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SMT solder paste printing process
 quality improvement through
     Six Sigma Approach




            By Dan Coada
Abstract
       The solder paste printing process is an important process in the assembly of
Surface Mount Technology (SMT) devices using the reflow soldering technique.

        There is a wide agreement in the industry that the paste printing process accounts
for the majority of assembly defects. Experience with this process has shown that
typically over 60% of all soldering defects are due to problems associated with the
screening process.

        Operation and parameter setup of the stencil printing process are the key elements
when trying to minimize defects. Parameters such as squeegee pressure, squeegee speed,
stencil separation speed, snap-off and stencil cleaning interval are the most important
factors in the process to achieve a better yield.
Introduction
         The electronic assembly technology is progressing following the consumer
electronic products demands like light, thin, short, and small goods. Surface-mounted
components are often smaller than their leaded counterparts, and potentially more reliable
products can be designed and manufactured using SMT.
         The Surface Mount Technology (SMT) became the mainstream of the modern
electronic assembly industry because reduces the manufacturing cost and it is making
high quality products.
         The solder paste stencil printing process is a very critical step in the surface-
mount manufacturing process
         In this complex SMT manufacturing environment, many worries appear during
the manufacturing process as a result of the high-density electrical components.
         Operation and setup of the stencil printing process are key elements to be
considered when trying to minimize defects.
         The main reason for printing solder paste onto the Print Circuit Board (PCB) is to
supply solder alloy for the solder joints. To achieve this objective, the solder paste print
must be aligned correctly, the correct amount of solder paste for each joint must be
present and the print should form an even layer of paste for perfect component
placement. The solder paste on top of the stencil is partly rolled and pressed into the
stencil apertures and onto the PCB solder lands by a moving and angled squeegee. The
squeegee angle must be between 45 to 60 degree (usually not adjustable) and the rolling
solder paste should have a diameter of 15 to 20 millimeter for optimum conditions. Thin
steel and hard as possible squeegees are used for metal stencils. The squeegee printing
edge must be sharp to secure a well-defined print. When using an old worn out squeegee
with rounded printing edge, the squeegee angle is reduced and the solder paste will not
roll as desired
         Nowadays, as packages shrink in size and increase in lead count, we see a very
high defect rates (100 to 200 PPM) on 20-mil pitch and below while manufacturing sees
six sigma quality rates on larger pitch components.
         The main sources for solder paste stencil printing process defects are stencil,
environment, solder paste, and stencil printing parameter.
         This document is using Six-Sigma method DMAIC to improve the process quality
of SMT solder-paste print. We will need to find out the key quality factors and evaluate
the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement system. After confirming this
capability of the process, we will discover the key factor that affects the process, and then
using “Design of Experiments (DOE)” we will get the ultimate process parameters.
         The specification of the solder-paste printing thickness per IPC standards is
150±20µm (6±0.8mils).
         As of a result in using DOE we found the best process parameters and the average
of the solder-paste printing thickness was increased from 137.95µm (5.43mils)
to144.98µm (5.71 mils); Standard Deviation was reduced from 2.22 to 1.31 and Cpk was
improved from 1.16 to 3.16.
Details of Printing Process Parameters

   1. Stencil
        Metal stencils can be made of different materials. Besides stainless steel, they can
be made of copper, bronze, or nickel.
        There are 3 different metal stencil-manufacturing methods:
                Etching,
                Electroforming and
                Laser cutting.
        The apertures in both laser-cut and electroformed stencils have very sharp edges
and are slightly conic. This makes the solder paste slip easily off the aperture edges and
thereby secures a uniform print.
        The metal stencils are attached to the printing frame using tensioned mesh or
directly using a special frame with gripping systems, which can easily damage the
stencils and thereby resulting in poor printing quality.
        The thickness of the metal stencil is typically 150 microns(6mils) but 100(4mils),
125(5mils) and 200(8mils) microns are also available. The thickness is chosen based on
the job in hand.
        For very fine pitch such as 0.3 mm lead pitch, 100 or 125-micron stencils could
be used and for lead pitch down to 0.5 mm, 150-micron stencils can be used.
        The stencil thickness together with the aperture size determines the amount of
solder paste present to form each solder joint during reflow soldering.
        The minimum stencil aperture width must be at least 3 times (preferable 5 times)
the diameter of the largest solder particle and the stencil aperture width is larger than the
stencil thickness.
        Rounded aperture corners reduce clogging of fine pitch apertures and smearing.
        The top surface of the metal stencil is slightly roughened to achieve a perfect
solder paste roll during printing.

   2. Environment
        Dust and dirt from the air that ends up on the PCBs and stencils can cause defects
such as bridging and poor wet-ability in the reflow soldering process.
        A small piece of fiber or hair between two fine pitch solder pads can easily cause
bridging.
        It is very important that the PCBs are stored in sealed packages and if necessary,
cleaned before use.
        Air draught in the production area can speed up evaporation of the solvents in the
solder paste and thereby makes the solder paste dry out. High temperature can also make
the solder paste dry out quickly.
        If the room temperature in the production area varies a lot, it will be very difficult
to control the printing process because the viscosity of the solder paste changes with the
temperature and the solder paste print will sometimes be perfected and at other times,
paste will slump and result in bridging.
        The temperature window should be between 21 – 25°C.
3. Solder Paste
       Several paste characteristics must be carefully controlled to achieve optimum
production results.
       These include: percent of metal, viscosity, slump, solder balls, flux activity
working life and shelf life.

   4. Stencil Printing Parameters
        Stencil Printing Parameters are the most important factors in the solder paste
printing process to achieve better yield.
           a. The squeegee pressure.
                      • It should be as low as possible to scrape the stencil clean of
                          solder paste particles when printing.
                      • The amount of pressure is determined by the printing speed and
                          stencil type. The printing speed is usually recommended by paste
                          manufacturer typically between 20 and 80 mm per second.
           b. Snap off is the distance between the stencil underside and the PCB placed
                in print position but without the squeegee touching the stencil.
                      • For metal stencil printing, the snap off is zero and also called
                          contact printing.
                      • A high snap off will result in a thicker layer of solder paste.
           c. The speed of separation between stencil and PCB after printing is
                important.
                      • A too rapid separation speed when printing fine pitch will result
                          in clogging of the stencil apertures. It will also result in tailing
                          and formation high of edges around the solder paste deposits.
           d. Cleaning
                      • Can be done either manually or automatically.
                      • The wiper does not clean the stencils underside but simply move
                          the solder paste particles from around the apertures to the
                          complete stencils underside.
                      • Stencil cleaning prior to use is important to prevent dust and dirt
                          from entering the solder joints.
                      • If all printing parameters are in control, stencil underside
                          cleaning is not necessary.
5. Solder Paste Printing Process




                                    The beginning of solder paste printing

Squeegee
Pressure             Squeegee/Printing
                           Speed
                   Squeegee                    Stencil
                   angle 45°                  Aperture
                                                                                              Snap-off




                                            Solder Paste Printing


           Pad




                          Solder paste printing completed w/ the board off from the stencil


                                                                                              Separation
                                                                                                Speed
Experiment Design and Result Analysis

