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FEUDALISM & THE
CONSOLIDATION OF   Chapter 9



         EUROPE
FEUDALISM




Feudalism: A highly decentralized political system in which public powers of minting, justice,
Taxation and defense were vested in the hands of a private lord.
WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP
BET WEEN FEUDALISM AND THE RISE
    OF NATIONAL MONARCHIES?
Fief: contract in which someone granted
         something of value to someone else in return for a
         service
         • Land grant implied subordination
           • Vassal
           • Lord
           • Homage


         Most developed and lasted the longest in France

         • 10th and 11th centuries-minimal feudal pyramids
         • 12th & 13th powerful lords insisted on pyramid structure




FEUDALISM 101
Lord
Land grant implied subordination



              Vassal
 Could grant land to subordinate
             Vassals



            Homage
Duty owed in return for Land Grant
      Ceremonial or Military
William the
FEUDALISM AND THE RISE OF   Conqueror
                            – Edward I
   THE ENGLISH MONARCHY     1066 -
                            1307
FEUDALISM AND ADMINISTRATIVE
     GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND




 England
   Battle of Hastings 1066
     William the Conqueror (1066-1100)
       Normans—extensive grants of English land
       King
           Only the king could coin money
           National land tax
           Summon population to arms
           All landholders owed loyalty to crown
His 101 chapter 9 feudalism & the consolidation of europe spring 13
THE DOMESDAY BOOK 1085




   Compiled by William to survey his English lands

   Who owned the land before 1066.

   Who owned the land at the time of Domesday in 1086.

   How it changed hands.

   What that land was worth, and what manors it was associated with.

   How many peasants (called bordars and villani) tended that land.
HENRY I (1100-1135)




 Created the Exchequer
 Appointed sherif fs to supervise counties
 Traveling circuit judges
   Checked power of landowners and sheriffs
HENRY II (1154-1189)

 Henry II (1154-1189)
     Grandson of Henry I
     Ruled Normandy; Anjou; Aquitaine & England through
      marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine
        Eleanor originally married to Louis VII of France
        Louis had marriage annulled when she failed to bear
         him sons
        Eleanor received the land (her dowry) back
        Henry married her 8 weeks later and the lands of
         Aquitaine went to Henry
     Expanded use of juries to determine facts in civil (not
      criminal) cases
     Conflict with the Church
        Henry’s knights murder Thomas Becket Archbishop of
         Canterbury in 1170 after he sides with the Church
         against Henry
        Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer written in context
         of pilgrimage to Canterbury
TOMBS OF HENRY II OF
ENGLAND & ELEANOR OF
     AQUITAINE
 Richard I (aka Richard Lionheart) (R 1188-1199)
   3 rd Crusade
   Spent only 6 months in England During his reign
   Imprisoned in Germany and Ransomed by John I
JOHN I OF ENGLAND (R. 1199-1216)



  Taxes and fines on aristocracy and free artisans to
   recover lands in France and ransom Richard I
  1214 failed military campaign in France
  1215 Runnymede, forced to sign Magna Carta
 Henry III (1216-1272)
   Perfected legal system ―English Common Law‖
   Taxed both Nobles and commoners in proportion to their
    income
EDWARD I OF ENGLAND (R.
       1272-1307)




 Parliament
     Assembly of nobles, clergy and townsmen
     Announce tax levies
     Hear judicial cases involving higher nobility
     Review local administration
     Hear complaints
His 101 chapter 9 feudalism & the consolidation of europe spring 13
FRANCE
         •   Centralized
             Bureaucracy
         •   Protectors of
             Popes
         •   King as
             Feudal Lord
 Produced uninterrupted line of
  sons for 300 years
   France
 Long-lived
 Direct rule over Paris and
  surrounding area
                                   Capet Dynasty
 Rich agriculture
 Protectors of popes
 Patronized University of Paris
  (Sorbonne)
 Louis VI (the Fat) (1108-1137)
   Consolidated control over land around Paris
 Louis VII (1137-1180)
   Incited rebellions by Henry II’s sons against
    their father
   Kept Henry II from increasing power in France
Philip II (1179-1223)

