SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  23
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Population and Public Health Branch
         Atlantic Region



An Inclusion Lens
Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion
Prepared by                                               The author wishes to acknowledge the support and
Malcolm Shookner                                          assistance of the Social Inclusion Reference Group
Population Health Research Unit                           members who contributed their time and expertise
Dalhousie University                                      to the creation of this document:
and
Social Inclusion Reference Group
Atlantic Region                                           Sandy Bentley, Interministerial Women’s Secretariat,
                                                          Prince Edward Island
June 2002
                                                          Tryna Booth, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch,
                                                          Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of
the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of    Marie Corinne Bourque, Go Ahead Seniors, New
Health Canada.                                            Brunswick

                                                          Moyra Buchan, Canadian Mental Health Association,
Également disponible en français sous le titre            Newfoundland and Labrador
Une optique d’inclusion : Cahier d’exercices pour un      Fiona Chin-Yee, Population and Public Health Branch,
regard sur l’exclusion et l’inclusion socio-économiques   Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada
Contents may not be reproduced for commercial             Josephine Grey, National Anti-Poverty Organization
purposes, but any other reproduction, with acknowl-
edgments, is encouraged. Please credit the source as      Judy Hughes, Pictou County Persons with Disabilities
follows:                                                  Partnership Society, Nova Scotia

An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and     Stephanie Hunter, FemJEPP
Economic Exclusion and Inclusion. 2002. Produced by       Stella Lord, Nova Scotia Advisory Council on the
Malcolm Shookner, Population Health Research Unit,        Status of Women
Dalhousie University, for the Population and Public
                                                          Margie Macdonald, Population and Public Health
Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada.
                                                          Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada

                                                          Peggy Mahon, St. Francis Xavier University, Nova
For more information contact:                             Scotia
Atlantic Regional Office                                  Léo-Paul Pinet, Centre de Bénévolat de la Péninsule
Population and Public Health Branch                       Acadienne Inc., New Brunswick
Health Canada
1525 – 1505 Barrington Street                             Maureen O’Connell, Atlantic Canada Opportunities
Halifax, NS B3J 3Y6                                       Agency

Tel: (902) 426-2700                                       Michael Rushe, Human Resources Development Canada
Fax: (902) 426-9689                                       Linda Snyder, Atlantic Centre for Excellence in
E-mail: pphatlantic-spspatlantique@hc-sc.gc.ca            Women’s Health
Web site: www.pph-atlantic.ca
                                                          Special thanks go to my colleague, Mike Pennock,
                                                          Population Health Research Unit, Dalhousie University,
                                                          for his contributions, and to the Population and Public
                                                          Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada,
© HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF CANADA
                                                          for providing the leadership and funding to develop
(2002) as represented by the Minister of Health.
                                                          the lens.
An Inclusion Lens
Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion

                                                               social movements, such as women and people
What are social and                                            with disabilities, and community developers
economic inclusion?                                            working toward healthy, sustainable communities.
                                                               It provides a method for analyzing both the con-
Inclusion is a term that is familiar to most people
                                                               ditions of exclusion and solutions that promote
in their everyday lives. We feel included, or
                                                               inclusion. It also provides a way of beginning to
excluded, from family, neighbourhood, or community
                                                               plan for inclusion.
activities. Inclusion and exclusion have also been
recognized as social issues in Europe since the
1970s, where it has become a central feature of
public policies.1 In Atlantic Canada, social and
                                                               Why is such a tool needed?
economic exclusion and inclusion have recently
                                                               Social and economic exclusion and inclusion have
become the focus of attention among those who
                                                               emerged as new ways of understanding poverty
are concerned about poverty and its many negative
                                                               and disadvantage, and their impact on health
effects on people:
                                                               and well-being, by creating a shared understand-
                                                               ing across sectors and jurisdictions as the basis
   Those who are excluded, whether because of
                                                               for action. One of the overarching objectives of
   poverty, ill health, gender, race or lack of edu-
                                                               the Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic
   cation, do not have the opportunity for full
                                                               Regional Office, Health Canada, is to influence
   participation in the economic and social benefits
                                                               the development of healthy public policies and
   of society.2
                                                               programs which address the determinants of
                                                               health and which promote social and economic
                                                               inclusion. (See Appendix 2 for more information
What is an inclusion lens?                                     about the determinants of health.)
A lens is an aid to improve vision. It can also
                                                               Strategies to promote social and economic inclu-
provide a new way to look at the root causes of old
                                                               sion call for actions that respond to individual,
problems, like poverty, discrimination, disadvantage,
                                                               family, community, and societal concerns.
and disability. The term “Inclusion Lens” used here
                                                               Complex problems require complex solutions.
is a shorthand way of looking at social and eco-
                                                               Action is required from many sectors of society
nomic exclusion and inclusion. The Inclusion Lens
                                                               to address the systemic nature of exclusion.
is a tool for analyzing legislation, policies, programs,
and practices to determine whether they promote
                                                               Policy makers need tools and methods to create
the social and economic inclusion of individuals,
                                                               public policies that are inclusive. These tools
families, and communities. It will open up minds
                                                               help them translate the concepts of social and
to new ways of thinking and open doors to new
                                                               economic exclusion and inclusion into concrete
solutions for old problems. Ultimately, it provides
                                                               terms that can then be fed into the public policy
a new way to encourage change that will trans-
                                                               development process.
form society.
                                                               The Inclusion Lens provides a way to begin the
The Inclusion Lens is designed for use by policy
                                                               dialogue with excluded groups, raise awareness
makers, program managers, and community leaders
                                                               about how exclusion works, and identify steps to
who work in the context of social and economic
                                                               move toward policies, programs, and practices
exclusion, in both the public and non-profit
                                                               that will be inclusive.
sectors. It will also be a tool for activists in


                                                           1
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




How can the inclusion lens
be used?

This new tool may be used in a variety of settings           2. Non-government organizations can use
to analyze the conditions that exclude people,                  the Inclusion Lens to find out if the policies,
communities, and populations from participating                 programs, and practices they use exclude or
in the social and economic benefits of society in               include people in vulnerable situations.
Atlantic Canada.
                                                             3. Community groups can use the Inclusion Lens
1. Governments at all levels can use the Inclusion              for planning, development, and social action to
   Lens to analyze legislation, policies, and programs          address the sources of exclusion in communities
   to determine whether these exclude or include                and in public policies, and pointing toward
   people who are marginalized, disadvantaged,                  solutions that will be inclusive.
   impoverished, or discriminated against.




Values: The foundation
The Inclusion Lens needs a foundation of values to guide how it is used. These values arise from the work
that has taken place in Atlantic Canada on social and economic exclusion and inclusion:




             Social Justice.
                Distribution of the social and
                economic resources of society
                for the benefit of all people.
                                                             Valuing Diversity.
                                                                Recognition and respect for the diversity of
                                                                cultures, races, ethnicity, languages, religions,
                                                                abilities, age, and sexual orientation; valuing
                                                                all contributions of both women and men to the
                                                                social, economic, and cultural vitality of society.




                                                         2
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




  Dimensions of Exclusion and
  Inclusion
  Social and economic exclusion and inclusion             elements in relation to the eight dimensions
  can be seen along several dimensions – cultural,        of the Lens. It is not intended to be a complete
  economic, functional, participatory, physical,          list, but to stimulate readers to think about
  political, structural, and relational. These are        which of these may apply to their particular
  illustrated in Figure 1 on page 4. There are many       situations. Some of the elements may relate to
  elements to exclusion and inclusion that should         more than one dimension. Additional elements
  be considered in analyzing a policy, program, or        may also be identified.
  practice. Figure 2 on page 5 illustrates these




for inclusion
          Opportunities for Choice.
            Respect for the right of individuals to make
            choices that affect their lives.