   1. Experimental Design
       Five factors and their actual low and high levels can be chosen for the screening
experiment that might influence both: the average amount of solder paste applied and the
process variability
                    a. Squeegee pressure; levels (4 and 7 kg).
                    b. Squeegee speed; levels (30 and 60 mm/s).
                    c. Snap off; levels (–0.1 and 0.1 mm).
                    d. Separation speed; levels (1 and 5 mm/s).
                    e. Cleaning internal (Stroke) (5 and 10)
       There were also another two potential factors identified: temperature and
humidity but because large variation in these factors could potentially adversely affect the
experimental results was decided to hold these factors constant during the experiment.
        Even if all the above factors are controlled, we will pay close attention to the
height of deposited solder paste during process.
        For this study a product with the highest failure data from ETMS (EPIC Technologies
Manufacturing Systems) was chosen:
                • Vocollect1000-5087 Hudson Hydra, lead free, VP reflow
This product will use the existing manufacturing machines / inspection
equipment:
          1. A “DEK INFINITY” solder printing machine ( model year 2000)
           2. EM907 Kester no clean lead free solder paste (EPIC # 1601-0955)
           3. A CyberOptics LSM ( Laser Section Microscope) that measures deposited
              solder paste thickness
           4. An OMEGA i ® -Server MicroServer TM networked device which monitors
              the level of temperature and humidity to be constant in the plant.
Information of the PCB board
                                                       (CAD file, Gerber file: overall size, thickness, fiducial locations)




                                                                               Solder paste printing



                                                                              Component placement




                                                                               Vapor Phase Reflow

                                                             OK




                                       Miscellaneous          No Good              AOI, 5DX
                                        Assembly                                 ICT/Functional
                                                                                   inspection



                                No Good

                                         Scrapped                                 Packaging




PCB Loader, Solder Paste Printer, Glue Machine          Chip Shooters (Component Placement Machines)                          Reflow Oven


                                                              SMT Process Flow Chart
Solder Paste Screen Printing
Sigma          DPMO     Sigma        DPMO        Sigma   DPMO
                           Level                   Level                    Level
                            0.5           841300    3.5         22750        5.0     233
                            1.0           697700    4.0         6210         5.2     107
                            1.5           501349    4.2         3467         5.4    48.12
                            2.0           308770    4.4         1865         5.6    20.67
                             2.5          158686    4.6          967         5.8     8.55
                             3.0          66810     4.8          483         6.0      3.4


                                             DMAIC Implementation Steps

   Stage                           Item                                  Content                   Tools used


               a. 5087 solder paste printing process                                          SIPOC ( Suppliers,
               b. SIPOC analysis                           Objectives settings and scope      Inputs, Process,
(D) Define     c. Target settings                          study                              Outputs, Customer)
               a. CTQ(Critical to Quality) selection       a. Identifying key quality
                   characteristics                               characteristics
               b. Describing performance standards         b. Volume measurements             a. 80/20 Rule
               c. Volume measurement system                c. Improving the                   b. MSA (Measuring
(M) Measure        characterization                              manufacturing process           System Analysis)
                                                                                              a. Process
                                                                                                 capability
                                                                                                 analysis
               a. Solder paste printing process                                               b. Control chart
                  capability                                                                  c. Normal machine
               b. Y definition of the performance                                                rate plans
                  indicators                               a. Data collection and analysis    d. Characteristics of
(A) Analysis   c. Vary confirmed sources of change         b. Identifying the key factors        the light map
               a. Experimental planning
               b. To be due to screening                   a. Experiment to find the
               c. The experimental results and                   standard
                  analysis                                 b. Experimental conditions to      a. DOE
(I)            d. The best combination of                        confirm the validity of      b. ANOVA
Improvement       parameters                               c.    Ability to upgrade process   c. Response surface
               a. Standardization of the best                                                 a. Process
                  parameters                                                                     capability
               b. The implementation of process                                                  analysis
(C) Control       control                                  Ability to control process         b. SPC
Input-Output Schematic Diagram




INPUT                                                                                                OUTPUT



                                              Process



    (Suppliers)             (Inputs)              (Process)            (Outputs)           (Customer)

•    Operator in        •   PCB               •    SMT solder      •    Complete               Reflowed
     the                •   Stencil                paste                printed PCB            PCBA`s
     preceding          •   Solder paste           printing
     modules




          1.   Providers (Suppliers) - refers to the key operational procedures that provide
               information regarding to materials and supply people or organizations.

          2.   Input (Inputs) -provides the process information and materials in the consumption or
               conversion.

          3.   Flow (Process) - refers to the conversion step

          4.   Outputs (Outputs) - customer’s products or services.

          5.   Customer (Customer) - refers to the person or organization acceptance of the output
               flow.
TRUE




    The accuracy of the solder paste measuring system in µm
                         1 µm=0.04 mils
       The same operators that used the identical equipment to measure the alike solder
sample height repeatedly resulted in the above poor accuracy true value measurement
graph derived from an average number of measurements data.
Process indicators capability control table
                  (The average standard deviation when adding 1.5*σ “shift”)


                                         Favorable Rate            Rate of Adverse
     Specification Limits                      %                        ppm
                ±1σ                            30.23%                    697700
                ±2σ                            69.13%                    308700
                ±3σ                            93.32%                     66810
                ±4σ                            99.379%                     6210
                ±5σ                            99.9767%                     233
                ±6σ                         99.99966%                       3.4

      This soldering print study is for the printed circuit board assembly Vocollect 1000-
5087 Hudson Hydra, lead free:
             • 0.062-inch panels
             • EPIC recommendations for nominal solder thickness per IPC standards
                 is 150μm or 5.9 mils (max 170μm or 6.7 mils and min 130μm or 5.2
                 mils).

       Measurement method:

              1. solder paste deposit thickness is measured by dividing first the solder
                 blob on the pad in three sections as is shown in the below picture:
              2. the “Mean” or the average solder deposit is calculated using the
                 formula:
                 • (Min + Max)/2 where Min is the minimum amount of
                     measurement points and Max is the maximum amount of the
                     measuring point


                              Print     Mean      Print
                            Beginning            Ending
The CyberOptics LSM (Laser Section Microscope) thickness measurements

           (Unit: μm; 1μm=0.04 mils)

           Printing                                                    Samples
Operator   Number        1         2          3        4           5             6         7      8          9     10
              1        134.67   135.46      133.75   133.6       134.44     134.29     133.07   136.61   133.02   132.92
              2        134.68   135.48      133.62   133.29      134.47     134.19     133.04   136.47   132.87   133.06
  A           3        134.67   135.53      133.73   133.31      134.29     134.21     133.02   136.36   133.05   132.94
              1        134.69   135.46      133.70   133.58      134.34     134.11     132.99   136.58   133.03   132.94
              2        134.77   135.58      133.69   133.53      134.39     134.31     133.02   136.48   133.05   132.97
  B           3        134.85   135.54      133.49   133.49      134.42     134.16     133.00   136.40   133.07   132.99
              1        134.68   135.55      133.75   133.45      134.40     134.20     133.02   136.22   132.89   132.84
              2        134.91   135.44      133.56   133.76      134.48     134.11     133.13   136.32   132.95   132.92
  C           3        134.56   135.40      133.65   133.73      134.33     134.28     133.08   136.29   132.91   132.97


                                       Summary Output – Regression Statistics

                   It is assumed that main factor A has a levels (and A = a-1 df), main factor B has b
           levels (and B = b-1 df), n is the sample size of each printing, and N = abn is the total
           sample size. The overall degrees of freedom df is one less than the total sample size.



