1. NOUN
A noun is defined as the name of a person,
place or thing. For this process of naming,
we must make use of many different noun
types in order to abide by the rules of
English grammar. There are seven different
types of nouns in the English language that
we use to convey the meaning of a name.
KINDS OF NOUN
Proper Noun: This is used to denote a
particular person, place or a thing.
Examples: English is a global language.
Common Noun : This is used to refer to a
class.
Examples: The cat loves comfort.
Collective Nouns: This is used to refer to a
group or a collection of things.
Examples: I saw a herd of sheep nearby.
Concrete nouns: You can experience this
group of nouns with your five senses. These
nouns can all be touched, smelt, tasted or
seen.
Examples: The cute rabbit hops around.
Countable Nouns: To linguists, these count
nouns can occur in both single and plural
forms, can be modified by numerals, and
can co-occur with quantificational
determiners like many, most, more, several,
etc.
Examples: There were so many bikes on
sale.
Material Nouns : This is used to tell the
substance by which the things are made.
Examples: The chair is made of bamboo.
Pronouns: These nouns can take the place
of a noun when referring to people places or
things. In English the personal pronouns are
I, you, he, she, it and they. Depending on
their function within a sentence these nouns
can take on their possessive forms or their
objective case.
Examples: Suzy will let her hair grow longer.
possessive personal
He jumped on the bed. singular personal
Abstract Noun: It is used to indicate the
quality possessed by a person or thing.
Examples: I appreciate your sincerity.
Uncountable Nouns: These nouns cannot
be counted they are often referred to as
mass nouns. These nouns cannot be used
in a plural form.
Examples: The pool was full of water. The
uncountable noun in this sentence is water
VERBS
Verbs explain what the subject of a
sentence is doing or his state of being. The
type of verb you employ in a sentence will
affect whether you are writing in the active
or passive voice and depends on whether
the subject is performing an action or if you
are describing the subject.
Action Verbs
An action verb describes the
physical or mental act that the
subject is performing. An action verb
may also express possession. Walk,
eat, think, smile, sleep, have and
own are all examples of action
verbs. Action verbs are broken down
into transitive and intransitive verbs.
A sentence with a transitive verb
also has a direct object, or a noun
that receives or is directly affected
by the action. For example, in the
sentence "I donated money," "I" is
the subject, "donated" is the
transitive verb and "money" is the
direct object. In this case, the
sentence would not make sense if
there was no object. A sentence with
an intransitive verb does not have an
object that takes the action. For
example, in the sentence "It rained
all day," "rained" is an intransitive
verb that has no object; "all day" is a
modifier, but the sentence would still
make sense without it.

2. Linking Verbs
A linking verb connects the subject
with a subject complement which
describes the subject. The subject
complement may be an adjective or
noun, and it describes the
personality, appearance, emotions
or other aspect of the subject. Forms
of "to be," such as "am," "are" and
"is," "to become," "to seem," "to feel"
and "to look" are examples of
common linking verbs. Examples of
sentences using linking verbs are:
I feel happy.
The house is red.
She became a pediatrician.
In these examples, "feel," "is" and
"became" are the linking verbs.
Helping Verbs
Helping verbs, also called auxiliary
verbs, support action and linking
verbs and are positioned ahead of
these verbs. Words such as "can,"
"will," "might," "must," "have," "could"
and "should" are common helping
verbs. In the sentence "We are
going shopping," "are" is the helping
verb and "going" is the action verb.
Helping verbs also come into play
when a writer chooses to write in the
passive voice. In the sentence, "Our
car was stolen," "was" is the helping
verb and "was stolen" is a passive
verb phrase.
ADJECTIVE
djectives are describing words. They tell us
about the colour, size, shape, nature, quality
or condition of a noun. Examples are: blue,
green, round, square, good, old, tall,
brave, beautiful, tired, happy, exhausted
etc.
An adjective usually describes a noun and
denotes a temporary or permanent quality
associated with that noun. For example, an
intelligent boy is a boy who is distinguished
from other boys by being permanently
intelligent. A square table is a table that is
distinguished from other tables by being
square in shape. A brave soldier is a soldier
who is distinguished from other soldiers by
being brave.
We need round tables.
Tokyo is a big city.
Adjectives can answer the question 'What
kind?' (round tables; big city), 'How much?'
(some rice, little effort) 'Which one?' (red
shirt, second wife), and 'How many?' (two
boys, ten books).
Kinds of adjectives
There are different kinds of adjectives.
Adjectives of quantity
An adjective of quantity answers the
question how much. Examples are: some,
little, much, enough, sufficient,
insufficient, all, whole, great, any etc.
Examples are:
I have bought some bacon.
I haven’t got much money.
We have got enough time.
There is little water in the bottle.
Adjectives of number or numeral
adjectives
They answer the question 'how many?'
Numeral adjectives are of three kinds:
1. Definite numeral adjectives (e.g. one,
two, three, first, second, third etc.)
2. Indefinite numeral adjectives (e.g.
some, any, no, several, few, all etc.)
3.Distributive numeral adjectives (e.g.
each, every, either, neither)
Possessive Adjectives
A possessive adjective modifies a noun by
telling whom it belongs to. It answers the
question "Whose?"
Examples are: his, her, its, my, our, their,
and your.
You can share my rice.
Have you seen their house?
This is his room.
They are our friends.