                                                Entitlement to Rights and Services.
                                                   Recognition of universal entitlement to rights and
                                                   services as set out in human rights covenants, char-
                                                   ters, and legislation.




                   Working Together.
                      Building common interests and relationships as
                      the basis for actions to achieve shared goals.



                                        Readers are encouraged to keep these values in mind when using the lens.



                                                      3
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




 The Inclusion Lens
  Elements of exclusion

      Poverty
 Disadvantage
Inequality
 Discrimination
Barriers
 to access                                                             Elements
Disability                                                             of inclusion
  Isolation
Marginalization


                                                                          Adequate income
                                                                        Reduced disparities

                                                                            Human Rights

                                                                               Access

                                                                       Ability to participate

                                                                       Valued contribution

                                                                               Belonging

 Figure 1                                                             Empowerment
                                           4
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion



                    Elements of Exclusion             Dimensions      Elements of Inclusion

Disadvantage, fear of differences,                                    Valuing contributions of women and men
intolerance, gender stereotyping, historic              Cultural      to society, recognition of differences, valuing
oppression, cultural deprivation.                                     diversity, positive identity, anti-racist education.

Poverty, unemployment, non-standard                                   Adequate income for basic needs and participation
employment, inadequate income for basic                Economic       in society, poverty eradication, employment,
needs, participation in society, stigma,                              capability for personal development, personal
embarrassment, inequality, income disparities,                        security, sustainable development, reducing
deprivation, insecurity, devaluation of caregiving,                   disparities, value and support caregiving.
illiteracy, lack of educational access.

Disability, restrictions based on                                     Ability to participate, opportunities for personal
limitations, overwork, time stress,                   Functional      development, valued social roles, recognizing
undervaluing of assets available.                                     competence.

Marginalization, silencing, barriers to                               Empowerment, freedom to choose, contribution
participation, institutional dependency, no room      Participatory   to community, access to programs, resources
for choice, not involved in decision making.                          and capacity to support participation, involved
                                                                      in decision making, social action.

Barriers to movement, restricted access to                            Access to public places and community
public spaces, social distancing,                       Physical      resources, physical proximity and opportunities
unfriendly/unhealthy environments, lack of                            for interaction, healthy/supportive environ-
transportation, unsustainable environments.                           ments, access to transportation, sustainability.

Denial of human rights, restrictive                                   Affirmation of human rights, enabling policies
policies and legislation, blaming the victims,          Political     and legislation, social protection for vulnerable
short-term view, one dimensional, restricting                         groups, removing systemic barriers, will to take
eligibility for programs, lack of transparency in                     action, long-term view, multi-dimensional, citi-
decision making.                                                      zen participation, transparent decision making.

Isolation, segregation, distancing,                                   Belonging, social proximity, respect, recogni-
competitiveness, violence and abuse, fear, shame.      Relational     tion, cooperation, solidarity, family support,
                                                                      access to resources.

Discrimination, racism, sexism,                                       Entitlements, access to programs, transparent
homophobia, restrictions on eligibility, no           Structural      pathways to access, affirmative action, commu-
access to programs, barriers to access,                               nity capacity building, inter-departmental links,
withholding information, departmental silos,                          inter-governmental links, accountability, open
government jurisdictions, secretive/restricted                        channels of communication, options for change,
communications, rigid boundaries.                                     flexibility.




Figure 2

                                                            5
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




Creating your Own Lens
Readers are invited to create their own inclusion lens, using the template provided on page 12, and by
answering the following questions about exclusion and inclusion. Readers are invited to answer these
questions using a participatory process that involves people who are excluded. Feel free to photocopy
and distribute the questions found on pages 7 to 11. Please refer to the Dimensions and Elements of
Exclusion and Inclusion in Figure 2 on page 5 when answering these questions. Fill in the template on
page 12 with the elements of exclusion and inclusion appropriate to your situation.




Key Questions
This view of social and economic exclusion and inclusion suggests key questions that could be asked
about any policy, program, or practice.



Questions about Exclusion

• Who is being excluded? From what?
• How do you see exclusion working?
• Who benefits from exclusion?



Questions about Inclusion

• Who are the people to be included?
• How do you see inclusion working?
• Who benefits from inclusion?




                                                  6
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




Questions About Social and Economic Exclusion
Questions About Exclusion
1. Who is being excluded? From what?
  YOUR ANSWERS



  HOW DO YOU KNOW?

2. What are the sources of exclusion in the policy, program, or practice?
  YOUR ANSWERS



  HOW DO YOU KNOW?

3. What impacts do the current programs or policies have on promoting exclusion?
  YOUR ANSWERS



  HOW DO YOU KNOW?

4. What is the impact of exclusion on people in the short term?
  YOUR ANSWERS



  HOW DO YOU KNOW?

5. Are there long-term impacts?
  YOUR ANSWERS



  HOW DO YOU KNOW?

6. What are the costs of exclusion? Who bears them?
  YOUR ANSWERS



  HOW DO YOU KNOW?

7. Who benefits from exclusion?
  YOUR ANSWERS



  HOW DO YOU KNOW?

8. Who has the resources, responsibility, jurisdiction to address the sources of exclusion?
  YOUR ANSWERS



  HOW DO YOU KNOW?

                                                    7
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion



Questions About Social and Economic Inclusion
Questions About Inclusion
1. Who are the people to be included?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




2. What legislation, policies, programs, or practices would promote inclusion?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




3. What impacts do the current programs or policies have on promoting inclusion?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




4. What are the measures of inclusion?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




5. Who benefits from inclusion?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?



                                                   8
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




6. Who needs to be involved in the solutions?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




7. What processes are needed to make the solutions work?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




8. What are the desired outcomes of inclusion in the short term?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




9. Medium term?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




10. Long term?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




                                                  9
A n I n c l u s i o n L e n s f o r At l a n t i c C a n a d a : L o o k i n g at S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c E x c l u s i o n a n d I n c l u s i o n




Looking Through the Inclusion Lens
Questions to Ask
1. How will the policy or program increase or decrease discrimination on the basis
    of gender, race, age, culture,or ethnicity?
    YOUR ANSWERS




    HOW DO YOU KNOW?




2. How will the policy or program increase or decrease personal income and resources available for
    people to participate in social and economic activity and promote income equity?
    YOUR ANSWERS




    HOW DO YOU KNOW?




3. How will the policy or program increase or decrease isolation and access to resources?
    YOUR ANSWERS




    HOW DO YOU KNOW?




4. How will the policy or program increase or decrease opportunities for participation in decision making?
    YOUR ANSWERS




    HOW DO YOU KNOW?




                                                                            10
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion



5. How will the policy or program add or remove barriers to common spaces, safe environments, and
  social interaction?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




6. How will the policy or program protect or compromise the rights of people?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




7. How will the policy or program increase or decrease opportunities for personal development and
  social support?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




8. How will the policy or program increase or reduce access to resources
  and programs for excluded groups?
  YOUR ANSWERS




  HOW DO YOU KNOW?




                                                  11
A n I n c l u s i o n L e n s f o r At l a n t i c C a n a d a : L o o k i n g at S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c E x c l u s i o n a n d I n c l u s i o n




Inclusion Lens Template
Readers are encouraged to create their own inclusion lens using this template.


Elements of exclusion




                                                                                                                                       Elements
                                                                                                                                       of inclusion




                                                                                   12
A n I n c l u s i o n L e n s f o r At l a n t i c C a n a d a : L o o k i n g at S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c E x c l u s i o n a n d I n c l u s i o n




Developing your Action Plan
By now, readers are equipped with an analysis of social and economic exclusion for a selected population,
policy, or program, and pointers toward solutions that promote inclusion. The next step is to develop an
action plan.