  Source                     DegOfFreedom             SumOfSq                MeanSq                      F

  Main Effect A                  given                     A,                    SS / df         MS(A) / MS(W)
                                                           a-1

  Main Effect B                  given                     B,                    SS / df         MS(B) / MS(W)
                                                           b-1

  Interaction Effect             given                  A*B,                     SS / df        MS(A*B) / MS(W)
                                                      (a-1)(b-1)

  Within (the error)             given                 N - ab,                   SS / df
                                                       ab(n-1)

  Total                       sum of others              N - 1,
                                                        abn - 1
The following results are calculated using the Quattro Pro spreadsheet. It provides
    the p-value and the critical values are for alpha = 0.05
           Summary:
                              Two-Way ANOVA Table With Interaction                               P value> 0.05
                                                                                                 Alpha=0.05
    Source                            DF        SS             MS              F         P
    Part Numbers                      9      107.833         11.9814        903.821     0
    Operators                         2       0.012           0.006          0.45      0.644
    P/N *Operator                     18      0.239          0.0133          1.748     0.055
    Repeatability                     60      0.455          0.0076
    TOTAL                             89     108.539


           We use the Gage R & R analysis to determine the uncertainty of our measurement
    system before we can compare, control or optimize our printing processes.
              a. REPEATABILITY is the variation obtained from LSM and one operator
                  when measuring the same solder height several times.
              b. REPRODUCIBILITY is the difference in the average measurements
                  made by different operators using the same LSM when measuring the
                  same solder height.
              c. As it can be seen below the solder print height measurement change is
                  8.41 %< 10% which indicates a good measurement with the LSM


                                            % Contribution
Source                                VarComp                (of VarComp)
Total Gage R&R                        0.00948                     0.71
Repeatability                         0.00759                     0.57
Reproducibility                       0.00189                     0.14
Operators                                 0                         0
Op*P/N                                0.00189                     0.14
Part-To-Part                           1.3298                    99.29
Total Variation                       1.33927                     100

                                                               Study Var              %Study Var
Source                               StdDev (SD)                (6 * SD)                (%SV)
Total Gage R&R                         0.09734                  0.58406                   8.41
Repeatability                           0.0871                  0.52257                   7.53
Reproducibility                        0.04348                  0.26086                   3.76
Operators                                  0                        0                       0
Op*P/N                                 0.04348                  0.26086                   3.76
Part-To-Part                           1.15317                  6.91901                  99.65
Total Variation                        1.15727                  6.94362                   100
Number of Distinct Categories = 16
Solder Paste Screen Printing
Fifty samples were collected from the solder printing process two every half hour
            The amount of solder paste thickness measurement results are as follows:

      (Unit: μm; 1μm=0.039mils)
         Solder            Solder              Solder              Solder             Solder
          paste             paste               paste               paste              paste
        Thickness         Thickness           Thickness           Thickness          Thickness
No.                 No.                 No.                No.                 No.
1         135.8     11       137.2      21      137.9       31      136.7       41      133.4
2         142.3     12       136.4      22      134.6       32      135.8       42      138.4
3         136.9     13       138.5      23      137.6       33      140.7       43      141.4
4         138.5     14       137.4      24      138.6       34      139.9       44      137.3
5         136.4     15       140.2      25      135.9       35      139.9       45      136.5
6         140.8     16       140.5      26      134.7       36      140.6       46      139.2
7         138.4     17       138.3      27      138.4       37      140.8       47      137.8
8         135.2     18       135.7      28      137.6       38      138.9       48      137.5
9         140.1     19       136.3      29      134.9       39      138.3       49      135.5
10        136.4     20       137.1      30      144.2       40      140.4       50      135.7


                              Xbar-R Chart of Solder Thickness




                           Initial Printing Process to be improved
Probability Plot of Solder Paste Thickness




Probability Capability of Solder Paste Thickness
The target of solder paste thickness specification process is 150 ± 20μm
                     From the above charts we found that the thickness of solder paste Cpk = 1.16,
              which standard deviation does not meet the objective of a Cpk=1.5 standard


                                                           Process Improvement
              (1μm=0.039mils)
                                      Average Value        Std Deviation            Cpk
              Solder Paste
              Thickness               137.95µm             2.22 µm                  1.16

                     The potential variables that are impacting the printing process would be:
                            a. Blades Material
                            b. Blade angles
                            c. Blade speed
                            d. Squeegee pressure
                     The SMT solder paste printing process takes place in a fully controlled
              environment: 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH,

                                          Cause-and-Effect Diagram

               Measurements                            Material

                             Precise Temperature                  PCB Material

                                                                     Solder Paste Type
                                Precise Humidity
                                                                       Viscosity           Factors that affect solder
                                     Precise Defect Measurement                                paste thickness



                                                      Stencil Gap                    Blades Material
                   High/Low Temperature
                                                   Squeegee Pressure
                                                                                 Level printer platform
               High/Low Humidity                 Blade Angles
                                                                            Printer hardware wearing down
                                             Blade Speed


Environment                        Methods                  Machines
We are going to change the above variables characteristics and study the impact that it
             has on the solder paste printing.
                 Squeegee material (A: electroform or B: steel)
                 Squeegee blade angles (45°, 60°, 75°),
                 Squeegee speed (5, 17, 30 mm/s).
                 Squeegee pressure; levels (4, 7 and 11 kg).
                 Snap off (–0.1 mm)- constant
                 Separation speed ( 1 mm/s)- constant
                 Cleaning internal (5 Internal) – constant
                 Temperature and Humidity 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH -constant in the plant

             The DOE steps are defined as identifying the response or output, identifying factors
             for the study, determination of factor levels and range of factor setting, choice of
             appropriate experimental design, run the experiment, collect and analyze the data,
             draw conclusion and act on the results. These steps can be summarized and
             used as a strategy in designing, performing and analyzing experiment.




