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International strategy
1.
Slide 8.1
Strategic Choices 8: International Strategy Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
2.
Slide 8.2
Learning outcomes ā¢ Assess the internationalisation potential of different markets. ā¢ Identify sources of competitive advantage in international strategy, through both global sourcing and exploitation of local factors. ā¢ Distinguish between four main types of international strategy. ā¢ Rank markets for entry or expansion, taking into account attractiveness, cultural and other forms of distance and competitor retaliation threats. ā¢ Assess the relative merits of different market entry modes, including joint ventures, licensing and foreign direct investment. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
3.
Slide 8.3
International strategy framework Figure 8.1 International strategy framework Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
4.
Slide 8.4
International v global strategy ā¢ International strategy refers to a range of options for operating outside an organisationās country of origin. ā¢ Global strategy involves high coordination of extensive activities dispersed geographically in many countries around the world. N.B. Global strategy is just one kind of international strategy . Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
5.
Slide 8.5
Internationalisation drivers Figure 8.2 Drivers of internationalisation Source: Adapted from G. Yip, Total Global Strategy II, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2003, Chapter 2 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
6.
Slide 8.6
Location advantages: Porterās diamond (1) ā¢ Porterās Diamond ā explains why some locations tend to produce firms with sustained competitive advantages in some industries more than others. ļThe four drivers in Porterās Diamond stem from: ļlocal factor conditions ļlocal demand conditions ļlocal related and supporting industries ļlocal firm strategy structure and rivalry. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
7.
Slide 8.7
Location advantages: Porterās diamond (2) Figure 8.3 Porterās Diamond ā the determinants of national advantages Source: Adapted with permission of The Free Press, a Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., from The Competitive Advantage of Nations by Michael E. Porter. Copyright Ā© 1990, 1998 by Michael E. Porter. All rights reserved Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
8.
Slide 8.8
Global sourcing Global sourcing refers to purchasing services and components from the most appropriate suppliers around the world regardless of their location. The advantages include: ļ Cost advantages include labour costs, transportation and communications costs, taxation and investment incentives. ļ Unique local capabilities. ļ National market characteristics and reputation. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
9.
Slide 8.9
The globalālocal dilemma The globalālocal dilemma relates to the extent to which products and services may be standardised across national boundaries or need to be adapted to meet the requirements of specific national markets. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
10.
Slide 8.10
International strategies Figure 8.4 Four international strategies Source: Adapted āChanging patterns of international competitionā, pp. 9ā39, Figure 5 (Porter, M. 1987). Copyright Ā© 1987, by The Regents of the University of California. Reprinted from the California Management Review, vol. 28, no. 2. By permission of The Regents. cmr berkeley.edu. All right reserved. This article is for personal viewing by individuals accessing this website. It is not to be copied, reproduced or otherwise disseminated without written permission from the California Management Review. By viewing this document, you here by agree to these terms. For permission or reprints, contact: cmr@haas. berkeley.edu electronic formats. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
11.
Slide 8.11
Market characteristics Four elements of the PESTEL framework are particularly important in comparing countries for entry: ļPolitical. Political environments vary widely between countries and can alter rapidly. ļEconomic. Key comparators are levels of Gross Domestic Product and disposable income which indicate the potential size of the market. ļSocial. Factors like population characteristics and lifestyle as well as cultural differences. ļLegal. Countries vary widely in their legal regime. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
12.
Slide 8.12
The CAGE framework Cultural Administrative and distance political distance Geographic Economic/ wealth distance distance Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
13.
Slide 8.13
International cross-cultural comparison Figure 8.5 International cross-cultural comparison Source: M. Javidan, P. Dorman, M. de Luque and R. House, āIn the eye of the beholder: cross-cultural lessons in leadership from Project GLOBEā, Academy of Management Perspectives, February 2006, pp. 67ā90 (Figure 4: USA vs China, p. 82). (GLOBE stands for āGlobal Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectivenessā.) Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
14.