Key Considerations
1. Population.




2. Policy or program.




3. Key strategies.




4. Who is responsible?




5. Roles of partners or collaborators. Who takes the lead?




6. Processes of participation.




7. Resources needed. From where/whom?




8. Timelines.




9. Measures of progress.




10. Desired outcomes.




                                                                            13
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




Taking Action for Inclusion

By using this Inclusion Lens, readers have analyzed        Anyone can take action toward a more inclusive
the sources of exclusion of a population or com-           society – socially and economically – in Atlantic
munity of concern, identified solutions leading            Canada. People in government, in non-government
toward inclusion, and developed a plan to get              organizations, community groups, and social
started. Congratulations!                                  agencies can do something to promote social and
                                                           economic inclusion. We hope that this tool will
                                                           help you to work toward your goals.


Give Us Feedback

The Inclusion Lens is a new tool under development by the Population Health Research Unit at
Dalhousie University, with financial support and leadership provided by the Population and Public
Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada, and in cooperation with the Maritime Centre
for Excellence in Women’s Health. We want to hear from people who use the Lens.


Please send your comments to:

Malcolm Shookner
Population Health Research Unit
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Tel: (902) 494-1590
Fax: (902) 494-3594
Email: Malcolm.Shookner@dal.ca




Additional Information

More information about social and economic inclusion can be obtained on the following websites;

www.pph-atlantic.ca
Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada

www.medicine.dal.ca/acewh
Atlantic Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health




                                                      14
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Words listed below appear in italics in the document.

Concept           something conceived in the mind.

Development       make active or promote growth.

Dimension         a measure in one direction.

Element           a constituent part.

Jurisdiction      the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law.

Legislation       the exercise of the power and function of making rules (as laws) that have the force
                  of authority by an official organ of a state.

Measure           an estimate of what is to be expected (as of a person or situation).

Outcome           something that follows as a result or consequence.

Participatory     providing the opportunity for individual participation.

Plan              method for achieving an end.

Planning          to devise or project the realization or achievement of.

Policy            a high-level overall plan embracing the general goals and acceptable
                  procedures, especially of a governmental body.

Practice          the usual way of doing something.

Program           a plan or system under which action may be taken toward a goal.

Resources         a source of supply or support: an available means.

Sector            a sociological, economic, or political subdivision of society.

Setting           the time, place, and circumstances in which something occurs or develops.

Strategy          a careful plan or method.

System            a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole.

Systemic          of, relating to, or common to a system.




                                                   15
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




Appendix 1
                                                             From What needs to change? Toward a vision of social
Social and Economic Exclusion                                inclusion for children, families and communities: 6
and Inclusion
                                                               Social inclusion is the capacity and willingness of
Several definitions are offered for social and
                                                               our society to keep all groups within reach of what
economic exclusion and inclusion, based on work
                                                               we expect as a society – the social commitment
under way in Atlantic Canada and elsewhere. Readers
                                                               and investments necessary to ensure that socially
are encouraged to use whichever definition works
                                                               and economically vulnerable people are within
best for them.
                                                               reach of our common aspirations, common life
                                                               and its common wealth.
From Making the Case for Social and Economic
Inclusion: 3

  To be included is to be accepted and to be able
                                                             Exclusion, Inclusion and Health
  to participate fully within our families, our
                                                             Social and economic inclusion provides a framework
  communities and our society. Those who are
                                                             that includes all of the determinants of health.
  excluded, whether because of poverty, ill-health,
                                                             International evidence has established that economic
  gender, race, or lack of education, do not have
                                                             inequality is a powerful determinant of health. The
  the opportunity for full participation in the
                                                             wider the gap between the rich and the poor, the
  economic and social benefits of society.
                                                             poorer the health status of the entire population.7
                                                             Adequate income, education and a network of
From the Inclusion Project Information Kit: 4
                                                             relationships enable people to participate as valued
                                                             members of society. 8
  Social and economic exclusion happens when
  people don’t have – and can’t get – the education,
                                                             The experience of exclusion can be seen through
  jobs, decent housing, health care, and other things
                                                             the interplay of the determinants of health: 9
  they need to live comfortably, to participate
  in society, and to feel that they are valued and
                                                               Each linkage deepens the experience of exclusion,
  respected members of their community.
                                                               and over the entire life cycle, the depth of
                                                               exclusion is reinforced... The linking of low access
  Social and economic inclusion reflects the need
                                                               to resources, low social status, low levels of
  to address poverty and exclusion by including
                                                               education and healthy child development, high
  the voiceless and powerless in shaping the
                                                               levels of racial intolerance and unemployment,
  policies that affect their lives. It welcomes these
                                                               fragmented social networks, and limited access
  individuals and groups into the planning, deci-
                                                               to health services, deepens the exclusion. 10
  sion-making and policy-development processes
  in their community. And it empowers them by
                                                             Exclusion has both social and economic costs. As
  offering the opportunities, resources and support
                                                             the number of people excluded from participation in
  they need to participate.
                                                             their community grows, their individual problems
                                                             affect the well-being of society.11
From Development as Freedom: 5
                                                               Poverty leads to poor health. Poor health leads
  Inclusion is characterized by a society’s widely
                                                               to unemployment. Unemployment leads back
  shared social experience and active participation,
                                                               to more poverty, and to increased crime and
  by a broad equality of opportunities and life
                                                               violence. All of these create costs that we pay
  chances for individuals, and by the achievement
                                                               now and that our children will continue to pay.12
  of a basic level of well-being for all citizens.
                                                        16
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




Appendix 2                                                   Social environments. Societal values and rules
                                                             affect the health and well-being of individuals
                                               13
The Determinants of Health                                   and populations. Social stability, recognition of
                                                             diversity, safety, good human relationships, and
A population health approach measures and ana-               community cohesiveness provide a supportive social
lyzes the full spectrum of factors — and their               environment which mitigates risks to optimal health.
interactions — known to influence and contribute
to health. Commonly referred to as the determinants          Physical environment. Physical factors in the
of health, these factors include social, economic,           natural environment such as air, water, and soil
and physical environments; early childhood                   quality are key influences on health. Factors in
development; personal health practices; individual           the human-built environment such as housing,
capacity and coping skills; human biology; and               workplace safety, community and road design are
health services.                                             also important factors.

Income, income distribution, and social status.              Healthy child development. The effect of prenatal
Research indicates that income and social status             and early childhood experiences on health in later
are the single most important determinants of                life, well-being, coping skills, and competence is
health. Studies show that health status improves             very powerful. For example, a low birth weight links
at each step up the income and social hierarchy.             with health and social problems throughout the
In addition, societies which are reasonably pros-            lifespan. In addition, mothers at each step up the
perous and have an equitable distribution of wealth          income scale have children with higher birth weights,
have the healthiest populations, regardless of the           on average, than those on the step below.
amount they spend on health care.
                                                             Personal health practices. Personal practices such
Social support networks. Better health is                    as smoking, use of alcohol and other drugs, healthy
associated with support from families, friends, and          eating, physical activity, and other behaviours,
communities. Some studies conclude that the health           affect health and well-being. Many of Canada’s
effect of social relationships may be as important           most common health problems are linked to
as established risk factors such as smoking, obesity,        these practices.
high blood pressure, and a sedentary lifestyle.
                                                             Individual capacity and coping skills. Social
Education. Health status improves with the level             environments that enable and support healthy
of education and literacy, including self-ratings            choices and lifestyles, as well as people’s knowl-
of positive health or indicators of poor health              edge, intentions, behaviours, and coping skills
such as activity limitation or lost work days.               for dealing with life in healthy ways, are key
Education increases opportunities for income and             influences on health.
job security, and provides people with a sense of
control over life circumstances – key factors that           Biology and genetic endowment. The basic
influence health.                                            biology and organic make-up of the human body
                                                             are fundamental determinants of health. Inherited
Employment and working conditions. People who                predispositions influence the ways individuals are
have more control over their work circumstances              affected by particular diseases or health challenges.
and fewer stress-related demands on the job are
healthier. Workplace hazards and injuries are sig-           Health services. Health services, especially those
nificant causes of health problems. Moreover,                designed to maintain and promote health, prevent
unemployment is associated with poorer health.               disease and injury, and restore health, contribute
                                                             to population health.