General Linear Model: solder paste thickness versus blade material, squeegee angles, squeegee speed, squeegee pressure

           Factor                  Type           Levels          Values
Squeegee Pressure                  Fixed             2             -1 , 1
Squeegee Material                  Fixed             2             B,A
Squeegee Blade Angles              Fixed             2             -1 , 1
Squeegee Speed                     Fixed             2             -1 , 1
Analysis of Variance for Solder Paste Thickness, using Adjusted SS for Tests
          Source                    DF            Seq SS          Adj SS           Adj MS                 F              P
Squeegee Pressure                    1            66.038           8.801            8.801               30.88            0
Squeegee Material                    1            95.024          95.024            95.024             333.42            0
Squeegee Blade Angles                1            83.104          83.104            83.104             291.59            0
Squeegee Speed                       1            95.346          95.344            334.54             334.54            0
Error                               11             3.138           3.138            0.285
Total                               15            342.65
S=0.543367                            R - Sq=98.96%                    R - Sq(adj)=98.74%
Multi-Vari Chart for Solder Paste Thickness by Scraper Type-Blade Type
                                                              4 kg                     7 kg


                       30mm/sec, 45°                                 30mm/sec, 60°
                                                                                                      Blade Type



 Solder
  Paste
Thickness




                       60mm/sec, 45°                                   60mm/sec, 60°




            4 kg                        7 kg
                                                Squeegee Pressure
       Squeegee variables: blade speed, blade angles

                   We are going to use for our experiment A. E-FORM squeegee blades


                                       Experimental solder paste thickness table

                                          High Level (+)             Standard (*)             Low Level (-)

    1. Squeegee Pressure                        11Kg                      7kg                     4kg

    2. Squeegee Blade Angles                     75°                      60°                     45°

    3. Squeegee Blade Speed                    30mm/sec               17mm/sec                  5mm/sec
Analysis of variable number of abnormal forms (pre-screening)
                                          Solder                                               Solder
        Squeegee              Squeegee     Paste             Squeegee              Squeegee     Paste
Run     Pressure   Squeegee    Speed     Thickness   Run     Pressure   Squeegee    Speed     Thickness
Order     (Kg)      Angles    (mm/sec)     (µm)      Order     (Kg)      Angles    (mm/sec)     (µm)
 1         7         45°         30       132.9       28        4         75°         17       138.4
 2         11        60°         17       140.2       29        7         75°         30       138.2
 3         11        60°         30       141.6       30        7         75°         5         142
 4         4         45°         30       130.4       31        4         60°         17       135.7
 5         11        60°         17       139.6       32        7         75°         17       140.4
 6         7         75°         30       138.7       33        7         75°         5         142
 7         11        45°         5        138.6       34        11        45°         30       134.6
 8         7         75°         17       140.7       35        4         75°         5        140.7
 9         4         75°         30       138.6       36        11        45°         5        138.2
 10        11        75°         5        144.5       37        4         60°         17       135.1
 11        7         60°         30       135.3       38        4         75°         5         140
 12        4         75°         17       138.7       39        7         45°         5        136.3
 13        7         45°         17       134.9       40        7         60°         17       137.9
 14        11        75°         17       139.6       41        4         45°         17       132.4
 15        7         60°         30       139.5       42        4         45°         5        134.8
 16        7         60°         5        139.7       43        11        60°         30       137.9
 17        11        75°         5        144.8       44        11        75°         30       140.6
 18        4         60°         5        137.5       45        11        60°         5        141.5
 19        7         45°         17       134.6       46        11        60°         30       137.2
 20        7         60°         30       135.2       47        4         45°         5        134.6
 21        4         60°         30       133.7       48        7         60°         5        138.3
 22        4         60°         30       133.6       49        4         45°         30       130.0
 23        4         45°         17       135.2       50        7         45°         30       132.4
 24        11        45°         17       136.7       51        11        75°         30       140.5
 25        4         60°         5        137.9       52        11        45°         17       136.5
 26        4         75°         30       136.5       53        7         45°         5        136.0
 27        7         60°         17       137.5       54        11        45°         30       134.2
Solder paste thickness variance analysis table

                      Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Solder Paste Thickness
Source                                                    DF Seq SS Adj SS        Adj MS           F        P
Squeegee Pressure                                          2 104.513 108.077 54.039              70.98      0
Squeegee Blade Angles                                      2 294.608 279.215 139.607            183.38      0
Squeegee Blade Speed                                       2 114.829 115.23        57.615       75.68       0
Squeegee Pressure * Squeegee Blade Angles                   4      4.41     4.853     1.213         1.59   0.205
Squeegee Pressure * Squeegee Blade Speed                    4     3.203     4.229     1.057         1.39   0.264
Squeegee Blade Angles * Squeegee Blade Speed                4     5.049     6.142     1.536         2.02   0.12
Squeegee Pressure * Blade Angles * Blade Speed               8    5.776      5.776    0.722         0.95   0.495
Error                                                       27   20.555     20.555    0.761
Total                                                       53   552.943

                              S = 0.872523 R-Sq = 96.28% R - Sq(adj) = 92.70%

        The results indicate that Squeegee Pressure, Squeegee angles, Squeegee speed have a
        result of the P value <0.05 therefore because the interaction is not significant, we will
        delete one the factors and keep the effect of the other three factors.
                                Pareto Chart of the Standardized Effects
                             (Response is Solder Paste Thickness, Alpha = .05)

                                                                                       Squeegee Pressure
                                                                                       Blade Angles
                                                                                       Blade Speed
Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Solder Paste Thickness

 Source                          DF      Seq SS         Adj SS       Adj MS        F         P
 Squeegee Pressure                2      104.513       128.095       64.048       77.2       0
 Squeegee Blade Angles            2      294.608       304.735       152.367     183.65      0
 Squeegee Blade Speed             2      114.829       114.829       57.415       69.2       0
 Error                           47      38.994        38.994         0.83
 Total                           53      552.943

                       S = 0.910851 R-Sq = 92.95% R-Sq(adj.) = 92.05%



In the normal map P test value is greater than 0.05, so the configuration model is in line
with the assumptions.

                     Residual Plots for Solder Paste Thickness
Probability Plot of Solder Paste Thickness




In order to find the optimum conditions we draw the main factor effect diagram and
interaction effect.
In this experiment that results in three main factor maps (Factorial plots), we can observe:
      1. If the squeegee pressure is lower, the solder paste thickness is minimum
      2. Greater the squeegee blade angles, higher the solder paste thickness.
      3. The use of a lower speed for the squeegee blade allows higher solder paste
          thickness.
             Main Effects Plot (data means) for Solder Paste Thickness
                Squeegee Pressure                               Blade Speed




   4 Kg              7 Kg            11 Kg         5 mm/sec       17 mm/sec       30 mm/sec

                  Blade Angles




   45°               60°             75°
Based on experimental results, we have decided that the best factor level settings are:
   Squeegee material – electroform ( E-form)
   Squeegee blade angles - 75°
   Squeegee speed - 5 mm/s
   Squeegee pressure - 11 kg
   Snap off (–0.1 mm)- constant
   Separation speed ( 1 mm/s)- constant
   Cleaning internal (5 Internal) – constant
   Temperature and Humidity 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH -constant in the plant

In the same time the use of MINITAB statistical software analysis of the surface
regression model estimated that the regression model for the solder paste thickness is:
               y = 6.32153 +1565.97 X1 +0.1297 X2-0.0112879X3,
where X1 is squeegee pressure; X2 squeegee angle and X3 is the squeegee blade speed

The contour map drawing verifies that the above settings are the best solder paste printing
                                      parameters.
2. Verification and Validity
      Control phase