 Philip II (1179-1223)
   Went on 3 rd Crusade with Richard Lionheart
      Built a wall around Paris before he left on Crusade
   Claimed homage from John in return for lands in
    France (which John already owned as son of Henry)
   Confiscated lands
   Appointed royal officials with judicial, military and
    administrative authority (no separation of powers)
Louis IX (Saint Louis) (1226-1270)

                            • Increased French
                              control of lands in
                              France
                            • Engaged in last
                              crusades
                            • Purchased Holy
                              Crown of Jesus
                              Christ from Baldwin
                              II of Constantinople
                            • Expelled all Jews
                              engaged in Usury
                              from France
                            • Instituted an
                              Inquisition
                            • Engaged in self-
                              flagellation
PHILIP IV (1285-1314)
            • Wars against Flanders and
              England
            • Raised taxes on commoners but
              not nobility who were exempt
              from paying direct taxes to
              crown
            • Estates General
            • Expelled all Jews from France
            • Burned Grand Master of Knights
              Templar at the stake
CENTRALIT Y OF CHURCH TO
               POWER OF KING
          INDEPENDENCE OF PRINCES


Germany
  Territories
      Switzerland
      Eastern France
      Belgium & Netherlands
      Northern Italy
  Relied heavily on cooperation with Church
    Church leaders frequently members of royal family
     appointed by emperor
  Henry IV & Henry V (1056-1125)
    Conflicts with Dukes of Saxony & Pope Gregory VII
       Civil war
       Investiture
    Enabled German princes to rule ―principalities‖ with larger
     independence than existed in France or England
    New Emperors must be elected from among the Princes
     and approved by the Pope
INVESTITURE CONFLICT
 Pope Gregory VII (1073 -1085)
   Election violently supported by a mob of Romans
   Violated terms of Papal decree of 1059
   Caused friction between Pope and Henry IV
     Could a lay person appoint Bishops or Abbots?
     Gregory VII prohibited all clerics from accepting church
      offices from a layman even if the layman was a king
     Henry IV refused to accept this and appointed a new
      archbishop in Milan
     Gregory reminded Henry that Gregory was the successor
      to St. Peter and Henry owed Gregory the same
      obedience
     Gregory renounced his obedience to Gregory reminding
      Gregory that his election as Pope violated the decree of
      1059
     Gregory excommunicated Henry and called on his
      subjects to rebel
     Saxon Nobility renewed their civil war
     Henry must humble himself at Canossa
WAX FUNERAL EFFIGY OF GREGORY
             VII:
     SALERNO CATHEDRAL

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His 101 chapter 9 feudalism & the consolidation of europe spring 13

