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Neuroscience & Behavior,[object Object],Chapter Two,[object Object]
Neurons,[object Object],The Nerve Cells of the Body,[object Object]
Neurons: the nerve cells of the body,[object Object],Cell Body: ,[object Object],contains the nucleus which generates energy,[object Object],Dendrites: 	,[object Object],receive incoming messages from adjourning cells (roots).,[object Object],Axon: ,[object Object],carry messages away from the cell body (trunk).,[object Object],Neurons,[object Object]
Parts of a neuron continued.,[object Object],Terminals (terminal buttons): ,[object Object],bulb shaped structure at the end of the axon.,[object Object],Myelin: ,[object Object],fatty substance around axons that facilitate conduction.,[object Object],Glial cells: ,[object Object],remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system.,[object Object],Neurons,[object Object]
Figure 2.5 The anatomy of a neuron. Message enter neurons through dendrites, are transmitted along the trunk like axon, and are then sent from the axon terminal buttons to muscles, glands and other neurons. Axon terminal buttons contain sacs of chemicals called neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft, where many of them bind to receptor sites on the dendrite of the receiving neuron. Dozens of neurotransmitters have been identified.,[object Object]
How Neurons Work,[object Object]
A message traveling along the neuron; between 2 and 225 miles an hour.,[object Object],An Electrochemical Voyage.,[object Object],Neuron resting potential:  ,[object Object],-70 millivolts (negative charge).,[object Object],Depolarized: ,[object Object],action of the cell while it becomes positively charged.,[object Object],Action potential: ,[object Object],positively charged neuron returning to the resting state of being negatively charged.  The “message” is sent.,[object Object],The Neural Impulse,[object Object]
Figure 2.6 When a section of a neuron is stimulated by other neurons, the cell membrane becomes permeable to sodium ions so that an action potential of about 40 millivolts is induced. This action potential is transmitted along the axon. The neuron fires according to the all-or-none principle.,[object Object]
Neurons attempt to transmit messages to other neurons, muscles or glands.,[object Object],Threshold: ,[object Object],Each neuron has a threshold; the cell will not fire until the threshold is reached.,[object Object],All or None Principle: ,[object Object],When the threshold is reached the neuron fires an impulse of the same strength.,[object Object],Refractory Period: ,[object Object],a period of time when the neuron will not fire; period of recovery during which positive sodium is not allowed to pass through the neural membrane.,[object Object],Synapse:,[object Object],Junction (fluid filled gap between neurons).,[object Object],Firing,[object Object]
Neurotransmitters,[object Object],The Chemical Keys to Communication,[object Object]
Synaptic Vesicles: ,[object Object],sacs in the axon terminals which contain neurotransmitters.,[object Object],Neurotransmitters: ,[object Object],the chemical keys to communication which influence the receiving neuron,[object Object],Receptor Site: ,[object Object],specifically tailored site on the receiving neuron where the chemical key (neurotransmitter) fits.,[object Object],Reuptake: ,[object Object],reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the sending neuron.,[object Object],Excitatory: ,[object Object],neurotransmitter influence on the receiving cell causing it to fire.,[object Object],Inhibitory: ,[object Object],neurotransmitter influence on the receiving cell preventing it from firing.,[object Object],Neurotransmitters,[object Object]
Acetylcholine (ACh): ,[object Object],controls muscle contractions; can be both excitatory and inhibitory.  ,[object Object],Curare and Botulism both leading to paralysis.,[object Object],Decreases in ACh is associated with Alzheimer's related memory problems.,[object Object],Dopamine: ,[object Object],affects voluntary movements, learning, memory and arousal.  ,[object Object],Deficiencies are linked to Parkinson’s Disease.,[object Object],People with schizophrenia may have more receptor sites for dopamine leading to confusion and false perceptions.,[object Object],Types of Neurotransmitters,[object Object]
Norepinephrine: ,[object Object],produced largely in the brain stem; acts as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone; ,[object Object],involved in general arousal, learning and memory, and eating; linked to mood disorders.,[object Object],Cocaine creates an excess of norepinephrine leading to persistent arousal.,[object Object],Serotonin: ,[object Object],involved in emotional arousal and sleep.  ,[object Object],Deficiencies have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia.,[object Object],Types of Neurotransmitters,[object Object]
Gamma-aminobutyricacid (GABA): ,[object Object],inhibitory neurotransmitter that may help calm anxiety reactions. ,[object Object],Tranquilizers and alcohol may quell anxiety by binding with GABA receptors.,[object Object],Endorphins:,[object Object],inhibitory neurotransmitter; endogenous morphine.  ,[object Object],Natural painkiller.  ,[object Object],Experienced by runners as the runner’s high.,[object Object],Types of Neurotransmitters,[object Object]
The Nervous System,[object Object]
Nerve: ,[object Object],a bundle of axons.,[object Object],Central Nervous System: ,[object Object],brain and spinal cord.,[object Object],Peripheral Nervous System: ,[object Object],afferent neurons transmit messages from the cells to the brain,[object Object],efferent neurons transmit messages from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands.,[object Object],The Parts of the Nervous System,[object Object]