      Two solder paste printed samples were taken every half an hour. The settings for the
      screen printing are the ones shown above.
      As it can be seen the P value> 0.05 is in line with the normal distribution of data.
      The data resulted from the process is stable and in line with the assumption of normal
      distribution:
                         • The average paste thickness 144.98μm
                         • Standard deviation is 1.31μm,
                         • The process ability indicators Cpk = 3.16.
         Solder                Solder                Solder                Solder                Solder
          Paste                Paste                 Paste                 Paste                 Paste
No.     Thickness     No.    Thickness     No.     Thickness     No.     Thickness     No.     Thickness
 1        144.9       11       146.8       21        145.1       31        145.4       41        143.9
 2        145.6       12       145.7       22        145.6       32        143.4       42        147.6
 3        143.6       13       149.9       23        143.4       33        145.7       43        144.2
 4        144.7       14       144.1       24        145.6       34        144.2       44        143.9
 5        145.6       15       143.1       25        144.6       35        145.2       45        145.6
 6        144.6       16       146.2       26        143.5       36        144.8       46        144.5
 7        142.8       17       144.9       27        145.6       37        143.7       47        143.6
 8        146.6       18       145.6       28        144.9       38        146.7       48        144.7
 9        144.7       19       142.8       29        143.5       39        145.9       49        145.8
10        145.6       20       145.8       30        146.2       40        144.2       50        144.5

                             Xbar-R Chart of Solder Paste Thickness
Probability Plot of Solder Paste Thickness




Figure 4.17 after the solder paste process to improve the thickness normal machine rate
                                          plans




                  Process Capability of Solder Paste Thickness
Monitoring phase

In order to maintain the process stability and the process performance, we need to
monitor the process by using the process control chart and sample measure daily the
solder paste thickness deposits for the product we chose for our experiment.
The results of the experimental process compared with the initial status quo shows that
the average solder paste deposit thickness increased significantly reducing the standard
deviation.
                Comparison of the process improvement before and after


                                                     Solder Paste Thickness
        (1μm=0.039mils)
                                   Average Value             Std Deviation          Cpk

        Process to Improve                137.95µm                 2.22 µm            1.16

      Process Improvement                 144.98µm                 1.31µm            3.16



                        Xbar-R Chart of Solder Paste Thickness

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Solder Paste Screen Printing

