47. Alveolar pressure may exceed arterial pressure in all of the following conditions EXCEPT A. Hemorrhage B. Patients on positive pressure ventilation C. Normal individual playing a wind instrument D. Healthy woman during normal inspiration
48. Alveolar pressure of oxygen at sea level is approximately A. 21 mmHg B. 45 mmHg C. 40 mmHg D. 100 mmHg
49.
50. Please select the correct relationship Top of the lung Bottom of the lung A. Ventilation Higher Lower B. Blood Flow Higher Lower C. V/Q Higher Lower D. PO 2 Lower Higher E. PCO 2 Higher Lower
51. Select the FALSE statement regarding the diffusion capacity for oxygen A. It is directly proportional to the number of pulmonary capillaries opened at a given time B. It is inversely proportional to the thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane C. It is increased during the exercise D. It is unaffected by removal of part of the lung
52. Transfer of CO into the blood is “diffusion limited” because A. Partial pressure of CO rises very high in the blood as it flows along the pulmonary capillary B. CO chemically combines with Hb at a very high rate, keeping the pressure gradient at a high level C. CO transports is not dependent on thickness of alveolar-capillary membrane D. CO transport is limited by the amount of blood flowing through pulmonary capillaries
53. Which of the following has the greatest effect on the ability of blood to transport oxygen A. Capacity of the blood to dissolve oxygen B. pH of plasma C. CO 2 content of red blood cells D. Amount of hemoglobin in the blood E. Temperature of the blood
54. What is the difference in the arterial oxygen content of an individual who is breathing room air versus breathing 100%oxygen A. Zero B. About 1.8ml C. About 5.4ml D. 10.2ml
55. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is decreased by all of the following EXCEPT A. Increased hydrogen ion concentration B. Increased temperature C. Exercise D. Increased 2,3 DPG E. Decreased temperature
56. How is CO2 transported ? A A small portion of CO 2 (5%) is transported in the dissolved state to the lungs. B The dissolved CO 2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. C Formation of carbamino compounds with plasma proteins and hemoglobin. D All of the above E None of the above
57. BOYLES law states A. In a constant temperature system, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. B. In a constant volume system, pressure is directly proportional to the temperature. C. In a constant temperature system, pressure is directly proportional to volume. D. In a constant volume system, pressure is inversely proportional to the temperature.
58. On the the summit of Mt. Everest, where the barometric pressure is about 247mmHg, the partial pressure of inspired oxygen is about? A. 1 mm Hg B. 8 mm Hg C. 42 mm Hg D. 100 mm Hg
59. The volume of air that could enter the lung after a normal inspiration is the A. Tidal volume B. Expiratory reserve volume C. Residual volume D. Inspiratory reserve volume E. Dead space volume
60. During inspiration, as the diaphragm contracts, the pressure in the pleural space becomes? A. Equal to zero B. More positive C. More negative D. Equal to the pressure in the alveoli E. Equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
61. When a pneumothorax is induced, the chest wall__________ and the lungs____ A. Collapses in, Expands out B. Expands out, Collapses in C. Both Remain where they were D. Both collapse in
62.
63. During the effort independent region of a forced expiration, flow is limited by? A. Contraction of expiratory muscles B. Inertia of chest wall C. Transmural pressure becomes zero D. Increased airway compliance E. Transmural pressure becomes positive
64. A patient is being artificially ventilated during surgery at a rate of 20 breaths/min and a tidal volume of 250ml/breath. Assuming a normal anatomical dead space of 150ml, the alveolar ventilation in this patient is A. 1000ml/min B. 2000ml/min C. 3000ml/min D. 4000ml/min E. 5000ml/min
65. In which of the following conditions is alveolar PO 2 increased and alveolar PCO 2 decreased A.Breathing air with low PO 2 B.Increased alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism C.Decreased alveolar ventilation and unchanged metabolism D.Increased metabolism and unchanged alveolar ventilation E.Proportional increase in metabolism and alveolar ventilation
66. In the upright position, ventilation per unit lung volume is greater at the base of the lung than at the apex because the base of the lung A. Has more negative intrapleural pressure than the apex at the start of inspiration B. Is less expanded than the the apex C. Has lower compliance than the apex D. Has more intrapulmonary-intrapleural pressure difference than the apex at the start of inspiration
67. BOYLES law states A. In a constant temperature system, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. B. In a constant volume system, pressure is directly proportional to the temperature. C. In a constant temperature system, pressure is directly proportional to volume. D. In a constant volume system, pressure is inversely proportional to the temperature.