Challenges of 21st century and globalization outlined

1. A WORLD WITHOUT
WALLS: GLOBALIZATION
AND THE WEST
Chapter 29

2. MOVEMENT OF MONEY & IDEAS
BUT NOT PEOPLE?

3. WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOVIET
COLLAPSE FOR EUROPEAN POLITICS?
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4. WHAT MAKES GLOBALIZATION SUCH A
CONTROVERSIAL TOPIC AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST
CENTURY?
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5. INTRODUCTION
• An age of globalization
• What changes have accelerated the free flow of money, people, products and
ideas?
• Postcolonial politics: the varied trajectories of former colonies—stability or
anarchy?
• What is the role of Middle Eastern politics in contemporary global affairs?
• Definitions and characteristics
• The Internet as stunning transformation of global communications and
knowledge
• New possibilities and new vulnerabilities

6. INTRODUCTION
• Definitions and characteristics
• Integration
• New political, social, economic, and cultural global networks
• New technologies, new economic imperatives, changing laws
• Information crosses national boundaries

7. INTRODUCTION
• Definitions and characteristics
• Global exchange can be independent of national control
• Economics
• Reorganization of economic enterprises from banking and commerce to
manufacturing
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• The International Criminal Court
• New forms of politics

8. INTRODUCTION
• The effects of globalization
• Did not necessarily produce peace, equality, or homogeneity
• No uniform, leveling process
• Obstacles and resistance
• New kinds of cultural blending, new forms of sociability
• The new stage of globalization

9. LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF
MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES
• Money
• A transformation of the world’s economy
• Rapid integration of markets since the 1970s
• 1971: U.S. abandoned postwar gold standard
• The dollar as keystone of international monetary system
• Formal regulations on currencies, international banking and lending among countries
faded away
• Replacement: International Monetary Fund and World Bank: informal networks of
arrangements managed autonomously by private lenders and their political backers in
Western countries led by the U.S.
• Overturning economic agreements made since World War II
• Neo-liberalism: Capitalism as a political ideology not an economic ideology
• Free markets; profit incentive and deficit reduction as replacing government by consent of the
governed; freedom of speech; assembly and religion?
• Exponential growth in some countries vs. disastrous debt in other countries
• Creditors: former colonial powers: U.S>; Great Britain; France; Germany
• Debtors: former colonies in Africa; Asia; Central and South America

10. LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF
MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES
• Money
• A network of local, national, and regional economies
• Export trade flourished
• Technological advances and high technology
• More industrial jobs in the postcolonial world
• Exchange and use of goods became more complex
• Led to a broader interchange of cultures

11. LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF
MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES
• Ideas
• Widespread flow of information
• New commercial and cultural importance of information itself
• Proliferation of devices to create, store, and share information
• The personal computer
• New cultural and political settings
• The “global village”

12. LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF
MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES
• Ideas
• The Internet
• Entrepreneurs with utopian ambitions
• Publishing all kinds of information quickly and easily
• Grass-roots activism
• Political struggles
• Entertainment
• Producing entertainment as well as the technology to enjoy entertainment

13. “Checkerboard of Poverty and Affluence.”

14. LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF
MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES
• Demographics and global health
• Public health and medicine
• New threats and new treatments
• Exposure to epidemic diseases—a new reality of globalization
• Increased cultural interaction
• Exposure of new ecosystems to human development
• Speed of intercontinental transportation

15. LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF
MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES
• Demographics and global health
• Public health and medicine
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) first appeared at the end of the 1970s
• Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) appeared in 2003

16. LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF
MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES
• Peoples
• Free flow of labor as central aspect of globalization
• After 1945, a widespread migration of peoples
• Multiculturalism
• New blends of music, food, language, and other forms of popular culture
• Raised tense questions of citizenship
• Effects
• Xenophobic backlash and bigotry

17. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Postcolonial relationships
• Former colonies gained independence and new kinds of cultural and political
authority
• “Postcolonial”—underlines the fact that colonialism’s legacies outlasted
independence
• Varied results

18. LIQUID MODERNITY? THE FLOW OF
MONEY, IDEAS, AND PEOPLES
• Ideas
• Bill Gates and Microsoft
• Corporate headquarters remained in the West
An Afghan Girl Weeds a Poppy Field, 2004

19. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa
• South Africa
• The politics of apartheid sponsored by the white minority government
• Nelson Mandela led the African National Congress (ANC)
• Intense repression and violent conflict

20. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa
• South Africa
• Mandela was released from
prison in 1990
• Resumed leadership of the ANC
• Turned toward renewed public
demonstrations and negotiation
Nelson Mandela Votes in South Africa’s First
Democratic Elections, 1994 (right)

21. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa
• South Africa
• F. W. de Klerk succeeded Pieter Botha
• De Klerk and Mandela began direct talks to establish majority rule in March 1992
• Mandela chosen as country’s first black president in May 1994
• Defused the climate of organized racial violence
• Popular among blacks and whites
• A living symbol of a new political culture

22. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa
• Rwanda
• Conflict between Hutu and Tutsi populations
• Highly organized campaign of genocide directed at the Tutsi
• Eight hundred thousand dead in a matter of weeks

23. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Emancipation and ethnic conflict in Africa
• Rwanda
• International pressure
• Forced those who had participated in the genocide to flee to Zaire
• Became hired mercenaries in a many-sided civil war
• Public services, normal trade, and basic health collapsed in Zaire

24. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Economic power on the Pacific rim
• East Asia as a center of industrial and manufacturing production
• China
• World’s leading heavy-industrial producer by 2000
• State-owned companies produced cheaply and in bulk for sale in the United States
and Europe
• Established commercial zones around Shanghai
• Cold War rhetoric in the West against Communist China dissolves; hard questions
remain
• Did “Capitalism” displace “Democracy” as a fundamental value of western nations?
• Was Democracy ever a fundamental value of western nations?

25. Cargo Ships in Kowloon Bay, 2002

26. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Economic power on the Pacific rim
• The “Tigers”
• Japan led the way—an “economic miracle”
• Most influential model of success
• South Korea and Taiwan
• Treated prosperity as a fundamental patriotic duty
• Malaysia and Indonesia
• Parlayed natural resources and expansive local labor pools into industrial investment

27. Filipino Protester on Labor Day, 2003

28. AFTER EMPIRE: POSTCOLONIAL
POLITICS IN THE GLOBAL AGE
• Economic power on the Pacific rim
• Boom and bust
• 1990s showed enormous slowdown in growth and near collapse of several currencies
• Japan: rising production costs, overvalued stocks, rampant speculation in real estate
markets
• Indonesia
• Inflation and unemployment
• Reignited sharp ethnic conflicts

29. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• The Middle East as crossroad
• Western military, political, and economic interests
• Deep-seated regional conflicts and transnational Islamic politics

30. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• The Arab-Israeli conflict
• National aspirations of Jewish immigrants clash with anticolonial nationalist pan-
Arabists
• Holocaust survivors and allies argued that a Jewish state in Israel was the only means
to protect Jews from another genocide
• Arab states argued that a “Jewish” state that gave preferential treatment to Israeli
Jews over Palestinians is racist
• American-mediated peace efforts in the late 1970s, Soviet leaders remained
neutral but supportive
• Anwar Sadat (1918–1981) argued coexistence with rather than destruction of
Israel

31. The Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973

32. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• The Arab-Israeli conflict
• Sadat and Carter broker a peace with Israel’s Menachem Begin (1913–1992)
• Israel and Palestinian Arabs
• A blend of ethnic and religious nationalism on both sides
• Younger Palestinians turned to the PLO and radical Islam

33. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• The Arab-Israeli conflict
• Intifada (“throwing off” or uprising)
• Fights escalated into cycles of Palestinian terrorism
• International peace brokering
• Yasser Arafat
• Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin (1922–1995)
• The second intifada

34. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Oil, power, and economics
• Postwar demand for oil skyrocketed
• Automobiles and plastics
• Needs, desires, and profits
• Drew Western corporations and governments to the oil-rich states of the Middle East

35. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Oil, power, and economics
• Oil, a fundamental tool in new struggles over political power
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• Founded in 1960
• Arab, African, and Latin American nations

36. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Oil, power, and economics
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• Regulating production and pricing of crude oil
• Militant politics of some OPEC leaders wanted to use oil as a weapon against the West
• 1973 oil embargo

37. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Oil, power, and economics
• The West looks East
• Treated Middle Eastern oil regions as vital strategic center of gravity
• Constant great-power diplomacy
• The West always ready to intervene

38. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Oil, power, and economics
• Growing energy demands of postcolonial nations
• China and India
• Violent conflict inside Middle Eastern oil-producing states
• Haves and have-nots
• Continued official corruption
• New wave of radical politics

39. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• The Rise of Political Islam
• North Africa and the Middle East
• Shared characteristics of “kleptocracies”
• Corrupt state agencies
• Cronyism based on ethnic or family kinship
• Decaying public services
• Criticism of Nasser’s Egypt
• Powerful new political movement in revolt against foreign influence and corruption
• Denounced Egypt’s government as greedy, brutal, and corrupt

40. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• The Rise of Political Islam
• The roots of the Arab world’s moral failure: centuries of colonial contact with the
West
• Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966)
• Arrested several times by Egyptian authorities, ultimately executed
• Ruling Arab elites were at fault
• Frayed local and family bonds
• Abandoned government’s responsibility for charity and stability

41. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• The Rise of Political Islam
• Sayid Qutb (1906–1966)
• Arab elites lived in the pockets of Western imperial and corporate powers
• Caused cultural impurity
• Eroded authentic Muslim faith
• Arab societies should reject all Western political and cultural ideas
• Building a new world on conservative Islamic government

42. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• The Rise of Political Islam
• Radical Islam
• Combined popular anger, opposition to Western forces, and an idealized vision of
the past
• The Muslim Brotherhood
• Put Qutb’s policies into practice
• Secretive society rooted in anticolonial politics, charity, and fundamentalist Islam
• More liberal Islamists were fragmented and easier to silence

43. Gamal Abdel Nasser and Soviet Minister Aleksey Kosygin, 1966

44. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran’s Islamic revolution
• An example of modernization gone sour
• Shah Reza Pahlavi—installed by Britain and the United States in 1953
• Received oil contracts, weapons, and development aid
• Thousands of Westerners introduced foreign influences
• New economic and political alternatives

45. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran’s Islamic revolution
• Shah Reza Pahlavi—installed by Britain and the United States in 1953
• The shah kept these alternatives out of reach
• Denied democratic representation to middle-class Iranian workers and students
• Governed through a small aristocracy divided by religious infighting
• Secret police and campaign of repression

46. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran’s Islamic revolution
• Shah Reza Pahlavi—installed by Britain and the United States in 1953
• Supported by Richard Nixon as a strategic ally
• Retired from public life in 1979 and his provisional government collapsed

47. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran’s Islamic revolution
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
• Returned from exile in France
• Supported by nation’s unemployed, deeply religious university students
• Joined by radical Islamists

48. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran’s Islamic revolution
• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
• The new regime
• Limited economic and political populism
• Strict constructions of Islamic law
• Restrictions on women’s public life
• Prohibition of ideas linked to Western influence
• Attacked Sunni religious establishment and atheistic Soviet communists
• Attacked Israel and the United States
• Teheran and the hostage crisis

49. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War
• Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)
• Iraq attacked Iran over control of oil fields
• Iran defeated—left Iranian clerics more entrenched at home
• Used oil reserves to back grass-roots radicals in Lebanon
• Engaged in anti-Western terrorism

50. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War
• Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988)
• Threats to Iranian regime came from within
• New generations of young students and disenfranchised service workers

51. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War
• Iraq as the new problem for the West
• France, Saudi Arabia, the Soviet Union, and the United States supported Iraq in 1980
• Coalition patronage supported the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein
• Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990
• Coalition forces conducted a six-week air campaign and then a ground war
• Iraq forced out of Kuwait

52. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War
• Iraq as the new problem for the West
• Results of the Gulf War
• Encouraged closeness between coalition forces
• Encouraged anti-American radicals angry at a new Western presence

53. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War
• Afghanistan
• Socialist government of Afghanistan turned against its Soviet patrons in 1979
• Moscow overthrew the Afghan president and installed a pro-Soviet faction
• Soviets at war with militant Islamists (mujahidin)

54. ISRAEL, OIL & POLITICAL ISLAM
IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• Iran, Iraq, and unintended consequences of the Cold War
• Afghanistan
• Conflict became a holy war
• Mujahidin assisted by advanced weapons and training given by Western powers
• Soviets withdrew in 1989
• Hard-line Islamic factions took over the country