                                                        17
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion



Gender. Refers to the many different roles, per-                 It is acknowledged that culture and gender have a
sonality traits, attitudes, behaviours, relative powers,         cross-cutting, influential effect on all the other
and influences which society assigns to the two                  health determinants.
sexes. Each gender has specific health issues or may
be affected in different ways by the same issue.                 This list of health determinants may evolve as
                                                                 population health research reveals new insights
Culture and ethnicity. Come from both personal                   related to the factors and conditions that influence
history and wider situational, social, political,                and contribute to health.
geographic, and economic factors.




Endnotes
1
    Janet Guildford, Making the Case for Social and Economic Inclusion, Population and Public Health Branch,
    Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada, Halifax, 2000. www.pph-atlantic.ca
2
    Ibid.
3
    Ibid.
4
    Atlantic Centre for Excellence in Women’s Health, Inclusion Project Information Kit, Halifax, 2000.
    www.medicine.dal.ca/acewh
5
    Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Anchor Books, 2000.
6
    Christa Freiler, What needs to change? Towards a vision of social inclusion for children, families and
    communities, draft concept paper, Laidlaw Foundation, Toronto, October 2001. www.laidlawfdn.org/
7
    Guildford.
8
    Ibid.
9
    Health Canada, Key Learning Two from PPHB Atlantic’s Work on Social and Economic Inclusion 1998-2000,
    Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada, Halifax, 2000.
10
     Ibid.
11
     Atlantic Centre for Excellence in Women’s Health.
12
     Ibid.
13
     Health Canada, The Population Health Template: Key Elements and Actions That Define a Population Health
     Approach, Population and Public Health Branch, Strategic Policy Secretariat, Health Canada, Ottawa, July 2001.
     www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/phdd/pdf/discussion_paper.pdf




                                                            18
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




Notes




                                          19
An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion




Notes




                                          20
Inclusion lens e

Contenu connexe

Tendances

ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์
ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์
ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์Chanthawan Suwanhitathorn
 
Non-infectious orthopedic problem for nursing students 2560
Non-infectious orthopedic problem for nursing students 2560Non-infectious orthopedic problem for nursing students 2560
Non-infectious orthopedic problem for nursing students 2560Aphisit Aunbusdumberdor
 
พลศาสตร์ของไหล
พลศาสตร์ของไหลพลศาสตร์ของไหล
พลศาสตร์ของไหลSatit Originator
 
ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับรังสี (Radiation Fundamental)
ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับรังสี (Radiation Fundamental)ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับรังสี (Radiation Fundamental)
ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับรังสี (Radiation Fundamental)Office of Atoms for Peace
 
12 กิจกรรมทบทวน
12 กิจกรรมทบทวน12 กิจกรรมทบทวน
12 กิจกรรมทบทวนSuradet Sriangkoon
 
สัญลักษณ์นิวเคลียร์
สัญลักษณ์นิวเคลียร์สัญลักษณ์นิวเคลียร์
สัญลักษณ์นิวเคลียร์Chanthawan Suwanhitathorn
 
การพยาบาลก่อนและหลังผ่าตัดในเด็ก
การพยาบาลก่อนและหลังผ่าตัดในเด็กการพยาบาลก่อนและหลังผ่าตัดในเด็ก
การพยาบาลก่อนและหลังผ่าตัดในเด็กSusheewa Mulmuang
 
บทที่ 2 การเคลื่อนที่แบบต่าง ๆ
บทที่ 2 การเคลื่อนที่แบบต่าง ๆบทที่ 2 การเคลื่อนที่แบบต่าง ๆ
บทที่ 2 การเคลื่อนที่แบบต่าง ๆThepsatri Rajabhat University
 
Ch 01 โครงสร้างอะตอม
Ch 01 โครงสร้างอะตอมCh 01 โครงสร้างอะตอม
Ch 01 โครงสร้างอะตอมkruannchem
 
4 กฎรวมแก๊ส กฎแก๊สอุดมคติ
4 กฎรวมแก๊ส กฎแก๊สอุดมคติ4 กฎรวมแก๊ส กฎแก๊สอุดมคติ
4 กฎรวมแก๊ส กฎแก๊สอุดมคติPreeyapat Lengrabam
 
หน่วยที่ 2 เรื่องไดโอด
หน่วยที่ 2  เรื่องไดโอดหน่วยที่ 2  เรื่องไดโอด
หน่วยที่ 2 เรื่องไดโอดสัน เคน
 

Tendances (20)

พลังงานสะสมในตัวเก็บประจุ
พลังงานสะสมในตัวเก็บประจุพลังงานสะสมในตัวเก็บประจุ
พลังงานสะสมในตัวเก็บประจุ
 
ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์
ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์
ฟิสิกส์นิวเคลียร์
 
ไฟฟ้ากระแส
ไฟฟ้ากระแสไฟฟ้ากระแส
ไฟฟ้ากระแส
 
Non-infectious orthopedic problem for nursing students 2560
Non-infectious orthopedic problem for nursing students 2560Non-infectious orthopedic problem for nursing students 2560
Non-infectious orthopedic problem for nursing students 2560
 
พลศาสตร์ของไหล
พลศาสตร์ของไหลพลศาสตร์ของไหล
พลศาสตร์ของไหล
 
ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับรังสี (Radiation Fundamental)
ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับรังสี (Radiation Fundamental)ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับรังสี (Radiation Fundamental)
ความรู้เบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับรังสี (Radiation Fundamental)
 
Shock (Thai)
Shock (Thai)Shock (Thai)
Shock (Thai)
 
12 กิจกรรมทบทวน
12 กิจกรรมทบทวน12 กิจกรรมทบทวน
12 กิจกรรมทบทวน
 
ใบความรู้สนามแม่เหล็ก
ใบความรู้สนามแม่เหล็กใบความรู้สนามแม่เหล็ก
ใบความรู้สนามแม่เหล็ก
 
บีตส์
บีตส์บีตส์
บีตส์
 
Shock
ShockShock
Shock
 
ใบงานที่ 1
ใบงานที่ 1ใบงานที่ 1
ใบงานที่ 1
 
Warning sign
Warning signWarning sign
Warning sign
 
สัญลักษณ์นิวเคลียร์
สัญลักษณ์นิวเคลียร์สัญลักษณ์นิวเคลียร์
สัญลักษณ์นิวเคลียร์
 
การพยาบาลก่อนและหลังผ่าตัดในเด็ก
การพยาบาลก่อนและหลังผ่าตัดในเด็กการพยาบาลก่อนและหลังผ่าตัดในเด็ก
การพยาบาลก่อนและหลังผ่าตัดในเด็ก
 
บทที่ 2 การเคลื่อนที่แบบต่าง ๆ
บทที่ 2 การเคลื่อนที่แบบต่าง ๆบทที่ 2 การเคลื่อนที่แบบต่าง ๆ
บทที่ 2 การเคลื่อนที่แบบต่าง ๆ
 
Ch 01 โครงสร้างอะตอม
Ch 01 โครงสร้างอะตอมCh 01 โครงสร้างอะตอม
Ch 01 โครงสร้างอะตอม
 