  • 1. SMT solder paste printing process quality improvement through Six Sigma Approach By Dan Coada
  • 2. Abstract The solder paste printing process is an important process in the assembly of Surface Mount Technology (SMT) devices using the reflow soldering technique. There is a wide agreement in the industry that the paste printing process accounts for the majority of assembly defects. Experience with this process has shown that typically over 60% of all soldering defects are due to problems associated with the screening process. Operation and parameter setup of the stencil printing process are the key elements when trying to minimize defects. Parameters such as squeegee pressure, squeegee speed, stencil separation speed, snap-off and stencil cleaning interval are the most important factors in the process to achieve a better yield.
  • 3. Introduction The electronic assembly technology is progressing following the consumer electronic products demands like light, thin, short, and small goods. Surface-mounted components are often smaller than their leaded counterparts, and potentially more reliable products can be designed and manufactured using SMT. The Surface Mount Technology (SMT) became the mainstream of the modern electronic assembly industry because reduces the manufacturing cost and it is making high quality products. The solder paste stencil printing process is a very critical step in the surface- mount manufacturing process In this complex SMT manufacturing environment, many worries appear during the manufacturing process as a result of the high-density electrical components. Operation and setup of the stencil printing process are key elements to be considered when trying to minimize defects. The main reason for printing solder paste onto the Print Circuit Board (PCB) is to supply solder alloy for the solder joints. To achieve this objective, the solder paste print must be aligned correctly, the correct amount of solder paste for each joint must be present and the print should form an even layer of paste for perfect component placement. The solder paste on top of the stencil is partly rolled and pressed into the stencil apertures and onto the PCB solder lands by a moving and angled squeegee. The squeegee angle must be between 45 to 60 degree (usually not adjustable) and the rolling solder paste should have a diameter of 15 to 20 millimeter for optimum conditions. Thin steel and hard as possible squeegees are used for metal stencils. The squeegee printing edge must be sharp to secure a well-defined print. When using an old worn out squeegee with rounded printing edge, the squeegee angle is reduced and the solder paste will not roll as desired Nowadays, as packages shrink in size and increase in lead count, we see a very high defect rates (100 to 200 PPM) on 20-mil pitch and below while manufacturing sees six sigma quality rates on larger pitch components. The main sources for solder paste stencil printing process defects are stencil, environment, solder paste, and stencil printing parameter. This document is using Six-Sigma method DMAIC to improve the process quality of SMT solder-paste print. We will need to find out the key quality factors and evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the measurement system. After confirming this capability of the process, we will discover the key factor that affects the process, and then using “Design of Experiments (DOE)” we will get the ultimate process parameters. The specification of the solder-paste printing thickness per IPC standards is 150±20µm (6±0.8mils). As of a result in using DOE we found the best process parameters and the average of the solder-paste printing thickness was increased from 137.95µm (5.43mils) to144.98µm (5.71 mils); Standard Deviation was reduced from 2.22 to 1.31 and Cpk was improved from 1.16 to 3.16.
  • 4. Details of Printing Process Parameters 1. Stencil Metal stencils can be made of different materials. Besides stainless steel, they can be made of copper, bronze, or nickel. There are 3 different metal stencil-manufacturing methods: Etching, Electroforming and Laser cutting. The apertures in both laser-cut and electroformed stencils have very sharp edges and are slightly conic. This makes the solder paste slip easily off the aperture edges and thereby secures a uniform print. The metal stencils are attached to the printing frame using tensioned mesh or directly using a special frame with gripping systems, which can easily damage the stencils and thereby resulting in poor printing quality. The thickness of the metal stencil is typically 150 microns(6mils) but 100(4mils), 125(5mils) and 200(8mils) microns are also available. The thickness is chosen based on the job in hand. For very fine pitch such as 0.3 mm lead pitch, 100 or 125-micron stencils could be used and for lead pitch down to 0.5 mm, 150-micron stencils can be used. The stencil thickness together with the aperture size determines the amount of solder paste present to form each solder joint during reflow soldering. The minimum stencil aperture width must be at least 3 times (preferable 5 times) the diameter of the largest solder particle and the stencil aperture width is larger than the stencil thickness. Rounded aperture corners reduce clogging of fine pitch apertures and smearing. The top surface of the metal stencil is slightly roughened to achieve a perfect solder paste roll during printing. 2. Environment Dust and dirt from the air that ends up on the PCBs and stencils can cause defects such as bridging and poor wet-ability in the reflow soldering process. A small piece of fiber or hair between two fine pitch solder pads can easily cause bridging. It is very important that the PCBs are stored in sealed packages and if necessary, cleaned before use. Air draught in the production area can speed up evaporation of the solvents in the solder paste and thereby makes the solder paste dry out. High temperature can also make the solder paste dry out quickly. If the room temperature in the production area varies a lot, it will be very difficult to control the printing process because the viscosity of the solder paste changes with the temperature and the solder paste print will sometimes be perfected and at other times, paste will slump and result in bridging. The temperature window should be between 21 – 25°C.
  • 5. 3. Solder Paste Several paste characteristics must be carefully controlled to achieve optimum production results. These include: percent of metal, viscosity, slump, solder balls, flux activity working life and shelf life. 4. Stencil Printing Parameters Stencil Printing Parameters are the most important factors in the solder paste printing process to achieve better yield. a. The squeegee pressure. • It should be as low as possible to scrape the stencil clean of solder paste particles when printing. • The amount of pressure is determined by the printing speed and stencil type. The printing speed is usually recommended by paste manufacturer typically between 20 and 80 mm per second. b. Snap off is the distance between the stencil underside and the PCB placed in print position but without the squeegee touching the stencil. • For metal stencil printing, the snap off is zero and also called contact printing. • A high snap off will result in a thicker layer of solder paste. c. The speed of separation between stencil and PCB after printing is important. • A too rapid separation speed when printing fine pitch will result in clogging of the stencil apertures. It will also result in tailing and formation high of edges around the solder paste deposits. d. Cleaning • Can be done either manually or automatically. • The wiper does not clean the stencils underside but simply move the solder paste particles from around the apertures to the complete stencils underside. • Stencil cleaning prior to use is important to prevent dust and dirt from entering the solder joints. • If all printing parameters are in control, stencil underside cleaning is not necessary.
  • 6. 5. Solder Paste Printing Process The beginning of solder paste printing Squeegee Pressure Squeegee/Printing Speed Squeegee Stencil angle 45° Aperture Snap-off Solder Paste Printing Pad Solder paste printing completed w/ the board off from the stencil Separation Speed
  • 7. Experiment Design and Result Analysis 1. Experimental Design Five factors and their actual low and high levels can be chosen for the screening experiment that might influence both: the average amount of solder paste applied and the process variability a. Squeegee pressure; levels (4 and 7 kg). b. Squeegee speed; levels (30 and 60 mm/s). c. Snap off; levels (–0.1 and 0.1 mm). d. Separation speed; levels (1 and 5 mm/s). e. Cleaning internal (Stroke) (5 and 10) There were also another two potential factors identified: temperature and humidity but because large variation in these factors could potentially adversely affect the experimental results was decided to hold these factors constant during the experiment. Even if all the above factors are controlled, we will pay close attention to the height of deposited solder paste during process. For this study a product with the highest failure data from ETMS (EPIC Technologies Manufacturing Systems) was chosen: • Vocollect1000-5087 Hudson Hydra, lead free, VP reflow
