2. Objectives
• Definition and Histopathology.
• Common sites; primary and secondary.
• Epidemiology.
• Classification.
• Presentation.
• Complications.
• Investigations.
• Management.
• Prognosis.
• summary.
Carcinoid Tumors
3. Definition and Histopathology
• It is malignant tumors of GIT arise from
neuroendocrine cells (enterochromaffin cells)
at the base of intestinal crypts.
• Macroscopically: small in size.
Carcinoid Tumors
4. Common Sites
• Most common primary sites; appendix, ileum
and rectum respectively.
• Mestastasis:
– Liver (larger and more yellow than the primary
lesion).
– Mesentery, peritoneum, lymph nodes.
Carcinoid Tumors
5. Epidemiology
• 1.5 per 100, 000
• most common neuroendocrine tumors
• 45-55 years
Carcinoid Tumors
7. Symptomatology:
• Most patients are asymptomatic unless
metastasized (coincidental carcinoids)
• Secrete a number of vasoactive peptides;
mostly 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) result
in carcinoid syndrome.
• haemorrhage or presenting symptoms
Carcinoid Tumors
8. Carcinoid syndrome:
less than 10%
– reddish-blue cyanosis,
– flushing attacks (induced
by alcohol)
– diarrhoea,
– Borborygmi (Abdominal
cramping)
– asthmatic attacks
– Peripheral edema
– sometimes pulmonary
and tricuspid stenosis.
Carcinoid Tumors
13. Management
• Primary: resection is suffecient.
• Secondary (liver metastasis): Chemotherapy,
enucleations, of or even partial hepatectomy.
• Octreotide to antagonize serotonin effect
– Post-appendectomy !
Carcinoid Tumors
14.
15. Prognosis
• Prognosis is good if localised (grow more
slowly).
• tumor size (>2cm), histologic features, and
distant metastasis are significant factors in
predicting survival
• Follow up with tumer marker (5-HIAA) / 6-12
months.
Carcinoid Tumors
16. Summery
• Neuroendocrine cells tumor of intestine
especially the appendix. Mostly,
asymptomatic. When secrete serotonin result
in carcinoid syndrome. Serotonin metabolites
(urinary 5-HIAA) used in screening and help
in diagnosis along with CT. Primary managed
surgically and chemotherapy used in
secondary.
Carcinoid Tumors
17. References
• http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/9860
50-workup#a0720
• Bailey & Love's Short practice of surgery, 18,
illustrated.
• Clinical Surgery, Alfred Cuschieri, 2, illustrated.
• Schwartz' Principles of Surgery, 9th edition.
• http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/26/3/6
41/F35.expansion.html
Notes de l'éditeur
the term karzinoide, or "carcinoma-like", to describe the unique feature of behaving like a benign tumor despite having a malignant appearance microscopically.The WHO now divides these growths into neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine cancers. Neuroendocrine tumors are growths that look benign but that might possibly be able to spread to other parts of the body. Neuroendocrine cancers are abnormal growths of neuroendocrine cells which can spread to other parts of the body.
The tumours can produce a number of vasoactive peptides, mostcommonly 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), which may be presentas 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the urine duringattacks.
gurgling noise that occurs from the movements of fluid and gas in the intestines. Borborygmi
the detection of urinary 5-HIAA is the single best screening method for carcinoid tumors,
hypervascular enhanced intraluminal mass
Figure 15d. Varied appearances of small bowel carcinoid tumors. (a) CT enterogram demonstrates a submucosal carcinoid tumor (arrows) within a Meckel diverticulum. (b) CT enterogram obtained in a different patient demonstrates a carcinoid tumor (arrow) within the wall of the ileum. (c) CT enterogram obtained in a third patient shows mesenteric metastases from an ileal carcinoid tumor. Note the enhancing, star-shaped mesenteric nodule (arrowhead), with stranding of the mesentery and thickening of the adjacent small bowel wall (arrows). The segmental wall thickening may indicate either a carcinoid carpet lesion or segmental edema. (d) Coronal reformatted CT enterographic image obtained in a fourth patient demonstrates a mesenteric carcinoid tumor (arrows) with hypervascular liver metastases (arrowheads).