Slide 8.14
Assessing country markets Country markets can be assessed according to three criteria: ļ Market attractiveness to the new entrant ļ The likelihood and extent of defendersā reaction ļ Defendersā clout ā the relative power of defenders to fight back. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
15.
Slide 8.15
International competitor retaliation Figure 8.6 International competitor retaliation Source: Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business Review. Exhibit adapted from āGlobal gamesmanshipā by I. MacMillan, S. van Putter and R. McGrath, May 2003. Copyright Ā© 2003 by the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
16.
Slide 8.16
The staged international expansion model The staged international expansion model proposes a sequential process whereby companies gradually increase their commitment to newly entered markets, as they build market knowledge and capabilities. This is challenged by two phenomena: ļ āBorn-globalā firms - new small firms that internationalise rapidly (usually in new technologies) ļ Emerging-country multinationals - building unique capabilities in the home market but exploiting them in international markets very quickly. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
17.
Slide 8.17
Modes of entry Exporting Joint ventures and alliances Licensing Foreign direct investment Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Modes of international market entry Figure 8.7 Modes of international market entry Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Exporting Advantages Disadvantages ā¢ No need for ā¢ Lose any location operational facilities advantages in the in host country host country ā¢ Economies of scale ā¢ Dependence on in the home country export intermediaries ā¢ Internet can facilitate ā¢ Exposure to trade exporting marketing barriers opportunities ā¢ Transportation costs Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Joint ventures and alliances Advantages Disadvantages ā¢ Shared investment ā¢ Difficult to find good risk partner ā¢ Complementary ā¢ Relationship resources management ā¢ Maybe required for ā¢ Loss of competitive market entry advantage ā¢ Difficult to integrate and coordinate Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Licensing Advantages Disadvantages ā¢ Contractual source ā¢ Difficult to identify of income good partner ā¢ Limited economic ā¢ Loss of competitive and financial advantage exposure ā¢ Limited benefits from host nation Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Foreign direct investment Advantages Disadvantages ā¢ Full control ā¢ Substantial ā¢ Integration and investment and coordination possible commitment ā¢ Rapid market entry ā¢ Acquisitions may through acquisitions create integration/ ā¢ Greenfield coordination issues investments are ā¢ Greenfield possible and may be investments are time subsidised consuming and unpredictable Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Internationalisation and performance Inverted U-curve ā complexity may erode the advantages of internationalisation Service sector disadvantages ā internationalisation may only work well for manufacturing firms Internationalisation and product diversity Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Roles in an international portfolio Figure 8.8 Subsidiary roles in multinational firms Source: Reprinted by premission of Harvard Business School Press. From Managing across Borders: The Transnational Solution by C.A. Bartlett and S. Ghoshal. Boston, MA 1989, pp. 105ā11. Copyright Ā© 1989 by the Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Summary (1) ā¢ Internationalisation potential in any particular market is determined by Yipās four drivers: market, cost, government and competitorsā strategies. ā¢ Sources of advantage in international strategy can be drawn from both global sourcing through the international value network and national sources of advantage, as captured in Porterās Diamond. ā¢ There are four main types of international strategy, varying according to extent of coordination and geographical configuration: simple export, complex export, multidomestic and global. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
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Summary (2) ā¢ Market selection for international entry or expansion should be based on attractiveness, multidimensional measures of distance and expectations of competitor retaliation. ā¢ Modes of entry into new markets include export, licensing and franchising, joint ventures and overseas subsidiaries. ā¢ Internationalisation has an uncertain relationship to financial performance, with an inverted U-curve warning against over-internationalisation. ā¢ Subsidiaries in an international firm can be managed by portfolio methods just like businesses in a diversified firm. Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Ā© Pearson Education Limited 2011
Editor's Notes
Update slide ā 9 th edition. Title ā Exploring Strategy
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