  • 8. This product will use the existing manufacturing machines / inspection equipment: 1. A “DEK INFINITY” solder printing machine ( model year 2000) 2. EM907 Kester no clean lead free solder paste (EPIC # 1601-0955) 3. A CyberOptics LSM ( Laser Section Microscope) that measures deposited solder paste thickness 4. An OMEGA i ® -Server MicroServer TM networked device which monitors the level of temperature and humidity to be constant in the plant.
  • 9. Information of the PCB board (CAD file, Gerber file: overall size, thickness, fiducial locations) Solder paste printing Component placement Vapor Phase Reflow OK Miscellaneous No Good AOI, 5DX Assembly ICT/Functional inspection No Good Scrapped Packaging PCB Loader, Solder Paste Printer, Glue Machine Chip Shooters (Component Placement Machines) Reflow Oven SMT Process Flow Chart
  • 11. Sigma DPMO Sigma DPMO Sigma DPMO Level Level Level 0.5 841300 3.5 22750 5.0 233 1.0 697700 4.0 6210 5.2 107 1.5 501349 4.2 3467 5.4 48.12 2.0 308770 4.4 1865 5.6 20.67 2.5 158686 4.6 967 5.8 8.55 3.0 66810 4.8 483 6.0 3.4 DMAIC Implementation Steps Stage Item Content Tools used a. 5087 solder paste printing process SIPOC ( Suppliers, b. SIPOC analysis Objectives settings and scope Inputs, Process, (D) Define c. Target settings study Outputs, Customer) a. CTQ(Critical to Quality) selection a. Identifying key quality characteristics characteristics b. Describing performance standards b. Volume measurements a. 80/20 Rule c. Volume measurement system c. Improving the b. MSA (Measuring (M) Measure characterization manufacturing process System Analysis) a. Process capability analysis a. Solder paste printing process b. Control chart capability c. Normal machine b. Y definition of the performance rate plans indicators a. Data collection and analysis d. Characteristics of (A) Analysis c. Vary confirmed sources of change b. Identifying the key factors the light map a. Experimental planning b. To be due to screening a. Experiment to find the c. The experimental results and standard analysis b. Experimental conditions to a. DOE (I) d. The best combination of confirm the validity of b. ANOVA Improvement parameters c. Ability to upgrade process c. Response surface a. Standardization of the best a. Process parameters capability b. The implementation of process analysis (C) Control control Ability to control process b. SPC
  • 12. Input-Output Schematic Diagram INPUT OUTPUT Process (Suppliers) (Inputs) (Process) (Outputs) (Customer) • Operator in • PCB • SMT solder • Complete Reflowed the • Stencil paste printed PCB PCBA`s preceding • Solder paste printing modules 1. Providers (Suppliers) - refers to the key operational procedures that provide information regarding to materials and supply people or organizations. 2. Input (Inputs) -provides the process information and materials in the consumption or conversion. 3. Flow (Process) - refers to the conversion step 4. Outputs (Outputs) - customer’s products or services. 5. Customer (Customer) - refers to the person or organization acceptance of the output flow.
  • 13. TRUE The accuracy of the solder paste measuring system in µm 1 µm=0.04 mils The same operators that used the identical equipment to measure the alike solder sample height repeatedly resulted in the above poor accuracy true value measurement graph derived from an average number of measurements data.
  • 14. Process indicators capability control table (The average standard deviation when adding 1.5*σ “shift”) Favorable Rate Rate of Adverse Specification Limits % ppm ±1σ 30.23% 697700 ±2σ 69.13% 308700 ±3σ 93.32% 66810 ±4σ 99.379% 6210 ±5σ 99.9767% 233 ±6σ 99.99966% 3.4 This soldering print study is for the printed circuit board assembly Vocollect 1000- 5087 Hudson Hydra, lead free: • 0.062-inch panels • EPIC recommendations for nominal solder thickness per IPC standards is 150μm or 5.9 mils (max 170μm or 6.7 mils and min 130μm or 5.2 mils). Measurement method: 1. solder paste deposit thickness is measured by dividing first the solder blob on the pad in three sections as is shown in the below picture: 2. the “Mean” or the average solder deposit is calculated using the formula: • (Min + Max)/2 where Min is the minimum amount of measurement points and Max is the maximum amount of the measuring point Print Mean Print Beginning Ending
  • 15. The CyberOptics LSM (Laser Section Microscope) thickness measurements (Unit: μm; 1μm=0.04 mils) Printing Samples Operator Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 134.67 135.46 133.75 133.6 134.44 134.29 133.07 136.61 133.02 132.92 2 134.68 135.48 133.62 133.29 134.47 134.19 133.04 136.47 132.87 133.06 A 3 134.67 135.53 133.73 133.31 134.29 134.21 133.02 136.36 133.05 132.94 1 134.69 135.46 133.70 133.58 134.34 134.11 132.99 136.58 133.03 132.94 2 134.77 135.58 133.69 133.53 134.39 134.31 133.02 136.48 133.05 132.97 B 3 134.85 135.54 133.49 133.49 134.42 134.16 133.00 136.40 133.07 132.99 1 134.68 135.55 133.75 133.45 134.40 134.20 133.02 136.22 132.89 132.84 2 134.91 135.44 133.56 133.76 134.48 134.11 133.13 136.32 132.95 132.92 C 3 134.56 135.40 133.65 133.73 134.33 134.28 133.08 136.29 132.91 132.97 Summary Output – Regression Statistics It is assumed that main factor A has a levels (and A = a-1 df), main factor B has b levels (and B = b-1 df), n is the sample size of each printing, and N = abn is the total sample size. The overall degrees of freedom df is one less than the total sample size. Source DegOfFreedom SumOfSq MeanSq F Main Effect A given A, SS / df MS(A) / MS(W) a-1 Main Effect B given B, SS / df MS(B) / MS(W) b-1 Interaction Effect given A*B, SS / df MS(A*B) / MS(W) (a-1)(b-1) Within (the error) given N - ab, SS / df ab(n-1) Total sum of others N - 1, abn - 1
  • 16. The following results are calculated using the Quattro Pro spreadsheet. It provides the p-value and the critical values are for alpha = 0.05 Summary: Two-Way ANOVA Table With Interaction P value> 0.05 Alpha=0.05 Source DF SS MS F P Part Numbers 9 107.833 11.9814 903.821 0 Operators 2 0.012 0.006 0.45 0.644 P/N *Operator 18 0.239 0.0133 1.748 0.055 Repeatability 60 0.455 0.0076 TOTAL 89 108.539 We use the Gage R & R analysis to determine the uncertainty of our measurement system before we can compare, control or optimize our printing processes. a. REPEATABILITY is the variation obtained from LSM and one operator when measuring the same solder height several times. b. REPRODUCIBILITY is the difference in the average measurements made by different operators using the same LSM when measuring the same solder height. c. As it can be seen below the solder print height measurement change is 8.41 %< 10% which indicates a good measurement with the LSM % Contribution Source VarComp (of VarComp) Total Gage R&R 0.00948 0.71 Repeatability 0.00759 0.57 Reproducibility 0.00189 0.14 Operators 0 0 Op*P/N 0.00189 0.14 Part-To-Part 1.3298 99.29 Total Variation 1.33927 100 Study Var %Study Var Source StdDev (SD) (6 * SD) (%SV) Total Gage R&R 0.09734 0.58406 8.41 Repeatability 0.0871 0.52257 7.53 Reproducibility 0.04348 0.26086 3.76 Operators 0 0 0 Op*P/N 0.04348 0.26086 3.76 Part-To-Part 1.15317 6.91901 99.65 Total Variation 1.15727 6.94362 100 Number of Distinct Categories = 16
  • 18. Fifty samples were collected from the solder printing process two every half hour The amount of solder paste thickness measurement results are as follows: (Unit: μm; 1μm=0.039mils) Solder Solder Solder Solder Solder paste paste paste paste paste Thickness Thickness Thickness Thickness Thickness No. No. No. No. No. 1 135.8 11 137.2 21 137.9 31 136.7 41 133.4 2 142.3 12 136.4 22 134.6 32 135.8 42 138.4 3 136.9 13 138.5 23 137.6 33 140.7 43 141.4 4 138.5 14 137.4 24 138.6 34 139.9 44 137.3 5 136.4 15 140.2 25 135.9 35 139.9 45 136.5 6 140.8 16 140.5 26 134.7 36 140.6 46 139.2 7 138.4 17 138.3 27 138.4 37 140.8 47 137.8 8 135.2 18 135.7 28 137.6 38 138.9 48 137.5 9 140.1 19 136.3 29 134.9 39 138.3 49 135.5 10 136.4 20 137.1 30 144.2 40 140.4 50 135.7 Xbar-R Chart of Solder Thickness Initial Printing Process to be improved
  • 19. Probability Plot of Solder Paste Thickness Probability Capability of Solder Paste Thickness