55. WAR & TERRORISM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
• Terrorist organizations
• 1960s: Organized terrorist tactics as a part of political conflict
• Middle East, Europe, and Latin America
• Specific goals
• Ethnic separatism
• Establishment of revolutionary governments

56. WAR & TERRORISM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
• Terrorist organizations
• 1980s and 1990s: A new brand of terrorist organization
• Apocalyptic groups called for decisive, world-ending conflict
• Eliminating enemies and martyrdom
• Origins
• Groups from social dislocations of the postwar boom
• Radical religion
• Divorced themselves from local crises

57. WAR & TERRORISM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
• Al-Qaeda
• Radical Islamist umbrella organization
• Created by leaders of the foreign mujahidin who fought against the Soviets in
Afghanistan
• Osama bin Laden (1957–2011): official leader and financial supporter
• Ayman al-Zawahri (b. 1951): linked directly to Sayyid Qutb

58. WAR & TERRORISM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
• Al-Qaeda
• Organized broad networks of self-contained terrorist cells around the world
• Goals
• Did not seek territory or to change governments of specific states
• To destroy Israel and America and European and other non-Islamic systems of
government
• To create an Islamic community held together by faith alone

59. WAR & TERRORISM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
• Al-Qaeda
• Terrorist attacks on American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998
• September 11, 2001
• Hijacked airliners hit the Pentagon, leveled the World Trade Center in New York
• Fourth plane crashed in Pennsylvania
• A new brand of terror
• Deeply indebted to globalization
• Extreme, opportunistic violence of marginal groups

60. Twenty-First Century Terrorism

61. WAR & TERRORISM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
• Al-Qaeda
• United States’ response
• Attacked Afghanistan, central haven for al-Qaeda
• Routed Taliban forces
• Did not capture bin Laden
• Rebuilding Afghanistan
• Does nation building work unless it comes from within?

62. WAR & TERRORISM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
• Al-Qaeda
• New arms race
• Israel: widely believed to have nuclear weapons but this has never been confirmed
• India and Pakistan
• North Korea
• Iran: does not yet have nuclear weapons but is attempting to develop nuclear
energy capabilities. Israel and other western nations including the U.S. insist on
international inspections and monitoring
• Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Biological
• Chemical
• Nuclear

63. WAR & TERRORISM IN
THE 21ST CENTURY
• Al-Qaeda
• America-led invasion of Iraq (2003)
• Hussein deposed and captured in December 2003
• No WMD found
• United States inherited complex reconstruction of broken state

64. HUMAN RIGHTS
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
• No state should have absolute power over its citizens
• Defined the crime of genocide
• Established social rights (education, work, standard of living)

65. HUMAN RIGHTS
• Citizenship, rights, and law
• International courts and organizations
• The globalization of judicial power
• Human rights and the Western political tradition

66. EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES IN
THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
• Limits of political and economic integration
• Russians unlikely to support former satellite states aligning to the West
• Resistance to admitting Turkey to European Union
• Financial Meltdown: 2007–2010
• Rethinking of central ideas of neoliberalism
• Global failure of the largest financial institutions
• Do corporate entities need oversight by the state?
• Are profit motive and free market sufficient to safeguard individual liberties?
• Outsourcing of governmental functions to private corporations
• Military contractors not governed by the Geneva Convention or Military Code of Justice
• For-profit prisons:--as private entities are the directors and executives required to act in
accordance with Constitutional safeguards on individual liberty?

67. CONCLUSION
• Globalization: challenges and opportunities
• Triumph of global free market capitalism?
• Impact of political instability and economic crises
• Significance of interconnected global economy

68. CONCLUSION
• Globalization: challenges and opportunities
• Effect of terrorism on Western governments
• Consequences of “uncertainty” in setting national priorities
• Climate Change
• Immigration
• How limited should government be?
• When government is ineffective in meeting the needs of its citizens, does history
demonstrate that instability is the result?
• Pakistan, Guatemala, Honduras, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan
• Are these countries examples of too much government or too little government?
• Rise of authoritarianism?
• Competing perspectives and polarization of citizens along social, religious,
economic and ethnic divides