32. U. S. Patents Granted 1790s 276 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.
33. Causes of Rapid Industrialization Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. Abundant capital. New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. Market growing as US population increased. Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. Abundant natural resources.
60. How Rich Are the Superrich Today? A huge share of the nation's economic growth since the 1980s has gone to the top one-hundredth of one percent, who now make an average of $27 million per household. The average income for the bottom 90 percent of us? $31,244.
62. Note: The 2007 data (the most current) doesn't reflect the impact of the housing market crash. In 2007, the bottom 60% of Americans had 65% of their net worth tied up in their homes. The top 1%, in contrast, had just 10%. The housing crisis has no doubt further swelled the share of total net worth held by the superrich. Source: http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/02/income-inequality-in-america-chart-graph
82. Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”Andrew Carnegie
83. Regulating the Trusts Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890): federal law against monopolies which “prohibited any … conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce” US v. E.C. Knight Co (1895): said anti-trust law only applied to commerce, not manufacturing
99. Knights of Labor - formed by Terence Powderly (1869) - membership rose from 100,000 to 700,000 between 1886-1887, Haymarket Riot hurt national popularity
100. Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!
115. Arise, you prisoners of starvation!Arise, you wretched of the earth!For justice thunders condemnation:A better world's in birth!No more tradition's chains shall bind us,Arise you slaves, no more in thrall!The earth shall rise on new foundations:We have been nought, we shall be all! 'Tis the final conflict, Let each stand in his place. The international soviet Shall be the human race 'Tis the final conflict, Let each stand in his place. The international working class Shall be the human race
117. Major Strikes of the Early Labor Movement Great Strike of 1877 - RR workers struck after two wage cuts in two months; spread “down the line”, lasted over one week over 50,000 miles of track; Pres. Hayes used military to end strike.
120. Major Strikes of the Early Labor Movement Great Strike of 1877 - RR workers struck after two wage cuts in two months; spread “down the line”, lasted over one week over 50,000 miles of track; Pres. Hayes used military to end strike. Haymarket Riot (1886) - Chicago, IL - peaceful protest following the killing of six strikers at McCormick Harvester plant; when police arrived at protest, someone threw a bomb = 7 policemen dead; four protesters executed, one suicide, others rec’d life in prison; bomber never found; devastated K of L membership
123. Major Strikes of the Early Labor Movement Homestead Strike (1892) - near Pittsburg, PA; strike against Carnegie Steel Company; gun battle broke out against Pinkerton Detectives sent in against workers; workers eventually returned without expectations met
124. Homestead Steel Strike (1892) Homestead Steel Works The Amalgamated Association of Iron & Steel Workers
125. Major Strikes of the Early Labor Movement Homestead Strike (1892) - near Pittsburg, PA; strike against Carnegie Steel Company; gun battle broke out against Pinkerton Detectives sent in against workers; workers eventually returned without expectations met Pullman Strike (1894) - During the Depression of 1893, Pullman reduced wages and cut jobs. Workers organized American Railway Union (ARU) and went on strike. Federal troops sent in break up.
134. Wisconsin's Walker Vows No Compromise on Unions March 04, 2011 Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker vowed on Thursday never to compromise on the core of his plan to curb the power of public sector unions … [H]e said public sector unions must be reined in to allow local governments to cut costs. "I want to be different. I want to be unique. I want to be an innovator here and give my local governments the ability to manage their own budgets. On that part, we can't compromise," the newly elected Republican said. http://www.foxbusiness.com/industries/2011/03/04/wisconsins-walker-vows-compromise-unions/#ixzz1FrIYoYKE
139. Organized Labor Hopes Attacks by Some States Help Nurture Comeback - March 5, 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/us/politics/06union.html?_r=1&ref=us As the Wisconsin showdown has unfolded, several recent national opinion polls have shown strong public backing for unions. And labor leaders say public awareness, especially among younger people, of what unions do has clearly increased… Union supporters held more than 100 rallies across the nation last Saturday, from Asheville, N.C., to Sacramento, including one in Madison that attracted 70,000 people, according to the police … “The kind of energy we’ve seen mobilized, we haven’t seen in a generation. It’s like the civil rights movement of the 1960s.”
140. The City Changes By 1900, ~40% of Americans lived in cities & towns = urbanization, also exodus of blacks from southern farms to northern and western cities Streetcars: used in large cities, replaced horse-drawn carriages and pedestrians; as cities grew and became dirtier, the upper and middle classes moved to suburbs and commuted Skyscrapers: first skyscraper in Chicago (10 stories of steel structure)
141. Characteristics of UrbanizationDuring the Gilded Age Megalopolis. Mass Transit. Magnet for economic and social opportunities. Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core New frontier of opportunity for women. Squalid living conditions for many. Political machines. Ethnic neighborhoods.
147. World's Columbian Exposition Chicago, 1893 Celebrated 400th anniversary of Columbus arrival in New World More than 27 million people (50% of the U.S. population) attended during its six-month run!
201. New York City Architectural Style:1870s-1910s The style was less innovative thanin Chicago. NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago. Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies. NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.
211. Immigration Why? Push factors (reasons to leave) and pull factors (reasons to come) “Old” Immigrants: mostly Germanic peoples from Great Britain, Germany, and Scandinavia and English-speaking Irish Catholics through 1880’s “New” Immigrants: (1890’s-1914) diverse; mostly from eastern and southern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, and Austro-Hungarian Empire); religiously diverse = Roman Catholics, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, and Jewish; many came to crowded areas in NY and set up ethnic villages (unsanitary, crowded, “ghettos”)
212. Immigration First quotas established on immigration numbers: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and Angel Island, CA;medical exams and entry taxes at Ellis Island, NY/NJ (1892) Statue of Liberty = beacon of hope for immigrants until 1920’s