  • 20. The target of solder paste thickness specification process is 150 ± 20μm From the above charts we found that the thickness of solder paste Cpk = 1.16, which standard deviation does not meet the objective of a Cpk=1.5 standard Process Improvement (1μm=0.039mils) Average Value Std Deviation Cpk Solder Paste Thickness 137.95µm 2.22 µm 1.16 The potential variables that are impacting the printing process would be: a. Blades Material b. Blade angles c. Blade speed d. Squeegee pressure The SMT solder paste printing process takes place in a fully controlled environment: 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH, Cause-and-Effect Diagram Measurements Material Precise Temperature PCB Material Solder Paste Type Precise Humidity Viscosity Factors that affect solder Precise Defect Measurement paste thickness Stencil Gap Blades Material High/Low Temperature Squeegee Pressure Level printer platform High/Low Humidity Blade Angles Printer hardware wearing down Blade Speed Environment Methods Machines
  • 21. We are going to change the above variables characteristics and study the impact that it has on the solder paste printing. Squeegee material (A: electroform or B: steel) Squeegee blade angles (45°, 60°, 75°), Squeegee speed (5, 17, 30 mm/s). Squeegee pressure; levels (4, 7 and 11 kg). Snap off (–0.1 mm)- constant Separation speed ( 1 mm/s)- constant Cleaning internal (5 Internal) – constant Temperature and Humidity 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH -constant in the plant The DOE steps are defined as identifying the response or output, identifying factors for the study, determination of factor levels and range of factor setting, choice of appropriate experimental design, run the experiment, collect and analyze the data, draw conclusion and act on the results. These steps can be summarized and used as a strategy in designing, performing and analyzing experiment. General Linear Model: solder paste thickness versus blade material, squeegee angles, squeegee speed, squeegee pressure Factor Type Levels Values Squeegee Pressure Fixed 2 -1 , 1 Squeegee Material Fixed 2 B,A Squeegee Blade Angles Fixed 2 -1 , 1 Squeegee Speed Fixed 2 -1 , 1 Analysis of Variance for Solder Paste Thickness, using Adjusted SS for Tests Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Squeegee Pressure 1 66.038 8.801 8.801 30.88 0 Squeegee Material 1 95.024 95.024 95.024 333.42 0 Squeegee Blade Angles 1 83.104 83.104 83.104 291.59 0 Squeegee Speed 1 95.346 95.344 334.54 334.54 0 Error 11 3.138 3.138 0.285 Total 15 342.65 S=0.543367 R - Sq=98.96% R - Sq(adj)=98.74%
  • 22. Multi-Vari Chart for Solder Paste Thickness by Scraper Type-Blade Type 4 kg 7 kg 30mm/sec, 45° 30mm/sec, 60° Blade Type Solder Paste Thickness 60mm/sec, 45° 60mm/sec, 60° 4 kg 7 kg Squeegee Pressure Squeegee variables: blade speed, blade angles We are going to use for our experiment A. E-FORM squeegee blades Experimental solder paste thickness table High Level (+) Standard (*) Low Level (-) 1. Squeegee Pressure 11Kg 7kg 4kg 2. Squeegee Blade Angles 75° 60° 45° 3. Squeegee Blade Speed 30mm/sec 17mm/sec 5mm/sec
  • 23. Analysis of variable number of abnormal forms (pre-screening) Solder Solder Squeegee Squeegee Paste Squeegee Squeegee Paste Run Pressure Squeegee Speed Thickness Run Pressure Squeegee Speed Thickness Order (Kg) Angles (mm/sec) (µm) Order (Kg) Angles (mm/sec) (µm) 1 7 45° 30 132.9 28 4 75° 17 138.4 2 11 60° 17 140.2 29 7 75° 30 138.2 3 11 60° 30 141.6 30 7 75° 5 142 4 4 45° 30 130.4 31 4 60° 17 135.7 5 11 60° 17 139.6 32 7 75° 17 140.4 6 7 75° 30 138.7 33 7 75° 5 142 7 11 45° 5 138.6 34 11 45° 30 134.6 8 7 75° 17 140.7 35 4 75° 5 140.7 9 4 75° 30 138.6 36 11 45° 5 138.2 10 11 75° 5 144.5 37 4 60° 17 135.1 11 7 60° 30 135.3 38 4 75° 5 140 12 4 75° 17 138.7 39 7 45° 5 136.3 13 7 45° 17 134.9 40 7 60° 17 137.9 14 11 75° 17 139.6 41 4 45° 17 132.4 15 7 60° 30 139.5 42 4 45° 5 134.8 16 7 60° 5 139.7 43 11 60° 30 137.9 17 11 75° 5 144.8 44 11 75° 30 140.6 18 4 60° 5 137.5 45 11 60° 5 141.5 19 7 45° 17 134.6 46 11 60° 30 137.2 20 7 60° 30 135.2 47 4 45° 5 134.6 21 4 60° 30 133.7 48 7 60° 5 138.3 22 4 60° 30 133.6 49 4 45° 30 130.0 23 4 45° 17 135.2 50 7 45° 30 132.4 24 11 45° 17 136.7 51 11 75° 30 140.5 25 4 60° 5 137.9 52 11 45° 17 136.5 26 4 75° 30 136.5 53 7 45° 5 136.0 27 7 60° 17 137.5 54 11 45° 30 134.2
  • 24. Solder paste thickness variance analysis table Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Solder Paste Thickness Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Squeegee Pressure 2 104.513 108.077 54.039 70.98 0 Squeegee Blade Angles 2 294.608 279.215 139.607 183.38 0 Squeegee Blade Speed 2 114.829 115.23 57.615 75.68 0 Squeegee Pressure * Squeegee Blade Angles 4 4.41 4.853 1.213 1.59 0.205 Squeegee Pressure * Squeegee Blade Speed 4 3.203 4.229 1.057 1.39 0.264 Squeegee Blade Angles * Squeegee Blade Speed 4 5.049 6.142 1.536 2.02 0.12 Squeegee Pressure * Blade Angles * Blade Speed 8 5.776 5.776 0.722 0.95 0.495 Error 27 20.555 20.555 0.761 Total 53 552.943 S = 0.872523 R-Sq = 96.28% R - Sq(adj) = 92.70% The results indicate that Squeegee Pressure, Squeegee angles, Squeegee speed have a result of the P value <0.05 therefore because the interaction is not significant, we will delete one the factors and keep the effect of the other three factors. Pareto Chart of the Standardized Effects (Response is Solder Paste Thickness, Alpha = .05) Squeegee Pressure Blade Angles Blade Speed
  • 25. Estimated Effects and Coefficients for Solder Paste Thickness Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Squeegee Pressure 2 104.513 128.095 64.048 77.2 0 Squeegee Blade Angles 2 294.608 304.735 152.367 183.65 0 Squeegee Blade Speed 2 114.829 114.829 57.415 69.2 0 Error 47 38.994 38.994 0.83 Total 53 552.943 S = 0.910851 R-Sq = 92.95% R-Sq(adj.) = 92.05% In the normal map P test value is greater than 0.05, so the configuration model is in line with the assumptions. Residual Plots for Solder Paste Thickness
  • 26. Probability Plot of Solder Paste Thickness In order to find the optimum conditions we draw the main factor effect diagram and interaction effect. In this experiment that results in three main factor maps (Factorial plots), we can observe: 1. If the squeegee pressure is lower, the solder paste thickness is minimum 2. Greater the squeegee blade angles, higher the solder paste thickness. 3. The use of a lower speed for the squeegee blade allows higher solder paste thickness. Main Effects Plot (data means) for Solder Paste Thickness Squeegee Pressure Blade Speed 4 Kg 7 Kg 11 Kg 5 mm/sec 17 mm/sec 30 mm/sec Blade Angles 45° 60° 75°
  • 27. Based on experimental results, we have decided that the best factor level settings are: Squeegee material – electroform ( E-form) Squeegee blade angles - 75° Squeegee speed - 5 mm/s Squeegee pressure - 11 kg Snap off (–0.1 mm)- constant Separation speed ( 1 mm/s)- constant Cleaning internal (5 Internal) – constant Temperature and Humidity 23 ± 1°C, 50 ± 5% RH -constant in the plant In the same time the use of MINITAB statistical software analysis of the surface regression model estimated that the regression model for the solder paste thickness is: y = 6.32153 +1565.97 X1 +0.1297 X2-0.0112879X3, where X1 is squeegee pressure; X2 squeegee angle and X3 is the squeegee blade speed The contour map drawing verifies that the above settings are the best solder paste printing parameters.
  • 28. 2. Verification and Validity Control phase Two solder paste printed samples were taken every half an hour. The settings for the screen printing are the ones shown above. As it can be seen the P value> 0.05 is in line with the normal distribution of data. The data resulted from the process is stable and in line with the assumption of normal distribution: • The average paste thickness 144.98μm • Standard deviation is 1.31μm, • The process ability indicators Cpk = 3.16. Solder Solder Solder Solder Solder Paste Paste Paste Paste Paste No. Thickness No. Thickness No. Thickness No. Thickness No. Thickness 1 144.9 11 146.8 21 145.1 31 145.4 41 143.9 2 145.6 12 145.7 22 145.6 32 143.4 42 147.6 3 143.6 13 149.9 23 143.4 33 145.7 43 144.2 4 144.7 14 144.1 24 145.6 34 144.2 44 143.9 5 145.6 15 143.1 25 144.6 35 145.2 45 145.6 6 144.6 16 146.2 26 143.5 36 144.8 46 144.5 7 142.8 17 144.9 27 145.6 37 143.7 47 143.6 8 146.6 18 145.6 28 144.9 38 146.7 48 144.7 9 144.7 19 142.8 29 143.5 39 145.9 49 145.8 10 145.6 20 145.8 30 146.2 40 144.2 50 144.5 Xbar-R Chart of Solder Paste Thickness
  • 29. Probability Plot of Solder Paste Thickness Figure 4.17 after the solder paste process to improve the thickness normal machine rate plans Process Capability of Solder Paste Thickness
  • 30. Monitoring phase In order to maintain the process stability and the process performance, we need to monitor the process by using the process control chart and sample measure daily the solder paste thickness deposits for the product we chose for our experiment. The results of the experimental process compared with the initial status quo shows that the average solder paste deposit thickness increased significantly reducing the standard deviation. Comparison of the process improvement before and after Solder Paste Thickness (1μm=0.039mils) Average Value Std Deviation Cpk Process to Improve 137.95µm 2.22 µm 1.16 Process Improvement 144.98µm 1.31µm 3.16 Xbar-R Chart of Solder Paste Thickness