This document summarizes a seminar on the current status and future prospects of mungbean research in India. It provides information on mungbean's introduction, nutritional value, production areas, major varieties developed in India with their attributes, research centers working on mungbean breeding, objectives of mungbean breeding programs, and achievements and major concerns in mungbean research. It concludes with discussing future prospects of mungbean research in India.

2. COURSE SEMINAR
on
By
Pradeep Yadav
Id. No. A- 7535/13
DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
NARENDRA DEVA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE & TECHNOLOGY
KUMARGANJ, FAIZABAD -224229(U.P.)
Chairman – Dr. Kalpana Srivastava
Professor/ H.O.D GPB
Major Advisor - Dr. Rajesh Kumar
Assot. Professor/Pulses Breeder
“Current status and future prospects of mungbean research
in India”

3. HIGHLIGHTS
 Introduction
 Floral Biology
 Nutritional value of mungbean
 Area, Production and productivity
 Status of mungbean
 Mungbean Varieties (released)
 Varietal description
 Research Centers in India
 Breeding Objectives
 Recommendation for Strengthening Mungbean Breeding programme
 Achievements
 Major Concern & Strategy
 Uses
 Future prospects
 Conclusion

4.  Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), is also known as green gram.
 It is one of the important pulse crops of India. India alone accounts for 65% of its world
acreage and 54% of the production.
 Mungbean (2n=2x=22) belongs to the family Leguminocae and subfamily fabaceae and botanically
recognized as Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek.
 Vigna radiata var. sublobata is the probable progenitor of mungbean. It is essentially a self-pollinated
crop.
 It is an important grain legume crop, grown mainly in South Asian countries, which offers many
nutritional and economic benefits.
 In India it is predominantly grown in the states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan,
Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Utter Pradesh etc.
 The genus Vigna has been broadened to include about 150 species; twenty-two species are native to India
and sixteen to Southeast Asia, but the largest number of species are found in Africa (Polhill and van der
Maesen, 1985).
INTRODUCTION

5. CONT....
It’s low requirement of inputs and its ability to restore soil fertility through symbiotic
nitrogen fixation make it particularly important to resource poor farmers (Ali et al.,
2012).
It is an ancient and well known leguminous crop of Asia, on account of its
nutritional quality and the suitability to cropping system.
It is a good source of vitamin C (8 mg per 100 g), can be produced year-round at
home.
It supplies a substantial quantity of easily digestible protein (25%) to the cereal-
based diet of rural households.
Mungbean is one of the crops that can be targeted for improvement of
micronutrient content.
It is grown generally in all three season kharif ,rabi and zaid.

6. FLORAL BIOLOGY
 Inflorescence: Racemose, bears 10-25 flowers.
 Flowers: Greenish to bright yellow with a gray tinged keel, 1-1.
 Calyx: 5 sepals more or less united in a tube and persistent,
aestivation imbricates.
 Corolla: 5 petals, papilionaceous
 Androecium: 10 stamens, diadelphous, usually (9)+1.
 Gynaecium: Monocarpellary ;ovary superior, unilocular ;ovules
numerous; marginal placentation; style and stigma simple.
 Fruit: Pod.
 Seed: Small, slightly flattened, globular with green, yellow,
tawny brown, black.

8. Inflorescence

10. Reproductive organs

11. Gynoecium

13. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MUNGBEAN
Mature seeds, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g
 Energy 1,452 kJ (347 kcal)
 Carbohydrates 62.62 g
 Sugars 6.6 g
 Fiber 16.3 g
 Fat 1.15 g
 Protein 23.86 g
 Starch 46-54 %
Trace metals
 Calcium(13%) 132 mg
 Iron(52%) 6.74 mg
 Magnesium(53%) 189 mg
 Manganese(49%) 1.035 mg
 Phosphorus(52%) 367 mg
 Potassium(27%) 1246 mg
 Zinc(28%) 2.68 mg