Figure 2.5 The Divisions of the Nervous System. The nervous system contains two main divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system contains the somatic and autonomic systems. In turn, the autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.,[object Object]
Somatic Nervous System: ,[object Object],afferent and efferent neurons that transmit sights, sounds, smells, temperature, body positions, etc.,[object Object],Purposeful body movements.,[object Object],Autonomic Nervous System: ,[object Object],“Automatic” regulates the glands and internal organ muscles; heartbeat, respiration, digestion, dilation of the pupils, etc.,[object Object],Sympathetic Division: ,[object Object],active during processes that involve spending body energy; fight or flight.,[object Object],Parasympathetic Division: ,[object Object],active during processes that replenish reserves of energy.,[object Object],The Peripheral Nervous System,[object Object]
Figure 2.9 The Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System. The parasympathetic branch of the ANS generally acts to replenish stores of energy in the body. The sympathetic branch is the most active during activities that expend energy. The two branches of the ANS frequently have antagonistic effects on the organs they service.,[object Object]
Spinal Cord: column of nerves which transmits messages from sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to muscles and glands throughout the body,[object Object],Spinal Reflexes: unlearned response to a stimulus that may involve only two neurons: afferent and efferent.,[object Object],Interneuron: a third neuron that transmits the neural impulse from the sensory neuron through the spinal cord to the motor neuron.,[object Object],Gray Matter: non-myelinated neurons; found in brain and spinal cord.,[object Object],White Matter: myelinated neurons; found in brain and spinal cord.,[object Object],The Central  Nervous System,[object Object]
The Brain,[object Object],Wider than the Sky,[object Object]
Gender Differences,[object Object],Size,[object Object],Men 15% larger (related to body size difference),[object Object],How well connected,[object Object],Women metabolize more glucose and use more of their brains,[object Object],The Brain: Star of the Nervous System,[object Object]
Accidents.,[object Object],provide unplanned, uncontrolled opportunitiesof studying the brain (see Phineas Gage).,[object Object],Experimenting with the Brain.,[object Object],Lesioning: damaging part of the brain.,[object Object],The Electroencephalograph (EEG).,[object Object],EEG detects minute amounts ofelectricalactivity in the brain.,[object Object],Brain Imaging Techniques.,[object Object],CAT (computerized axial tomograph),[object Object],PET (positron emission tomography),[object Object],MRI (magnetic reasoning imaging),[object Object],Psychologist view of the brain,[object Object]
A scan which passes a narrow X-ray beam through the head and measures brain structures. ,[object Object],Generates a three dimensional image of the brain.,[object Object],Reveals deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems.,[object Object],CAT (computerized axial tomograph),[object Object]
computer generated image of the activity of parts of the brain by tracing the amount of glucose used.  ,[object Object],A harmless amount of radioactive compound (tracer) is mixed with glucose and injected into the blood stream.,[object Object],Used to see which parts of the brain are most active when we are engaged in various activities ,[object Object],Examples include:,[object Object],listening to music, ,[object Object],working out, and ,[object Object],math problems,[object Object],PET (positron emission tomography),[object Object]
Person lies in a powerful magnetic field and is exposed to radio waves that cause parts of the brain to emit signals.,[object Object],Relies on subtle shifts in blood flow.,[object Object],MRI has shown people with schizophrenia have smaller prefrontal regions but larger ventricles.,[object Object],MRI (magnetic reasoning imaging),[object Object]
Hindbrain: where the spinal cord meets the brain.  Contains three structures.,[object Object],Medulla:,[object Object],regulates vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.,[object Object],Pons: ,[object Object],transmits information about body movements and is involved in functions related to attention, sleep/alertness and respiration.,[object Object],Cerebellum:,[object Object],involved in maintaining balance and controlling motor behavior.,[object Object],Voyage Through the Brain,[object Object]
Voyage Through the Brain,[object Object]
Reticular Activating System (RAS): ,[object Object],vital in the functions of attention, sleep and arousal.,[object Object],Voyage Through the Brain,[object Object]
forward most part of the brain containing thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and the cerebrum.,[object Object],Thalamus: ,[object Object],relay station for sensory stimulation.,[object Object],Hypothalamus: ,[object Object],vital for body temperature regulation, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, aspects of motivation and emotion.  ,[object Object],Also involved in hunger, thirst and sexual behavior. 	,[object Object],Forebrain,[object Object]
Limbic System: ,[object Object],Includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the hypothalamus.  ,[object Object],Involved in memory, emotion and in the drives of hunger, sex and aggression.,[object Object],Amygdala: ,[object Object],connected with aggression, fear response, and vigilance.,[object Object],Cerebrum: ,[object Object],responsible for thinking and language.  ,[object Object],Forebrain,[object Object]