  • 1. FEUDALISM & THE CONSOLIDATION OF Chapter 9 EUROPE
  • 2. FEUDALISM Feudalism: A highly decentralized political system in which public powers of minting, justice, Taxation and defense were vested in the hands of a private lord.
  • 3. WHAT WAS THE RELATIONSHIP BET WEEN FEUDALISM AND THE RISE OF NATIONAL MONARCHIES?
  • 4. Fief: contract in which someone granted something of value to someone else in return for a service • Land grant implied subordination • Vassal • Lord • Homage Most developed and lasted the longest in France • 10th and 11th centuries-minimal feudal pyramids • 12th & 13th powerful lords insisted on pyramid structure FEUDALISM 101
  • 5. Lord Land grant implied subordination Vassal Could grant land to subordinate Vassals Homage Duty owed in return for Land Grant Ceremonial or Military
  • 6. William the FEUDALISM AND THE RISE OF Conqueror – Edward I THE ENGLISH MONARCHY 1066 - 1307
  • 7. FEUDALISM AND ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNMENT IN ENGLAND  England  Battle of Hastings 1066  William the Conqueror (1066-1100)  Normans—extensive grants of English land  King  Only the king could coin money  National land tax  Summon population to arms  All landholders owed loyalty to crown
  • 9. THE DOMESDAY BOOK 1085 Compiled by William to survey his English lands Who owned the land before 1066. Who owned the land at the time of Domesday in 1086. How it changed hands. What that land was worth, and what manors it was associated with. How many peasants (called bordars and villani) tended that land.
  • 10. HENRY I (1100-1135)  Created the Exchequer  Appointed sherif fs to supervise counties  Traveling circuit judges  Checked power of landowners and sheriffs
  • 11. HENRY II (1154-1189)  Henry II (1154-1189)  Grandson of Henry I  Ruled Normandy; Anjou; Aquitaine & England through marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine  Eleanor originally married to Louis VII of France  Louis had marriage annulled when she failed to bear him sons  Eleanor received the land (her dowry) back  Henry married her 8 weeks later and the lands of Aquitaine went to Henry  Expanded use of juries to determine facts in civil (not criminal) cases  Conflict with the Church  Henry’s knights murder Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury in 1170 after he sides with the Church against Henry  Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer written in context of pilgrimage to Canterbury
  • 12. TOMBS OF HENRY II OF ENGLAND & ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE
  • 13.  Richard I (aka Richard Lionheart) (R 1188-1199)  3 rd Crusade  Spent only 6 months in England During his reign  Imprisoned in Germany and Ransomed by John I
  • 14. JOHN I OF ENGLAND (R. 1199-1216)  Taxes and fines on aristocracy and free artisans to recover lands in France and ransom Richard I  1214 failed military campaign in France  1215 Runnymede, forced to sign Magna Carta
  • 15.  Henry III (1216-1272)  Perfected legal system ―English Common Law‖  Taxed both Nobles and commoners in proportion to their income
  • 16. EDWARD I OF ENGLAND (R. 1272-1307)  Parliament  Assembly of nobles, clergy and townsmen  Announce tax levies  Hear judicial cases involving higher nobility  Review local administration  Hear complaints
  • 18. FRANCE • Centralized Bureaucracy • Protectors of Popes • King as Feudal Lord
  • 19.  Produced uninterrupted line of sons for 300 years France  Long-lived  Direct rule over Paris and surrounding area Capet Dynasty  Rich agriculture  Protectors of popes  Patronized University of Paris (Sorbonne)
  • 20.  Louis VI (the Fat) (1108-1137)  Consolidated control over land around Paris  Louis VII (1137-1180)  Incited rebellions by Henry II’s sons against their father  Kept Henry II from increasing power in France
  • 21. Philip II (1179-1223)  Philip II (1179-1223)  Went on 3 rd Crusade with Richard Lionheart  Built a wall around Paris before he left on Crusade  Claimed homage from John in return for lands in France (which John already owned as son of Henry)  Confiscated lands  Appointed royal officials with judicial, military and administrative authority (no separation of powers)
  • 22. Louis IX (Saint Louis) (1226-1270) • Increased French control of lands in France • Engaged in last crusades • Purchased Holy Crown of Jesus Christ from Baldwin II of Constantinople • Expelled all Jews engaged in Usury from France • Instituted an Inquisition • Engaged in self- flagellation
  • 23. PHILIP IV (1285-1314) • Wars against Flanders and England • Raised taxes on commoners but not nobility who were exempt from paying direct taxes to crown • Estates General • Expelled all Jews from France • Burned Grand Master of Knights Templar at the stake
  • 24. CENTRALIT Y OF CHURCH TO POWER OF KING INDEPENDENCE OF PRINCES Germany  Territories  Switzerland  Eastern France  Belgium & Netherlands  Northern Italy  Relied heavily on cooperation with Church  Church leaders frequently members of royal family appointed by emperor  Henry IV & Henry V (1056-1125)  Conflicts with Dukes of Saxony & Pope Gregory VII  Civil war  Investiture  Enabled German princes to rule ―principalities‖ with larger independence than existed in France or England  New Emperors must be elected from among the Princes and approved by the Pope
  • 25. INVESTITURE CONFLICT  Pope Gregory VII (1073 -1085)  Election violently supported by a mob of Romans  Violated terms of Papal decree of 1059  Caused friction between Pope and Henry IV  Could a lay person appoint Bishops or Abbots?  Gregory VII prohibited all clerics from accepting church offices from a layman even if the layman was a king  Henry IV refused to accept this and appointed a new archbishop in Milan  Gregory reminded Henry that Gregory was the successor to St. Peter and Henry owed Gregory the same obedience  Gregory renounced his obedience to Gregory reminding Gregory that his election as Pope violated the decree of 1059  Gregory excommunicated Henry and called on his subjects to rebel  Saxon Nobility renewed their civil war  Henry must humble himself at Canossa
  • 26. WAX FUNERAL EFFIGY OF GREGORY VII: SALERNO CATHEDRAL