4 กฎรวมแก๊ส กฎแก๊สอุดมคติ
4 กฎรวมแก๊ส กฎแก๊สอุดมคติ4 กฎรวมแก๊ส กฎแก๊สอุดมคติ
4 กฎรวมแก๊ส กฎแก๊สอุดมคติ
 
Brachial Plexus Injury
Brachial Plexus InjuryBrachial Plexus Injury
Brachial Plexus Injury
 
หน่วยที่ 2 เรื่องไดโอด
หน่วยที่ 2  เรื่องไดโอดหน่วยที่ 2  เรื่องไดโอด
หน่วยที่ 2 เรื่องไดโอด
 

En vedette

Slides with regards to Twitter
Slides with regards to TwitterSlides with regards to Twitter
Slides with regards to Twitterprds129
 
Federalism powerpoint
Federalism powerpointFederalism powerpoint
Federalism powerpointabarnett06
 
Mostres al granés 2014
Mostres al granés 2014Mostres al granés 2014
Mostres al granés 2014Cristina Grau
 
Class 5 - Key Performance Indicators, Blogger Outreach and Lead Generation
Class 5 - Key Performance Indicators, Blogger Outreach and Lead GenerationClass 5 - Key Performance Indicators, Blogger Outreach and Lead Generation
Class 5 - Key Performance Indicators, Blogger Outreach and Lead Generationprds129
 

En vedette (8)

Renovaterightbrochure
RenovaterightbrochureRenovaterightbrochure
Renovaterightbrochure
 
A nia with music
A nia with musicA nia with music
A nia with music
 
Slides with regards to Twitter
Slides with regards to TwitterSlides with regards to Twitter
Slides with regards to Twitter
 
English
EnglishEnglish
English
 
Federalism powerpoint
Federalism powerpointFederalism powerpoint
Federalism powerpoint
 
Fals etwinning
Fals etwinningFals etwinning
Fals etwinning
 
Mostres al granés 2014
Mostres al granés 2014Mostres al granés 2014
Mostres al granés 2014
 
Class 5 - Key Performance Indicators, Blogger Outreach and Lead Generation
Class 5 - Key Performance Indicators, Blogger Outreach and Lead GenerationClass 5 - Key Performance Indicators, Blogger Outreach and Lead Generation
Class 5 - Key Performance Indicators, Blogger Outreach and Lead Generation
 

Similaire à Inclusion lens e

A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...
A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...
A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...Theresa Singh
 
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectives on Health, Wellness, Spirituality
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectives on Health, Wellness, SpiritualityAboriginal Cultural Perspectives on Health, Wellness, Spirituality
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectives on Health, Wellness, Spiritualityhealth
 
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectivesonhealth,Wellness,Spirituality
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectivesonhealth,Wellness,SpiritualityAboriginal Cultural Perspectivesonhealth,Wellness,Spirituality
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectivesonhealth,Wellness,Spiritualityhealth
 
Asset based approach to health, uk
Asset based approach to health, ukAsset based approach to health, uk
Asset based approach to health, ukCormac Russell
 
Dr. Pinto's Presentation at HIN AGM: Collecting Data to address the Social De...
Dr. Pinto's Presentation at HIN AGM: Collecting Data to address the Social De...Dr. Pinto's Presentation at HIN AGM: Collecting Data to address the Social De...
Dr. Pinto's Presentation at HIN AGM: Collecting Data to address the Social De...HINCoordinator
 
Analysis on the determinants of health
Analysis on the determinants of healthAnalysis on the determinants of health
Analysis on the determinants of healthJack Frost
 
DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1
DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1
DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1Helen Dao
 
Cultural Safety Exploring How the Concept of Cultural Safety Applies to Abori...
Cultural Safety Exploring How the Concept of Cultural Safety Applies to Abori...Cultural Safety Exploring How the Concept of Cultural Safety Applies to Abori...
Cultural Safety Exploring How the Concept of Cultural Safety Applies to Abori...National Aboriginal Health Organization
 
Health promotion
Health promotionHealth promotion
Health promotionJack Frost
 
The Discovery Of North America
The Discovery Of North AmericaThe Discovery Of North America
The Discovery Of North AmericaLisa Williams
 
OT 425 health promotion and health literacy
OT 425 health promotion and health literacy OT 425 health promotion and health literacy
OT 425 health promotion and health literacy Stephanie Lancaster
 
Health Promotion and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...
Health Promotion  and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...Health Promotion  and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...
Health Promotion and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...Rafa Cofiño
 
Creating adaptable communities summary from Empowering Adaptable Communities ...
Creating adaptable communities summary from Empowering Adaptable Communities ...Creating adaptable communities summary from Empowering Adaptable Communities ...
Creating adaptable communities summary from Empowering Adaptable Communities ...Innovations2Solutions
 

Similaire à Inclusion lens e (20)

A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...
A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...
A Community Social Event Programme For A Group Of People...
 
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectives on Health, Wellness, Spirituality
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectives on Health, Wellness, SpiritualityAboriginal Cultural Perspectives on Health, Wellness, Spirituality
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectives on Health, Wellness, Spirituality
 
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectivesonhealth,Wellness,Spirituality
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectivesonhealth,Wellness,SpiritualityAboriginal Cultural Perspectivesonhealth,Wellness,Spirituality
Aboriginal Cultural Perspectivesonhealth,Wellness,Spirituality
 
Cuba Health Care System
Cuba Health Care SystemCuba Health Care System
Cuba Health Care System
 
Asset based approach to health, uk
Asset based approach to health, ukAsset based approach to health, uk
Asset based approach to health, uk
 
Dr. Pinto's Presentation at HIN AGM: Collecting Data to address the Social De...
Dr. Pinto's Presentation at HIN AGM: Collecting Data to address the Social De...Dr. Pinto's Presentation at HIN AGM: Collecting Data to address the Social De...
Dr. Pinto's Presentation at HIN AGM: Collecting Data to address the Social De...
 
Analysis on the determinants of health
Analysis on the determinants of healthAnalysis on the determinants of health
Analysis on the determinants of health
 
DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1
DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1
DAO_Systems Change News_January2012_vol.1_issue1
 
Health promotion (2)
Health promotion (2)Health promotion (2)
Health promotion (2)
 
Cultural Safety Exploring How the Concept of Cultural Safety Applies to Abori...
Cultural Safety Exploring How the Concept of Cultural Safety Applies to Abori...Cultural Safety Exploring How the Concept of Cultural Safety Applies to Abori...
Cultural Safety Exploring How the Concept of Cultural Safety Applies to Abori...
 
Ccih2019 usaid-monique-wubbenhorst
Ccih2019 usaid-monique-wubbenhorstCcih2019 usaid-monique-wubbenhorst
Ccih2019 usaid-monique-wubbenhorst
 
Health promotion
Health promotionHealth promotion
Health promotion
 
Health Empowerment for you
Health Empowerment for you Health Empowerment for you
Health Empowerment for you
 
From discrimination to social inclusion full document final
From discrimination to social inclusion full document finalFrom discrimination to social inclusion full document final
From discrimination to social inclusion full document final
 
The Discovery Of North America
The Discovery Of North AmericaThe Discovery Of North America
The Discovery Of North America
 
OT 425 health promotion and health literacy
OT 425 health promotion and health literacy OT 425 health promotion and health literacy
OT 425 health promotion and health literacy
 
International Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric Research
International Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric ResearchInternational Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric Research
International Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric Research
 
Gates connie-ccih-2016
Gates connie-ccih-2016Gates connie-ccih-2016
Gates connie-ccih-2016
 
Health Promotion and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...
Health Promotion  and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...Health Promotion  and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...
Health Promotion and Population Health: an Health Promotion Clearinghouse Re...
 