Figure 2.10 The Limbic System. The limbic system is made up of structures that include the amygdala, the hippocampus, and parts of the hypothalamus. It is evolved fully only in mammals and forms a fringe along the inner edge of the cerebrum. The limbic system is involved in memory and emotion, and in the drives of hunger, sex, and aggression,[object Object]
a bundle of some 200 million nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres.,[object Object],Corpus Callosum,[object Object]
Outer layer of the cerebrum about 1/8 of an inch thick.,[object Object],Involved in most bodily activities, sensations, and responses.,[object Object],Frontal Lobe:,[object Object],In front of the central fissure.,[object Object],Contains the motor cortex, which causes our body to move.,[object Object],Parietal Lobe:,[object Object],Behind central fissure. ,[object Object],Contains the somatosensory cortex which receives messages from skin senses all over the body.,[object Object],Temporal Lobe:,[object Object],Lies below the lateral fissure.,[object Object],Contains the auditory area (hearing).,[object Object],Occipital Lobe: ,[object Object],lies behind the temporal lobe. ,[object Object],Is involved with vision.,[object Object],The Cerebral Cortex,[object Object]
The Cerebral Cortex.,[object Object],The cortex is divided into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. The visual area of the cortex is located in the occipital lobe. The hearing or auditory cortex lies in the temporal lobe. The sensory and motor areas face each other across the central fissure.,[object Object]
Aphasia: disruption in the ability to understand or produce language.,[object Object],Wernicke’s Area: ,[object Object],in the temporal lobe responds mainly to auditory information.  ,[object Object],Wernicke’s aphasia: ,[object Object],impaired ability to comprehend speech and to think of the proper words to express.,[object Object],Broca’s area: ,[object Object],processes information and sends it to the motor cortex. ,[object Object],Broca’s aphasia:  ,[object Object],Damage to this area results; people can understand language but will speak slowly in simple sentences.,[object Object],Language Functions,[object Object]
Figure 2.16 Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas of the Cerebral Cortex. The areas that are most involved in speech are Broca’s area and Wernicke’s Areas of the Cerebral Cortex. Damage to either area can produce an aphasia--a disruptions o the ability to understand or produce language.,[object Object]
Left Brain, Right Brain.,[object Object],Left brain: ,[object Object],primarily logical and intellectual,[object Object],Right brain:,[object Object], primarily intuitive, creative, and emotional,[object Object],At best this is exaggerated.  ,[object Object],The hemispheres do not act independently a they are connected by the corpus callosum.,[object Object],Left Brain, Right Brain,[object Object]
Is It Gauche or Sinister to Be Left Handed?,[object Object],Lefties: 8-10% of people are left handed; more common in males.  ,[object Object],Has been connected with language problems, dyslexia, stuttering, migraine headaches, allergies, schizophrenia.  ,[object Object],On the other side being left handed is associated with artists, musicians, and mathematicians.,[object Object],Handedness runs in families.  ,[object Object],Handedness,[object Object]
Some people with epilepsy have split brain operations in which much of their corpus callosum is severed. ,[object Object],Each hemisphere has a mind of it’s own.  ,[object Object],One patient described a situation he encountered, as one hemisphere liking reading and other not. ,[object Object],If he shifted the book from his right hand to his left, his left hand would put the book down.,[object Object],Split Brain Experiments,[object Object]
Figure 2.18 A Divided-Brain Experiment. In the drawing on the left, we see that visual sensations in the left visual field are projected in the occipital cortex of the right hemispheres. Visual sensations from the right visual field are projected in the occipital cortex in the left hemisphere. In the divided-brain experiment diagrammed on the right, a person with a severed corpus callosum handles a key with his left hand and perceives the written word key in his left visual field. The word ‘key” is projected in the right hemisphere. Speech, however is usually a function of the left hemisphere. The written word “ring” perceived by the right visual field is projected in the left hemisphere. So when asked what he is handling, the divided-brain subject reports “ring,” not “key.”,[object Object]
The Endocrine System,[object Object]
Glands: secrete hormones.  ,[object Object],Two types:,[object Object],With ducts (saliva, sweat, tears).,[object Object],Without ducts (released into the blood stream).,[object Object],Pituitary Gland: ,[object Object],implicated in growth. ,[object Object],sometimes referred to as the Master Gland as it influences other glands in the endocrine system.,[object Object],The Endocrine System: brain chemicals,[object Object]
Growth Hormone: ,[object Object],regulates growth of muscles, bones and glands.,[object Object],Prolactin: ,[object Object],regulates maternal behavior in lower animals such as rats, also produces milk in women.,[object Object],Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): ,[object Object],inhibits production of urine when fluid levels in the body are low.,[object Object],Oxytocin: ,[object Object],stimulates labor in pregnant women.,[object Object],Melatonin: ,[object Object],secreted by the Pineal gland and helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle.,[object Object],Types of Hormones,[object Object]