14.  In India the mungbean crop is grown in an area of about 3.43 million hectares with
the total production of 0.946 millions tones of grain (Anonymous 2013).
 Uttar Pradesh covering an area of 0.077 million hectare with a total production of
0.201 million tones and the average productivity of 584 kg/ha.
 The important mungbean growing states are Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Bihar, and annual
production of mungbean is about 1.8 million tons (Soren et. al. 2012).
Area, Production and Productivity

15. MUNGBEAN GROWING ZONES
Zones Area covered
Northern Hills Zone (NHZ) Himachal Pradesh, j& k, Hills of Uttarakhand and
NEH state
North Western Plains Zone
(NWPZ)
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Delhi, West U P Plans
of Uttarakhand
North Eastern Plains Zone
(NEPZ)
East U P, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Assam
Central Zone (CZ) MP, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,
Bundelkhand region of U.P.
Southern Zones (SZ) Andhra Pradesh, Karnatak, Tamli Nadu, Odisha
North Eastern Hills Zones Imphal, Tripura and A.D. Nagar

16. Tarai
Central Western
Semi Arid Plain
Western Plain
Central Plain
Central Plain
Bundelkhand
Eastern Plain
Northern Eastern
Plain
Vindhyan

17. ZONE-WISE CONTRIBUTION OF MUNGBEAN
0% 1%
1%
8%
19%
69%
0%
2% 0%
Tarai
W P
M W P
S W P
C P
Bundelkhand
N E P
E P
Vindhyan
Total Production in 2012-13 - 19457 MT

18.  Mungbean is grown on about 3.43 mha in the
country mainly in Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha, Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar.
 A phenomenal increase in area, production and
productivity as occurred since 1964-65.
 The area has increased from 1.99 mha in
1964-65 to 3.43 mha in 2012-13.
 The production has increased from 0.60
million tonnes to 1.71 million tonnes.
Status of mungbean

19. S.
No.
Name of
variety
Centre
Responsible
for
developing
Year of
release
Average
yield
q/ha
Special attributes Area
of
Adapt
atio
1. PDM 11 IIPR, Kanpur 1987 8.33 Res. To MYMV,Plant
eract bushy, Spring
Season
CZ
2. Narendra
Mung-1
NDUA&T,
Faizbad
1992 10.0 Res. To
MYMV,suitable to
kharif & Spring
UP
3. Jawahar Mung
721
JNKVV, Indore 1995 12.4 Tol. to
PM
MP
4. PDM 84-178 IIPR/Kathalgeri 1996 8.1 Tol. to
MYMV &
PM
AP
5. SML 134 PAU, Ludhiana 1996 11.0 Tol. to
MYMV
Panjab
6. Pant Moong 4
(UPM 92-1)
Pantnagar 1997 7.1 Res. To
MYMV,suitable to
kharif
NEPZ
7. HUM 1
(Malviya jyoti)
BHU, Varanasi 1999 9.4 Res. To
MYMV,suitable to
kharif
CZ&
SZ

20. 9 Pusa Vishal IARI, New Delhi 2000 11.0 Res. To MYMV, summer
season
NWPZ
10 Ganga 8 ARS,
Sriganganagar
2001 9.2 Mod. Res. to MYMV,CLS NWPZ
11 OUM 11-5 OUAT,
Berhampur
2002 7.3 Mod. Res. PM,MYMV,CLS SZ
12 HUM 2 BHU, Varanasi 2000 10.5 Mod. Res. To MYMV,
spring/summer
U P& Utaranchal
13. HUM 6 BHU, Varanasi 2001 10.0 Mod. Res. To MYMV, spring
season
UP
14 HUM 12 BHU, Varanasi 2003 11.2 Mod. Res. To MYMV,CLS,
summer season
NEPZ
15 SML 668 PAU, Ludhiana 2002 11.3 Tol. To MYMV, spring/summer Panjab
16 TMB 37 BARC, Mumbai 2005 11.0 Mod. Res,. to YMV NEPZ