3. Demonstrative Adjectives
The demonstrative adjectives that, these,
this, those, and what answer the question
"Which?"
I'm going to open that present.
Whose is this bag?
These mangoes are very sweet.
A demonstrative adjective may look like a
demonstrative pronoun, but it is used
differently in the sentence.
Distributive adjectives
There are four distributive adjectives in
English: each, every, either and neither.
Distributive adjectives are used with
singular nouns. The following verb is usually
singular, but can be plural in a very formal
style.
Interrogative Adjectives
The interrogative adjectives are used with
nouns to ask questions. Examples are
what, which and whose.
What movie do you want to see?
Which leaves turn color first?
Whose son is he?
An interrogative adjective may look like an
interrogative pronoun, but it is used
differently in the sentence: it is an adjective,
used to modify a noun or pronoun.
Indefinite Adjectives
An indefinite adjective gives indefinite, or
general, information. Often, it answers the
question "How much?" Some common
indefinite adjectives are all, any, each,
every, few, many, and some.
Many children like dinosaurs.
Did you want some bananas?
Is there any water in the bottle?
An indefinite adjective may look like an
indefinite pronoun, but it is used differently
in the sentence: it is an adjective, used to
modify a noun or pronoun.
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is used in place of a noun or
nouns. Common pronouns include he,
her, him, I, it, me, she, them, they, us,
and we. Here are some examples:
INSTEAD OF: Luma is a good athlete.
She is a good athlete. (The pronoun she
replaces Luma.)
INSTEAD OF: The beans and tomatoes
are fresh-picked.
They are fresh-picked. (The pronoun
they replaces the beans and tomatoes.)
Often a pronoun takes the place of a
particular noun. This noun is known as
the antecedent. A pronoun "refers to," or
directs your thoughts toward, its
antecedent.
Let's call Luma and ask her to join the
team. (Her is a pronoun; Luma is its
antecedent.)
To find a pronoun's antecedent, ask
yourself what that pronoun refers to.
What does her refer to in the sentence
above—that is, who is the her? The her
in the sentence is Luma; therefore, Luma
is the antecedent.
Subjective Pronouns
A subjective pronoun acts as the subject
of a sentence—it performs the action of
the verb. The subjective pronouns are
he, I, it, she, they, we, and you.
He spends ages looking out the window.
After lunch, she and I went to the
planetarium.
Objective Pronouns
An objective pronoun acts as the object
of a sentence—it receives the action of
the verb. The objective pronouns are her,
him, it, me, them, us, and you.
Cousin Eldred gave me a trombone.
Take a picture of him, not us!
Possessive Pronouns
A possessive pronoun tells you who
owns something. The possessive
pronouns are hers, his, its, mine, ours,
theirs, and yours.
The red basket is mine.
Yours is on the coffee table.

4. Demonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun points out a
noun. The demonstrative pronouns are
that, these, this, and those.
That is a good idea.
These are hilarious cartoons.
A demonstrative pronoun may look like a
demonstrative adjective, but it is used
differently in a sentence: it acts as a
pronoun, taking the place of a noun.
Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is used in a
question. It helps to ask about
something. The interrogative pronouns
are what, which, who, whom, and
compound words ending in "ever," such
as whatever, whichever, whoever, and
whomever.
What on earth is that?
Who ate the last Fig Newton?
An interrogative pronoun may look like
an interrogative adjective, but it is used
differently in a sentence: it acts as a
pronoun, taking the place of a noun.
Indefinite Pronouns
An indefinite pronoun refers to an
indefinite, or general, person or thing.
Indefinite pronouns include all, any,
both, each, everyone, few, many, neither,
none, nothing, several, some, and
somebody.
Something smells good.
Many like salsa with their chips.
An indefinite pronoun may look like an
indefinite adjective, but it is used
differently in a sentence: it acts as a
pronoun, taking the place of a noun.
Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun introduces a clause,
or part of a sentence, that describes a
noun. The relative pronouns are that,
which, who, and whom.
You should bring the book that you love
most.
That introduces "you love most," which
describes the book.
Hector is a photographer who does great
work.
Who introduces "does great work,"
which describes Hector.
Reflexive Pronouns
A reflexive pronoun refers back to the
subject of a sentence. The reflexive
pronouns are herself, himself, itself,
myself, ourselves, themselves, and
yourselves. Each of these words can
also act as an intensive pronoun (see
below).
I learned a lot about myself at summer
camp. (Myself refers back to I.)
They should divide the berries among
themselves. (Themselves refers back to
they.)
Intensive Pronouns
An intensive pronoun emphasizes its
antecedent (the noun that comes before
it). The intensive pronouns are herself,
himself, itself, myself, ourselves,
themselves, and yourselves. Each of
these words can also act as a reflective
pronoun (see above).
I myself don't like eggs.
The queen herself visited our class.