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2 HUS 133 NeuroscienceDon Thompson
 

Plus de Don Thompson (20)

17 disaster response
17 disaster response17 disaster response
17 disaster response
 
16 human service workers in crisis
16 human service workers in crisis16 human service workers in crisis
16 human service workers in crisis
 
15 crisis hostage negotiation
15 crisis hostage negotiation15 crisis hostage negotiation
15 crisis hostage negotiation
 
14 violent behavior in institutions
14 violent behavior in institutions14 violent behavior in institutions
14 violent behavior in institutions
 
13 crisis in schools
13 crisis in schools13 crisis in schools
13 crisis in schools
 
12 personal loss
12 personal loss12 personal loss
12 personal loss
 
11 chemical dependency
11 chemical dependency11 chemical dependency
11 chemical dependency
 
9 sexual assualt
9 sexual assualt9 sexual assualt
9 sexual assualt
 
8 crisis of lethality
8 crisis of lethality8 crisis of lethality
8 crisis of lethality
 
7 posttraumatic stress disorder
7 posttraumatic stress disorder7 posttraumatic stress disorder
7 posttraumatic stress disorder
 
6 telphone and online crisis counseling
6 telphone and online crisis counseling6 telphone and online crisis counseling
6 telphone and online crisis counseling
 
5 crisis case handling
5 crisis case handling5 crisis case handling
5 crisis case handling
 
4 the tools of the trade
4 the tools of the trade4 the tools of the trade
4 the tools of the trade
 
3 the intervention and assessment models
3 the intervention and assessment models3 the intervention and assessment models
3 the intervention and assessment models
 
1 approaching crisis intervention
1 approaching crisis intervention1 approaching crisis intervention
1 approaching crisis intervention
 
3 HUS 133 Physical Changes
3 HUS 133   Physical Changes3 HUS 133   Physical Changes
3 HUS 133 Physical Changes
 
4 HUS 133 Health and Functioning
4 HUS 133   Health and Functioning4 HUS 133   Health and Functioning
4 HUS 133 Health and Functioning
 
8 HUS 133 Social Cognition
8 HUS 133   Social Cognition8 HUS 133   Social Cognition
8 HUS 133 Social Cognition
 
12 HU 133 Work and Retirement
12 HU 133   Work and Retirement12 HU 133   Work and Retirement
12 HU 133 Work and Retirement
 
2 HUS 133 Neuroscience
2 HUS 133   Neuroscience2 HUS 133   Neuroscience
2 HUS 133 Neuroscience
 

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Psych 200 Neuroscience and Behavior

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