Creating adaptable communities summary from Empowering Adaptable Communities ...
Creating adaptable communities summary from Empowering Adaptable Communities ...Creating adaptable communities summary from Empowering Adaptable Communities ...
Creating adaptable communities summary from Empowering Adaptable Communities ...
 

Dernier

PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfDolisha Warbi
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectiondrhanifmohdali
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxNaveenkumar267201
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismusChandrasekar Reddy
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets barmohitRahangdale
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsMedicoseAcademics
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportNARMADAPETROLEUMGAS
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaSujoy Dasgupta
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfHongBiThi1
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptPradnya Wadekar
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Peter Embi
 
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptxORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptxNIKITA BHUTE
 

Dernier (20)

PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdfPAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
PAIN/CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF PAIN.pdf
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
 
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusanguhistoryofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
historyofpsychiatryinindia. Senthil Thirusangu
 
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismuspower point presentation of Clinical evaluation  of strabismus
power point presentation of Clinical evaluation of strabismus
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functionsAUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM organization and functions
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project report
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy DasguptaMale Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
Male Infertility Panel Discussion by Dr Sujoy Dasgupta
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
 
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologypptayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
ayurvedic formulations herbal drug technologyppt
 
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
Rheumatoid arthritis Part 1, case based approach with application of the late...
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
 
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptxORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS  - PART 2.pptx
ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS - PART 2.pptx
 

