan Doyle:Arthur Conan Doyle: Sherlok HolmesSherlok Holmes
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91. English Literature since 1900English Literature since 1900
 Modernism: Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce,Modernism: Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce,
Virginia WoolfVirginia Woolf
 Post-Modern Literature: Truman CapotePost-Modern Literature: Truman Capote
 Post World War II: J.R.R. TolkienPost World War II: J.R.R. Tolkien
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