1. Baumrind'sParentingTypology[edit]
Diana Baumrind
Diana Baumrind is a researcher who focused on the classification of
parenting styles. Baumrind’s research is known as “Baumrind’s
Parenting Typology”. In her research, she found what she considered
to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful
parenting: responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs.
undemanding.[23] Through her studies Baumrind identified three initial
parenting styles: Authoritative parenting, authoritarian
parenting and permissive parenting. Maccoby and Martin expanded
upon Baumrind’s three original parenting styles by placing parenting
styles into two distinct categories: demanding and undemanding.[citation
needed] With these distinctions, four new parenting styles were defined:
Maccoby and Martin's Four Parenting Styles
Baumrind's Three Parenting Styles
Demanding Undemanding
Responsive Authoritative/Propagative
Indulgent
(Permissive)

2. Unresponsive Authoritarian/Totalitarian Neglectful
Baumrind believed that parents should be neither punitive nor
aloof.[24] Rather, they should develop rules for their children and be
affectionate with them. These parenting styles are meant to describe
normal variations in parenting, not deviant parenting, such as might
be observed in abusive homes.[25] In addition, parenting stress can
often cause changes in parental behavior such as inconsistency,
increased negative communication, decreased monitoring and/or
supervision,[citation needed] setting vague rules or limits on behavior,
being more reactive and less proactive, and engaging in increasingly
harsh disciplinary behaviors.[26][full citation needed]
Authoritative parenting[edit]
The parent is demanding and responsive. When this style is
systematically developed, it grows to fit the descriptions propagative
parenting and concerted cultivation.
Authoritative parenting is characterized by a child-centered
approach that holds high expectations of maturity. Authoritative
parents can understand how their children are feeling and teach them
how to regulate their feelings. Even with high expectations of
maturity, authoritative parents are usually forgiving of any possible
shortcomings. [27] They often help their children to find appropriate
outlets to solve problems. Authoritative parents encourage children to
be independent but still place limits on their actions.[24]Extensive
verbal give-and-take is not refused, and parents try to be warm and
nurturing toward the child.[24] Authoritative parents are not usually as
controlling as authoritarian parents, allowing the child to explore
more freely, thus having them make their own decisions based upon
their own reasoning. Often, authoritative parents produce children
who are more independent and self-reliant.[28] An authoritative
parenting style mainly results when there is high parental
responsiveness and high parental demands.[29]
Authoritative parents will set clear standards for their children,
monitor the limits that they set, and also allow children to
develop autonomy. They also expect mature, independent, and age-

3. appropriate behavior of children. Punishments for misbehavior
are measured and consistent, not arbitrary or violent. Often behaviors
are not punished but the natural consequences of the child's actions
are explored and discussed -allowing the child to see that the behavior
is inappropriate and not to be repeated, rather than not repeated to
merely avoid adverse consequences.[24] Authoritative parents set
limits and demand maturity. However, when punishing a child, the
parent will explain his or her motive for their punishment. Children
are more likely to respond to authoritative parenting punishment
because it is reasonable and fair[citation needed]. A child knows why they
are being punished because an authoritative parent makes the reasons
known. As a result, children of authoritative parents are more likely to
be successful, well liked by those around them, generous and capable
of self determination.[30]
Authoritarian parenting[edit]
Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive, punishment heavy parenting
style in which parents make their children follow their directions with
little to no explanation.[24] Authoritarian parenting involves low
parental responsiveness and high parental demand; the parents tend to
demand obedience without explanation and focus on
status.[29] Corporal punishment is a common choice of punishment.
Yelling is another form of discipline for authoritarian parents.
Authoritarian parenting is a restrictive, punishment heavy parenting
style in which parents make their children follow their directions with
little response. It is apparent that the authoritarian parenting style has
distinct affects on children, especially when compared to authoritative
parenting and permissive or indulgent parenting. Children resulting
from this type of parenting may have less social competence because
the parent generally tells the child what to do instead of allowing the
child to choose by him or herself.[31]Children raised by authoritarian
parents tend to conform, be highly obedient, quiet and not very
happy.[32] These children often suffer from depression and self
blame.[32] As a result of being raised in an authoritarian environment,
once the children reach adolescence, rebellion is
common.[32] Nonetheless, researchers have found that in some
cultures and ethnic groups, aspects of authoritarian style may be

4. associated with more positive child outcomes than Baumrind
expects[citation needed]. "Aspects of traditional Asian child-rearing
practices are often continued by Asian American families. In some
cases, these practices have been described as authoritarian."[24] The
purpose is to prepare the child for negative responses such as anger
and aggression that they will face if their behavior is inappropriate.
The shock of aggression from someone from the outside world will be
less if the child is accustomed to it from their parents. This teaches the
child to behave themselves in society as an adult[citation needed].
Indulgent parenting[edit]
The parent is responsive but not demanding.
Indulgent parenting, also called permissive, non-
directive or lenient,[33] is characterized as having few behavioral
expectations for the child. "Indulgent parenting is a style of parenting
in which parents are very involved with their children but place few
demands or controls on them".[24] Parents are nurturing and accepting,
and are responsive to the child's needs and wishes. Indulgent parents
do not require children to regulate themselves or behave
appropriately.The children will grow into adulthood not accustomed
to aggression in others due to their inappropriate behavior which
would be a great shock to them. As adults, they will pay less attention
in avoiding behaviors which cause aggression in others[citation needed].
Permissive parents try to be "friends" with their child, and do not play
a parental role.[34] The expectations of the child are very low, and
there is little discipline. Permissive parents also allow children to
make their own decisions, giving them advice as a friend would. This
type of parenting is very lax, with few punishments or rules.[34] ("The
Four"). Permissive parents also tend to give their children whatever
they want and hope that they are appreciated for their accommodating
style. Other permissive parents compensate for what they missed as
children, and as a result give their children both the freedom and
materials that they lacked in their childhood.[35] Baumrind researched
on pre-school children with permissive parents and she came up with
a result that children were immature, absence in impulsive control and
they were irresponsible because of permissive parenting style.[36]

