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Self and Society

Symbolic Interactionism
Objective
• To get you think about your own ‘authentic
  identity’ as a community development worker
• To get you to ‘imagine inside’ your roleplayed
  MI client, and the processes that led you to
  select that persons ‘identity’
• To see ‘taken for granted’ assumptions about
  identity, that form the basis of ‘prejudice’
• Masks
• Stage
• Scripts
  – Discursive
  – Performative


• 'symbolic communication’
• ‘authentic self’
• ‘deviant’ ‘otherness’
Who am I?
• How do ‘I’ get
  constituted, on a daily
  basis?
• What is the ‘I’ that I
  refer to?
• When am I being ‘me’?
• Who are ‘you’?
• Which you am I
  perceiving?
Mead: The ‘I’ and the ‘Me’
•     ‘I’ is the spontaneous unpredictable element of the self
•     'I' memory is a store of creativity, adaptability and novelty in
      the social process.
•     Where our most important values are located
•     Constitutes the realisation of the self - i.e. reveals a definite
      personality
•     Seen as an evolutionary process
•   'Me' is the conformist aspect of the self, and the
    reflexive, organised aspect of the self (Mead 1934: 197).
Erving Goffman
• Stigma (1963) Interaction Ritual (1967), Forms of Talk (1981)
• Presentation of the Self in Everyday life (1956),
• Dramaturgy - with human social behaviour seen as more or
  less well scripted and with humans as role-taking actors.

   – Role-taking is a key mechanism of interaction > reflexive awareness of
     self and others
   – Role-making a key mechanism of interaction in unaccustomed
     situations
• improvisational quality of roles, with human social behaviour
  seen as poorly scripted and with humans as role-making
  improvisers.
Blumer ‘meaning’
• meaning states that humans act toward
  people and things based upon the meanings
  that they have given to those people or things.
• Language gives humans a means by which to
  negotiate meaning through symbols.
• Thought, based on language, is a mental
  conversation or dialogue that requires role
  taking, or imagining different points of view
“Minding”
• Minding is the two-second delay where individuals
  rehearse the next move and anticipate how others
  will react.




                                    George Herbert Mead
‘I’ looking at ‘you’
Others
                  Johari
    Like Me




          STAGE




Deviant
Others
Self and society
Self and society
Learning/socialisation
• From a period of imitation without meaning for
  infants, through the play-acting world of children
• Through such play, one develops and internalizes a
  group of perspective on the self that Mead termed the
  "generalized other.“ (society? community? policy?)
• the "inner voice" of the generalize other continues to
  whisper the complex requirements of being "human.“
• (links to Foucault’s panopticism)
Michel Foucault Panopticism
• Surveillance & Spectacle
• The silent power of editing what you do
  because you are being watched, or think you
  are being surveilled.
Deviance & labelling
• Howard Becker
• Outsiders: Studies in the
  sociology of
  deviance(1969)
• Studies of group values
  among ‘delinquents’ and
  emergence of shared
  codes, values contra
  ‘mainstream’ values
Becker, labelling
• Becker and labelling – ‘social groups create
  (socially construct) deviance by making the
  rules whose infraction constitutes
  deviance, and by applying those rules to
  particular people and labelling them as
  outsiders.
• From this point of view, deviance is not a
  quality, of the act the person commits,
• but rather a consequence of the
  application by others of rules and
  sanctions to an ‘offender’.
• The deviant is one to whom that label has
  successfully been applied; deviant
  behaviour is behaviour that people so
  label.
Taking the Role of the Other
• This is seeing the world through another’s
  eyes.

• Walking in someone else’s shoes

• Grown up version of having imaginary friends
  and talking to yourself.

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Self and society

  • 1. Self and Society Symbolic Interactionism
  • 2. Objective • To get you think about your own ‘authentic identity’ as a community development worker • To get you to ‘imagine inside’ your roleplayed MI client, and the processes that led you to select that persons ‘identity’ • To see ‘taken for granted’ assumptions about identity, that form the basis of ‘prejudice’
  • 3. • Masks • Stage • Scripts – Discursive – Performative • 'symbolic communication’ • ‘authentic self’ • ‘deviant’ ‘otherness’
  • 4. Who am I? • How do ‘I’ get constituted, on a daily basis? • What is the ‘I’ that I refer to? • When am I being ‘me’? • Who are ‘you’? • Which you am I perceiving?
  • 5. Mead: The ‘I’ and the ‘Me’ • ‘I’ is the spontaneous unpredictable element of the self • 'I' memory is a store of creativity, adaptability and novelty in the social process. • Where our most important values are located • Constitutes the realisation of the self - i.e. reveals a definite personality • Seen as an evolutionary process • 'Me' is the conformist aspect of the self, and the reflexive, organised aspect of the self (Mead 1934: 197).
  • 6. Erving Goffman • Stigma (1963) Interaction Ritual (1967), Forms of Talk (1981) • Presentation of the Self in Everyday life (1956), • Dramaturgy - with human social behaviour seen as more or less well scripted and with humans as role-taking actors. – Role-taking is a key mechanism of interaction > reflexive awareness of self and others – Role-making a key mechanism of interaction in unaccustomed situations • improvisational quality of roles, with human social behaviour seen as poorly scripted and with humans as role-making improvisers.
  • 7. Blumer ‘meaning’ • meaning states that humans act toward people and things based upon the meanings that they have given to those people or things. • Language gives humans a means by which to negotiate meaning through symbols. • Thought, based on language, is a mental conversation or dialogue that requires role taking, or imagining different points of view
  • 8. “Minding” • Minding is the two-second delay where individuals rehearse the next move and anticipate how others will react. George Herbert Mead
  • 9. ‘I’ looking at ‘you’
  • 10. Others Johari Like Me STAGE Deviant Others
  • 13. Learning/socialisation • From a period of imitation without meaning for infants, through the play-acting world of children • Through such play, one develops and internalizes a group of perspective on the self that Mead termed the "generalized other.“ (society? community? policy?) • the "inner voice" of the generalize other continues to whisper the complex requirements of being "human.“ • (links to Foucault’s panopticism)
  • 14. Michel Foucault Panopticism • Surveillance & Spectacle • The silent power of editing what you do because you are being watched, or think you are being surveilled.
  • 15. Deviance & labelling • Howard Becker • Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance(1969) • Studies of group values among ‘delinquents’ and emergence of shared codes, values contra ‘mainstream’ values
  • 16. Becker, labelling • Becker and labelling – ‘social groups create (socially construct) deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. • From this point of view, deviance is not a quality, of the act the person commits, • but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an ‘offender’. • The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label.
  • 17. Taking the Role of the Other • This is seeing the world through another’s eyes. • Walking in someone else’s shoes • Grown up version of having imaginary friends and talking to yourself.