Inclusion lens e

  • 1. Population and Public Health Branch Atlantic Region An Inclusion Lens Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion
  • 2. Prepared by The author wishes to acknowledge the support and Malcolm Shookner assistance of the Social Inclusion Reference Group Population Health Research Unit members who contributed their time and expertise Dalhousie University to the creation of this document: and Social Inclusion Reference Group Atlantic Region Sandy Bentley, Interministerial Women’s Secretariat, Prince Edward Island June 2002 Tryna Booth, First Nations and Inuit Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Marie Corinne Bourque, Go Ahead Seniors, New Health Canada. Brunswick Moyra Buchan, Canadian Mental Health Association, Également disponible en français sous le titre Newfoundland and Labrador Une optique d’inclusion : Cahier d’exercices pour un Fiona Chin-Yee, Population and Public Health Branch, regard sur l’exclusion et l’inclusion socio-économiques Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada Contents may not be reproduced for commercial Josephine Grey, National Anti-Poverty Organization purposes, but any other reproduction, with acknowl- edgments, is encouraged. Please credit the source as Judy Hughes, Pictou County Persons with Disabilities follows: Partnership Society, Nova Scotia An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Stephanie Hunter, FemJEPP Economic Exclusion and Inclusion. 2002. Produced by Stella Lord, Nova Scotia Advisory Council on the Malcolm Shookner, Population Health Research Unit, Status of Women Dalhousie University, for the Population and Public Margie Macdonald, Population and Public Health Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada. Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada Peggy Mahon, St. Francis Xavier University, Nova For more information contact: Scotia Atlantic Regional Office Léo-Paul Pinet, Centre de Bénévolat de la Péninsule Population and Public Health Branch Acadienne Inc., New Brunswick Health Canada 1525 – 1505 Barrington Street Maureen O’Connell, Atlantic Canada Opportunities Halifax, NS B3J 3Y6 Agency Tel: (902) 426-2700 Michael Rushe, Human Resources Development Canada Fax: (902) 426-9689 Linda Snyder, Atlantic Centre for Excellence in E-mail: pphatlantic-spspatlantique@hc-sc.gc.ca Women’s Health Web site: www.pph-atlantic.ca Special thanks go to my colleague, Mike Pennock, Population Health Research Unit, Dalhousie University, for his contributions, and to the Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada, © HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN IN RIGHT OF CANADA for providing the leadership and funding to develop (2002) as represented by the Minister of Health. the lens.
  • 3. An Inclusion Lens Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion social movements, such as women and people What are social and with disabilities, and community developers economic inclusion? working toward healthy, sustainable communities. It provides a method for analyzing both the con- Inclusion is a term that is familiar to most people ditions of exclusion and solutions that promote in their everyday lives. We feel included, or inclusion. It also provides a way of beginning to excluded, from family, neighbourhood, or community plan for inclusion. activities. Inclusion and exclusion have also been recognized as social issues in Europe since the 1970s, where it has become a central feature of public policies.1 In Atlantic Canada, social and Why is such a tool needed? economic exclusion and inclusion have recently Social and economic exclusion and inclusion have become the focus of attention among those who emerged as new ways of understanding poverty are concerned about poverty and its many negative and disadvantage, and their impact on health effects on people: and well-being, by creating a shared understand- ing across sectors and jurisdictions as the basis Those who are excluded, whether because of for action. One of the overarching objectives of poverty, ill health, gender, race or lack of edu- the Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic cation, do not have the opportunity for full Regional Office, Health Canada, is to influence participation in the economic and social benefits the development of healthy public policies and of society.2 programs which address the determinants of health and which promote social and economic inclusion. (See Appendix 2 for more information What is an inclusion lens? about the determinants of health.) A lens is an aid to improve vision. It can also Strategies to promote social and economic inclu- provide a new way to look at the root causes of old sion call for actions that respond to individual, problems, like poverty, discrimination, disadvantage, family, community, and societal concerns. and disability. The term “Inclusion Lens” used here Complex problems require complex solutions. is a shorthand way of looking at social and eco- Action is required from many sectors of society nomic exclusion and inclusion. The Inclusion Lens to address the systemic nature of exclusion. is a tool for analyzing legislation, policies, programs, and practices to determine whether they promote Policy makers need tools and methods to create the social and economic inclusion of individuals, public policies that are inclusive. These tools families, and communities. It will open up minds help them translate the concepts of social and to new ways of thinking and open doors to new economic exclusion and inclusion into concrete solutions for old problems. Ultimately, it provides terms that can then be fed into the public policy a new way to encourage change that will trans- development process. form society. The Inclusion Lens provides a way to begin the The Inclusion Lens is designed for use by policy dialogue with excluded groups, raise awareness makers, program managers, and community leaders about how exclusion works, and identify steps to who work in the context of social and economic move toward policies, programs, and practices exclusion, in both the public and non-profit that will be inclusive. sectors. It will also be a tool for activists in 1
  • 4. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion How can the inclusion lens be used? This new tool may be used in a variety of settings 2. Non-government organizations can use to analyze the conditions that exclude people, the Inclusion Lens to find out if the policies, communities, and populations from participating programs, and practices they use exclude or in the social and economic benefits of society in include people in vulnerable situations. Atlantic Canada. 3. Community groups can use the Inclusion Lens 1. Governments at all levels can use the Inclusion for planning, development, and social action to Lens to analyze legislation, policies, and programs address the sources of exclusion in communities to determine whether these exclude or include and in public policies, and pointing toward people who are marginalized, disadvantaged, solutions that will be inclusive. impoverished, or discriminated against. Values: The foundation The Inclusion Lens needs a foundation of values to guide how it is used. These values arise from the work that has taken place in Atlantic Canada on social and economic exclusion and inclusion: Social Justice. Distribution of the social and economic resources of society for the benefit of all people. Valuing Diversity. Recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures, races, ethnicity, languages, religions, abilities, age, and sexual orientation; valuing all contributions of both women and men to the social, economic, and cultural vitality of society. 2
  • 5. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Dimensions of Exclusion and Inclusion Social and economic exclusion and inclusion elements in relation to the eight dimensions can be seen along several dimensions – cultural, of the Lens. It is not intended to be a complete economic, functional, participatory, physical, list, but to stimulate readers to think about political, structural, and relational. These are which of these may apply to their particular illustrated in Figure 1 on page 4. There are many situations. Some of the elements may relate to elements to exclusion and inclusion that should more than one dimension. Additional elements be considered in analyzing a policy, program, or may also be identified. practice. Figure 2 on page 5 illustrates these for inclusion Opportunities for Choice. Respect for the right of individuals to make choices that affect their lives. Entitlement to Rights and Services. Recognition of universal entitlement to rights and services as set out in human rights covenants, char- ters, and legislation. Working Together. Building common interests and relationships as the basis for actions to achieve shared goals. Readers are encouraged to keep these values in mind when using the lens. 3
  • 6. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion The Inclusion Lens Elements of exclusion Poverty Disadvantage Inequality Discrimination Barriers to access Elements Disability of inclusion Isolation Marginalization Adequate income Reduced disparities Human Rights Access Ability to participate Valued contribution Belonging Figure 1 Empowerment 4
  • 7. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Elements of Exclusion Dimensions Elements of Inclusion Disadvantage, fear of differences, Valuing contributions of women and men intolerance, gender stereotyping, historic Cultural to society, recognition of differences, valuing oppression, cultural deprivation. diversity, positive identity, anti-racist education. Poverty, unemployment, non-standard Adequate income for basic needs and participation employment, inadequate income for basic Economic in society, poverty eradication, employment, needs, participation in society, stigma, capability for personal development, personal embarrassment, inequality, income disparities, security, sustainable development, reducing deprivation, insecurity, devaluation of caregiving, disparities, value and support caregiving. illiteracy, lack of educational access. Disability, restrictions based on Ability to participate, opportunities for personal limitations, overwork, time stress, Functional development, valued social roles, recognizing undervaluing of assets available. competence. Marginalization, silencing, barriers to Empowerment, freedom to choose, contribution participation, institutional dependency, no room Participatory to community, access to programs, resources for choice, not involved in decision making. and capacity to support participation, involved in decision making, social action. Barriers to movement, restricted access to Access to public places and community public spaces, social distancing, Physical resources, physical proximity and opportunities unfriendly/unhealthy environments, lack of for interaction, healthy/supportive environ- transportation, unsustainable environments. ments, access to transportation, sustainability. Denial of human rights, restrictive Affirmation of human rights, enabling policies policies and legislation, blaming the victims, Political and legislation, social protection for vulnerable short-term view, one dimensional, restricting groups, removing systemic barriers, will to take eligibility for programs, lack of transparency in action, long-term view, multi-dimensional, citi- decision making. zen participation, transparent decision making. Isolation, segregation, distancing, Belonging, social proximity, respect, recogni- competitiveness, violence and abuse, fear, shame. Relational tion, cooperation, solidarity, family support, access to resources. Discrimination, racism, sexism, Entitlements, access to programs, transparent homophobia, restrictions on eligibility, no Structural pathways to access, affirmative action, commu- access to programs, barriers to access, nity capacity building, inter-departmental links, withholding information, departmental silos, inter-governmental links, accountability, open government jurisdictions, secretive/restricted channels of communication, options for change, communications, rigid boundaries. flexibility. Figure 2 5
  • 8. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Creating your Own Lens Readers are invited to create their own inclusion lens, using the template provided on page 12, and by answering the following questions about exclusion and inclusion. Readers are invited to answer these questions using a participatory process that involves people who are excluded. Feel free to photocopy and distribute the questions found on pages 7 to 11. Please refer to the Dimensions and Elements of Exclusion and Inclusion in Figure 2 on page 5 when answering these questions. Fill in the template on page 12 with the elements of exclusion and inclusion appropriate to your situation. Key Questions This view of social and economic exclusion and inclusion suggests key questions that could be asked about any policy, program, or practice. Questions about Exclusion • Who is being excluded? From what? • How do you see exclusion working? • Who benefits from exclusion? Questions about Inclusion • Who are the people to be included? • How do you see inclusion working? • Who benefits from inclusion? 6
  • 9. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Questions About Social and Economic Exclusion Questions About Exclusion 1. Who is being excluded? From what? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 2. What are the sources of exclusion in the policy, program, or practice? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 3. What impacts do the current programs or policies have on promoting exclusion? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 4. What is the impact of exclusion on people in the short term? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 5. Are there long-term impacts? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 6. What are the costs of exclusion? Who bears them? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 7. Who benefits from exclusion? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 8. Who has the resources, responsibility, jurisdiction to address the sources of exclusion? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 7
  • 10. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Questions About Social and Economic Inclusion Questions About Inclusion 1. Who are the people to be included? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 2. What legislation, policies, programs, or practices would promote inclusion? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 3. What impacts do the current programs or policies have on promoting inclusion? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 4. What are the measures of inclusion? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 5. Who benefits from inclusion? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 8
