The document discusses three models that aim to help people become the best version of themselves: self-actualization, the ideal and real self, and self-efficacy. Self-actualization refers to Maslow's concept of fulfilling one's potential. Rogers' ideal and real self model examines how individuals can match their actual self with their ideal self. Self-efficacy refers to one's beliefs about their ability to succeed and is shaped by mastery experiences, social modeling, social persuasion, and emotional states. Developing a strong sense of self-efficacy involves gaining experiences that demonstrate capabilities.

1. MODELS OF THE SELF AND
SELF-EFFICACY

2. MODELS THAT ANSWER THE QUESTION:
“HOW DO WE BECOME THE BEST PERSON WE CAN
BE?”
 Self-Actualisation
 The Ideal and Real Self
 Self Efficacy

3. SELF-ACTUALISATION
MASLOW

4. REAL SELF AND IDEAL SELF - ROGERS
Real Ideal
Actualization Society
Organismic Conditions
Valuing of Worth
Conditional
Positive
Positive
Regard
Regard
Conditional
Positive Self-
Positive Self-
Regard
Regard

5. FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON
 Real and Ideal Self match!
 Those living life fully have:
 Openness to experience
 Existential Living – here and now
 Organismic Trusting – trusts the real self
 Experiential Freedom – acknowledges feeling of
freedom and takes responsibility for their choices
 Creativity – participate in the world!
Arts/sciences/parental love/social concerns, etc.

6. SELF EFFICACY
 Definition: Expectations that we have about our
capacity to succeed in particular tasks.
 People with high self-efficacy:
 Approach difficult tasks as challenges to be
mastered rather than threats to be avoided
 Heighten and sustain their efforts in the face of
failure
 Quickly recover their sense of efficacy after
failures/setbacks
 Attribute failure to insufficient effort or deficient
knowledge and skills which are acquirable

7. SOURCES OF SELF - EFFICACY
 4 main sources:
 1) Mastery experience – most effective.
Only easy successes  expect quick results 
discouraged by failure.
Resilient sense of efficacy requires experience in
overcoming obstacles through perseverance.
Success usually requires sustained effort!
 2) Vicarious experiences – provided by social
models.
The more similar to the model, the stronger the
effect

8.  3) Social persuasion: persuaded by others that they
possess the capabilities to master given activities.
They also structure situations that bring success
and avoid placing them in situations prematurely
where they are likely to fail often. Success is
measured in terms of self-improvement rather than
by triumphs over others.
 4) Somatic and emotional state: positive mood
enhances perceived self-efficacy. Need to reduce
stress reactions.

9. DEVELOPING SELF-EFFICACY
 Infancy:
 Exploratory experiences in which they see
themselves produce effects by their actions provide
the initial basis for developing a sense of efficacy.
 Success in controlling environmental events
become more attentive to their own behaviour and
more competent in learning new efficacious
responses.

10.  Young children:
 Must gain self-knowledge of their capabilities.
 Language development provides reflection and
communication of capabilities.
 Initial efficacy centred in the family, but peers
become increasingly important
 Social comparison begins (usually with siblings
first)

11.  Adolescence:
 Growing independence – experimentation with risky
behaviour is common
 Efficacy expands and strengthened by learning how
to deal successfully with potentially troublesome
matters as well as with advantageous life events.

12.  Young Adulthood:
 Development of coping capabilities and skills
managing one’s motivation, emotional states and
thought processes > efficacy > occupational
functioning.
 Elderly:
 Physical capacities < BUT gains in knowledge,
skills and expertise compensate some loss