5. Children of permissive parents may tend to be more impulsive and as
adolescents may engage more in misconduct such as drug
use.[37] "Children never learn to control their own behavior and always
expect to get their way."[24] But in the better cases they are
emotionally secure, independent and are willing to learn and accept
defeat. They mature quickly and are able to live life without the help
of someone else.[38]
From a recent study,[39]
 The teens least prone to heavy drinking had parents who scored
high on both accountability and warmth.
 So-called 'indulgent' parents, those low on accountability and high
on warmth, nearly tripled the risk of their teen participating in
heavy drinking.
 'Strict parents' or authoritarian parents – high on accountability and
low on warmth – more than doubled their teen’s risk of heavy
drinking.[40]
Neglectful parenting[edit]
The parent is neither demanding nor responsive.
Neglectful parenting is also called uninvolved, detached, dismissive
or hands-off.[33] The parents are low in warmth and control, are
generally not involved in their child's life, are disengaged,
undemanding, low in responsiveness, and do not set limits. Neglectful
parenting can also mean dismissing the children's emotions and
opinions. Parents are emotionally unsupportive of their children, but
will still provide their basic needs. Provide basic needs meaning:
food, housing, and toiletries or money for the
aforementioned.[41]Neglectful parenting can stem from a variety of
reasons, including the parents prioritizing themselves, lack of
encouragement on the parents' parts, financial stresses, lack of support
and addiction to harmful substances.[42]
Children whose parents are neglectful develop the sense that other
aspects of the parents’ lives are more important than they
are.[43] Many children of this parenting style often attempt to provide
for themselves or halt depending on the parent to get a feeling of
being independent and mature beyond their years.[24] Parents, and thus

6. their children, often display contradictory behavior. The parent and
the child will never come to an agreement because the child will be
resentful and the parent will show a demanding, with great authority
side. Children become emotionally withdrawn from social situations.
This disturbed attachment also impacts relationships later on in life. In
adolescence, they may show patterns of truancy and
delinquency.[24] Children from this parenting style lack external
structure and internal sense of discipline. Children also lack external
expression of love so as a result they try to get love from whatever
sources they can.[44]
A study done by Maccoby and Martin (1983) analyzed adolescents
aged 14– 18 in four areas: psychosocial development, school
achievement, internalized distress, and problem behavior. The study
found that those with neglectful parents scored the lowest on these
tests, while those with authoritative parents scored the highest.[45]
Other parenting styles[edit]
Attachment parenting
This particular parenting style is framed around the
psychological theory of attachment. Attachment in psychology
is defined as “a lasting emotional bond between
people”.[46]There are four main types of
attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant,
and disorganized attachment.[47]
Concerted cultivation is a style of parenting marked by the
parents' attempts to foster their child's talents through
organized leisure activities such as music lessons.[48]
Narcissistic parenting
A narcissistic parent is a parent affected
by narcissism or narcissistic personality disorder. Typically
narcissistic parents are exclusively and possessively close to
their children and may be especially envious of, and threatened
by, their child's growing independence.[49] The result may be
what has been termed a pattern of narcissistic attachment, with
the child considered to exist solely for the parent's benefit.[50]
Nurturant parenting

7. A family model where children are expected to explore their
surroundings with protection from their parents.[citation needed]
Overparenting
Parents who try to involve themselves in every aspect of their
child's life, often attempting to solve all their problems and
stifling the child's ability to act independently or solve his or her
own problems[citation needed]. A helicopter parent is a colloquial
early 21st-century term for a parent who pays extremely close
attention to his or her children's experiences and problems, and
attempts to sweep all obstacles out of their paths, particularly at
educational institutions. Helicopter parents are so named
because, like helicopters, they hover closely overhead,
especially during the late adolescence to early adulthood years,
when a level of independence and self-sufficiency is
normal.[51]Modern communication technology has promoted this
style by enabling parents to keep watch over their kids through
cell phones, emails, and online grades.[52]
Positive parenting
Consistent support, guiding them and supporting them for
healthy development.[53]
Slow parenting
Encourages parents to plan and organize less for their children,
instead allowing them to enjoy their childhood and explore the
world at their own pace. Electronics are limited, simplistic toys
are utilized, and the child is allowed to develop their own
interests and to grow into their own person with lots of family
time, allowing children to make their own decisions.[54]
Strict parenting
An authoritarian approach places a strong value on discipline
and following inflexible rules as a means to survive and thrive
in a harsh world.[55] It is focused on strictdiscipline, demanding,
and typically has high expectations from the parents with
limited warmth.[56]
Taking Children Seriously
The central idea of this movement is that it is possible and
desirable to raise and educate children without doing anything to

8. them against their will, or making them do anything against
their will.[57]
Toxic parenting
Poor parenting, with a toxic relationship between the parent and
child. It results in complete disruption of the child's ability to
identify themselves and reduced self-esteem, neglecting the
needs of the child. Abuse is sometimes seen in this parenting
style.[58] Adults who have suffered from toxic parents are mostly
unable to recognize toxic parenting behavior in themselves.
Children with toxic parents grow up with damages and pass
their damages to their own children