  • 11. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion 6. Who needs to be involved in the solutions? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 7. What processes are needed to make the solutions work? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 8. What are the desired outcomes of inclusion in the short term? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 9. Medium term? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 10. Long term? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 9
  • 12. A n I n c l u s i o n L e n s f o r At l a n t i c C a n a d a : L o o k i n g at S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c E x c l u s i o n a n d I n c l u s i o n Looking Through the Inclusion Lens Questions to Ask 1. How will the policy or program increase or decrease discrimination on the basis of gender, race, age, culture,or ethnicity? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 2. How will the policy or program increase or decrease personal income and resources available for people to participate in social and economic activity and promote income equity? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 3. How will the policy or program increase or decrease isolation and access to resources? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 4. How will the policy or program increase or decrease opportunities for participation in decision making? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 10
  • 13. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion 5. How will the policy or program add or remove barriers to common spaces, safe environments, and social interaction? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 6. How will the policy or program protect or compromise the rights of people? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 7. How will the policy or program increase or decrease opportunities for personal development and social support? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 8. How will the policy or program increase or reduce access to resources and programs for excluded groups? YOUR ANSWERS HOW DO YOU KNOW? 11
  • 14. A n I n c l u s i o n L e n s f o r At l a n t i c C a n a d a : L o o k i n g at S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c E x c l u s i o n a n d I n c l u s i o n Inclusion Lens Template Readers are encouraged to create their own inclusion lens using this template. Elements of exclusion Elements of inclusion 12
  • 15. A n I n c l u s i o n L e n s f o r At l a n t i c C a n a d a : L o o k i n g at S o c i a l a n d E c o n o m i c E x c l u s i o n a n d I n c l u s i o n Developing your Action Plan By now, readers are equipped with an analysis of social and economic exclusion for a selected population, policy, or program, and pointers toward solutions that promote inclusion. The next step is to develop an action plan. Key Considerations 1. Population. 2. Policy or program. 3. Key strategies. 4. Who is responsible? 5. Roles of partners or collaborators. Who takes the lead? 6. Processes of participation. 7. Resources needed. From where/whom? 8. Timelines. 9. Measures of progress. 10. Desired outcomes. 13
  • 16. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Taking Action for Inclusion By using this Inclusion Lens, readers have analyzed Anyone can take action toward a more inclusive the sources of exclusion of a population or com- society – socially and economically – in Atlantic munity of concern, identified solutions leading Canada. People in government, in non-government toward inclusion, and developed a plan to get organizations, community groups, and social started. Congratulations! agencies can do something to promote social and economic inclusion. We hope that this tool will help you to work toward your goals. Give Us Feedback The Inclusion Lens is a new tool under development by the Population Health Research Unit at Dalhousie University, with financial support and leadership provided by the Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada, and in cooperation with the Maritime Centre for Excellence in Women’s Health. We want to hear from people who use the Lens. Please send your comments to: Malcolm Shookner Population Health Research Unit Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia Tel: (902) 494-1590 Fax: (902) 494-3594 Email: Malcolm.Shookner@dal.ca Additional Information More information about social and economic inclusion can be obtained on the following websites; www.pph-atlantic.ca Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada www.medicine.dal.ca/acewh Atlantic Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health 14
  • 17. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion GLOSSARY OF TERMS Words listed below appear in italics in the document. Concept something conceived in the mind. Development make active or promote growth. Dimension a measure in one direction. Element a constituent part. Jurisdiction the power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law. Legislation the exercise of the power and function of making rules (as laws) that have the force of authority by an official organ of a state. Measure an estimate of what is to be expected (as of a person or situation). Outcome something that follows as a result or consequence. Participatory providing the opportunity for individual participation. Plan method for achieving an end. Planning to devise or project the realization or achievement of. Policy a high-level overall plan embracing the general goals and acceptable procedures, especially of a governmental body. Practice the usual way of doing something. Program a plan or system under which action may be taken toward a goal. Resources a source of supply or support: an available means. Sector a sociological, economic, or political subdivision of society. Setting the time, place, and circumstances in which something occurs or develops. Strategy a careful plan or method. System a regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole. Systemic of, relating to, or common to a system. 15
  • 18. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Appendix 1 From What needs to change? Toward a vision of social Social and Economic Exclusion inclusion for children, families and communities: 6 and Inclusion Social inclusion is the capacity and willingness of Several definitions are offered for social and our society to keep all groups within reach of what economic exclusion and inclusion, based on work we expect as a society – the social commitment under way in Atlantic Canada and elsewhere. Readers and investments necessary to ensure that socially are encouraged to use whichever definition works and economically vulnerable people are within best for them. reach of our common aspirations, common life and its common wealth. From Making the Case for Social and Economic Inclusion: 3 To be included is to be accepted and to be able Exclusion, Inclusion and Health to participate fully within our families, our Social and economic inclusion provides a framework communities and our society. Those who are that includes all of the determinants of health. excluded, whether because of poverty, ill-health, International evidence has established that economic gender, race, or lack of education, do not have inequality is a powerful determinant of health. The the opportunity for full participation in the wider the gap between the rich and the poor, the economic and social benefits of society. poorer the health status of the entire population.7 Adequate income, education and a network of From the Inclusion Project Information Kit: 4 relationships enable people to participate as valued members of society. 8 Social and economic exclusion happens when people don’t have – and can’t get – the education, The experience of exclusion can be seen through jobs, decent housing, health care, and other things the interplay of the determinants of health: 9 they need to live comfortably, to participate in society, and to feel that they are valued and Each linkage deepens the experience of exclusion, respected members of their community. and over the entire life cycle, the depth of exclusion is reinforced... The linking of low access Social and economic inclusion reflects the need to resources, low social status, low levels of to address poverty and exclusion by including education and healthy child development, high the voiceless and powerless in shaping the levels of racial intolerance and unemployment, policies that affect their lives. It welcomes these fragmented social networks, and limited access individuals and groups into the planning, deci- to health services, deepens the exclusion. 10 sion-making and policy-development processes in their community. And it empowers them by Exclusion has both social and economic costs. As offering the opportunities, resources and support the number of people excluded from participation in they need to participate. their community grows, their individual problems affect the well-being of society.11 From Development as Freedom: 5 Poverty leads to poor health. Poor health leads Inclusion is characterized by a society’s widely to unemployment. Unemployment leads back shared social experience and active participation, to more poverty, and to increased crime and by a broad equality of opportunities and life violence. All of these create costs that we pay chances for individuals, and by the achievement now and that our children will continue to pay.12 of a basic level of well-being for all citizens. 16
  • 19. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Appendix 2 Social environments. Societal values and rules affect the health and well-being of individuals 13 The Determinants of Health and populations. Social stability, recognition of diversity, safety, good human relationships, and A population health approach measures and ana- community cohesiveness provide a supportive social lyzes the full spectrum of factors — and their environment which mitigates risks to optimal health. interactions — known to influence and contribute to health. Commonly referred to as the determinants Physical environment. Physical factors in the of health, these factors include social, economic, natural environment such as air, water, and soil and physical environments; early childhood quality are key influences on health. Factors in development; personal health practices; individual the human-built environment such as housing, capacity and coping skills; human biology; and workplace safety, community and road design are health services. also important factors. Income, income distribution, and social status. Healthy child development. The effect of prenatal Research indicates that income and social status and early childhood experiences on health in later are the single most important determinants of life, well-being, coping skills, and competence is health. Studies show that health status improves very powerful. For example, a low birth weight links at each step up the income and social hierarchy. with health and social problems throughout the In addition, societies which are reasonably pros- lifespan. In addition, mothers at each step up the perous and have an equitable distribution of wealth income scale have children with higher birth weights, have the healthiest populations, regardless of the on average, than those on the step below. amount they spend on health care. Personal health practices. Personal practices such Social support networks. Better health is as smoking, use of alcohol and other drugs, healthy associated with support from families, friends, and eating, physical activity, and other behaviours, communities. Some studies conclude that the health affect health and well-being. Many of Canada’s effect of social relationships may be as important most common health problems are linked to as established risk factors such as smoking, obesity, these practices. high blood pressure, and a sedentary lifestyle. Individual capacity and coping skills. Social Education. Health status improves with the level environments that enable and support healthy of education and literacy, including self-ratings choices and lifestyles, as well as people’s knowl- of positive health or indicators of poor health edge, intentions, behaviours, and coping skills such as activity limitation or lost work days. for dealing with life in healthy ways, are key Education increases opportunities for income and influences on health. job security, and provides people with a sense of control over life circumstances – key factors that Biology and genetic endowment. The basic influence health. biology and organic make-up of the human body are fundamental determinants of health. Inherited Employment and working conditions. People who predispositions influence the ways individuals are have more control over their work circumstances affected by particular diseases or health challenges. and fewer stress-related demands on the job are healthier. Workplace hazards and injuries are sig- Health services. Health services, especially those nificant causes of health problems. Moreover, designed to maintain and promote health, prevent unemployment is associated with poorer health. disease and injury, and restore health, contribute to population health. 17
  • 20. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Gender. Refers to the many different roles, per- It is acknowledged that culture and gender have a sonality traits, attitudes, behaviours, relative powers, cross-cutting, influential effect on all the other and influences which society assigns to the two health determinants. sexes. Each gender has specific health issues or may be affected in different ways by the same issue. This list of health determinants may evolve as population health research reveals new insights Culture and ethnicity. Come from both personal related to the factors and conditions that influence history and wider situational, social, political, and contribute to health. geographic, and economic factors. Endnotes 1 Janet Guildford, Making the Case for Social and Economic Inclusion, Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada, Halifax, 2000. www.pph-atlantic.ca 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Atlantic Centre for Excellence in Women’s Health, Inclusion Project Information Kit, Halifax, 2000. www.medicine.dal.ca/acewh 5 Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, Anchor Books, 2000. 6 Christa Freiler, What needs to change? Towards a vision of social inclusion for children, families and communities, draft concept paper, Laidlaw Foundation, Toronto, October 2001. www.laidlawfdn.org/ 7 Guildford. 8 Ibid. 9 Health Canada, Key Learning Two from PPHB Atlantic’s Work on Social and Economic Inclusion 1998-2000, Population and Public Health Branch, Atlantic Regional Office, Health Canada, Halifax, 2000. 10 Ibid. 11 Atlantic Centre for Excellence in Women’s Health. 12 Ibid. 13 Health Canada, The Population Health Template: Key Elements and Actions That Define a Population Health Approach, Population and Public Health Branch, Strategic Policy Secretariat, Health Canada, Ottawa, July 2001. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/phdd/pdf/discussion_paper.pdf 18
  • 21. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Notes 19
  • 22. An Inclusion Lens: Workbook for Looking at Social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion Notes 20