1. PREPARED BY:
DHAVAL MAJITHIA
120973111012
GUIDED BY:
PROF.SANDEEP PARIYANI
E&C DEPARTMENT,
MEFGI-RAJKOT

2. 2
oA Transmission Media is a material substance that can
propagate energy waves.

3.  GUIDED MEDIA uses a "cabling" system that guides
the data signals along a specific path.
 The data signals are bound by the "cabling" system.
Guided Media is also known as Bound Media.
 There are basic four types of Guided Media:

1. Open Wire
2. Twisted Pair
3. Coaxial Cable
4. Fibre Optical
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4.  Open Wire is traditionally used to describe the electrical wire
joined along power poles.
 There is a single wire joined between poles. No shielding or
protection from noise interference is used.
 The definition of Open Wire is any data signal path without
shielding or protection from noise interference.
 This media is susceptible to a large degree of noise and
interference and consequently not acceptable for data
transmission except for short distances under 20 ft.
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5.  One of the oldest and still most common transmission media
is twisted pair.
 A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires,
typically about 1 mm thick. The wires are twisted together in
a helical form, just like a DNA molecule. Twisting is done
because two parallel wires constitute a fine antenna. When
the wires are twisted, the waves from different twists cancel
out, so the wire radiates less effectively.
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 Each pair would consist of a wire used for the +ve data signal
and a wire used for the -ve data signal. Any noise that
appears on 1 wire of the pair would occur on the other wire.
Because the wires are opposite polarities, they are 180
degrees out of phase. When the noise appears on both wires,
it cancels or nulls itself out at the receiving end.
 Twisted Pair cables are most effectively used in systems that
use a balanced line method of transmission: polar line coding
(Manchester Encoding) as opposed to unipolar line coding
(TTL logic).

7.  The degree of reduction in noise interference is determined
specifically by the number of turns per foot. Increasing the
number of turns per foot reduces the noise interference. To
further improve noise rejection, a foil or wire braid shield is
woven around the twisted pairs. This "shield" can be woven
around individual pairs or around a multi-pair conductor .
 STP :Cables with a shield are called Shielded Twisted Pair.
 STP or Shielded Twisted Pair is used with the traditional
Token Ring cabling or ICS - IBM Cabling System. It requires
a custom connector. IBM STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) has a
characteristic impedance of 150 ohms.
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STPUTP

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 UTP :Cables without a shield are called Unshielded Twisted
Pair.
 Twisting the wires together results in a characteristic
impedance for the cable. A typical impedance for UTP is 100
ohm for Ethernet 10BaseT cable.
 UTP or Unshielded Twisted Pair cable is used on Ethernet
10BaseT and can also be used with Token Ring. It uses the RJ
line of connectors (RJ45, RJ11, etc..)
STPUTP

9.  Coaxial Cable consists of 2 conductors. The inner conductor
is held inside an insulator with the other conductor woven
around it providing a shield. An insulating protective coating
called a jacket covers the outer conductor.
 The outer shield protects the inner conductor from outside
electrical signals.
 The distance between the outer conductor (shield) and inner
conductor plus the type of material used for insulating the
inner conductor determine the cable properties or impedance.
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10.  Typical impedances for coaxial cables are 75 ohms for Cable
TV, 50 ohms for Ethernet Thinnet and Thicknet.
 The excellent control of the impedance characteristics of the
cable allow higher data rates to be transferred than Twisted
Pair cable.

11.  Optical Fibre consists of thin glass fibres that can carry
information at frequencies in the visible light spectrum and
beyond.
 The typical optical fibre consists of a very narrow
chain(string)of glass called the Core. Around the Core is a
concentric layer of glass called the Cladding. A typical
Core diameter is 62.5 microns (1 micron = 10-6 meters).
Typically Cladding has a diameter of 125 microns.,
however.
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 Coating the cladding is a protective coating consisting of
plastic, it is called the Jacket.
 it provides good combination of high bandwidth and
excellent noise immunity. The bandwidth possible depends
on the cable quality, length, and signal-to-noise ratio of the
data signal. Modern cables have a bandwidth of close to 1
GHz. Coaxial cables used to be widely used within the
telephone system for long-distance lines but have now
largely been replaced by fiber optics on long-haul routes.
Coax is still widely used for cable television and
metropolitan area networks, however.

13.  UNGUIDED MEDIA transports electromagnetic waves
without using physical conductor. It is also known as
wireless communication.
 The data signals are not bound to a cabling media and as
such are often called Unbound Media.
 Signals are broadcast to air and thus are available to
anyone who has a device capable of receiving them.
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 There are basic four types of Unguided Media
1. Radio wave transmission(freq between 3kzh and 1ghz)
2.Microwave transmission(1ghz to 300ghz)
3.Infrared transmission (300ghz to 400 thz)

15.  Radio waves are easy to generate, can travel long
distances, and can penetrate buildings easily, so they are
widely used for communication, both indoors and
outdoors.
 Radio waves also are omni directional, meaning that they
travel in all directions from the source, so the transmitter
and receiver do not have to be carefully aligned
physically.
 There are 3 types of RF (Radio Frequency) Propagation:
1.Ground Wave
2. Ionospheric
3. Line of Sight (LOS) Propagation.
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 Ground Wave Propagation follows the curvature of the
Earth. Ground Waves have carrier frequencies up to 2 MHz.
AM radio is an example of Ground Wave Propagation.
 Ionospheric Propagation: It bounces off of the Earths
Ionospheric Layer in the upper atmosphere. It operates in
the frequency range of 30 - 85 MHz. Because it depends on
the Earth's ionosphere, it changes with weather and time of
day. The signal bounces off of the ionosphere and back to
earth. Ham radios operate in this range.

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oLine of Sight Propagation: transmits exactly in the line of
sight. The receive station must be in the view of the transmit
station. It is sometimes called Space Waves or Tropospheric
Propagation. It is limited by the curvature of the Earth for
ground based stations (100 km: horizon to horizon). Reflected
waves can cause problems. Examples of Line of Sight
Propagation are: Microwave and Satellite.

18.  Microwave communication is so widely used for long-
distance telephone communication, mobile phones, television
distribution,etc.
 It has several significant advantages over fibre. The main
one is that by buying a small plot of ground every 50 km and
putting a microwave tower on it, one can bypass the
telephone system and communicate directly. Microwave is
also relatively inexpensive.
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 Microwave transmission is line of sight transmission. The
Transmit station must be in visible contact with the receive
station. This sets a limit on the distance between stations
depending on the local geography.
 Microwaves carry large quantities of data due to the large
bandwidth.

20.  Signals with frequencies from 300ghz to 400thz.
 Prevents interference between one system and other.
 Short range communication system .in one room cannot
be affected by another system in other room.
 Band is almost 400thz.an excellent for data transmission .
It can be used to transmit digital data with very high data
rate.
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 By using these signal for communication between devices
such as keyboard,mic,pc and printers.
 These signals transmits through Line Of Sight.
 Used for short range in a close area using Line Of Sight
propogation.

23. Contact:dhavalmajithia99@gmail.com