21. 17 CO 6 TNAU,
Coimbatore
1999 10.0 Res,. To
MYMV, CLS
TN
18 COGG 912 TNAU,
Coimbatore
2005 8.0 Res,. To
MYMV, CLS
SZ
19 MH 2-15
(Sattaya)
Hisar 2007 10.55 Res,. To
MYMV,CLS
NWPZ
20 Pant Mung 6 GBPUA&T,Pa
ntnagar
2007 10.52 Res,. to
MYMV,CLS,B
LS and Leaf
Crinckle.
NHZ
21 PKV AKM 4 PKV ,, Akola 2009 10.0 Res. To
MYMV
NHZ
22 Pusa 0672 IARI, New
Delhi
2009 10.0 Res. to
MYMV
NHZ For
Kharif
season
NHZ
23 IPM 02-14 IIPR, Kanpur 2010 11.0 Res. to
MYMV
SZ

22. Narendra Mung-1
Mungbean variety developed through pedigree selection from cross G. 65 x 4 UPM-70-3-4.
The variety matures in 65-70 days with yield potential of 12-15 q/ha.
It is resistant to YMV.
Plant erect, bushy, medium tall, remain green at maturity, seed shining green, medium bold
(3.2 g/100 seed), suitable for Kharif and summer season,
Narendra Mung-2 (NDM 97-1)
Mungbean variety developed through pedigree selection method.
The variety matures in 65-70 days with yield potential of 14-16 q/ha. It is resistant to YMV,
CLS and other diseases of NEPZ.
Plant semi erect, medium tall, remain green at maturity, seed shining green, medium bold
(3.1 g/100 seed).
It is suitable for Kharif and summer season.
The variety has established more than 25% yield superiority over best check on the basis of 4
years multilocation national yield data.
Varietal Description

23. SUMMER MOONG
 Summer moong -
Bihar, Haryana,
Punjab , UP and MP
 Short duration
varieties –SML -668,
SAMRAT, IPM 02-01,
Pusa Vishal etc. –
mature in 60-65 days
Intercrop with
Sugarcane

24. Samrat, Meha, IPM 02-3
IPM 2-14, HUM 16, Pusa Vishal
Varieties for spring / summer

25. RESEARCH CENTERS
 Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur
 Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)
 Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana
 G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUAT), Pantnagar
 Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore
 Rajasthan Agricultural University, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan
 Avinashilingam Deemed Home Science University for Women, Coimbatore
 Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj Faizabad
(Uttar Pradesh)

26. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
 High grain yield
 Different maturity durations
 Resistance to shattering
 Batter plant type
 Resistance to diseases
a- Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV)
b- Cercospora leaf spot
 Resistance to insect-pest :
a- Pod Borer
b- Aphids and whitefly

27. Recommendation for Strengthening Mungbean
Breeding programme
S. No. Recommendation
1. The interspecific hybridization programme needs to be
strengthened and the derivatives of these crosses
should be shared among centers.
2. A new programme on the improvement of Sona
Mungbean variety may be initiated
3. Efforts should be made to identify donors for different
pests in order to develop resistant varieties
4. Corrective measures should be applied so that old
varieties may be replaced by new and improved
varieties
5. FLDs may be organized in a cluster approach.

28. Achievements
Crop Improvement
 Total 50 munbean varieties has been released for cultivation in India.
 A total of 3341 accessions of mungbean were maintained at 10 centres.
Promising accessions of early maturity, seed wt., pod length and synchronous
maturity were identified.
 Breeder seed production was 936.69 q against the indent of 1033.49 q for 61
varieties(2012-13)
Crop Production
 AKM 1012 and AKM-09-2 at Akola and MH 565 at Hisar were most suited
Mungbean genotypes in intercropping with Pigeon pea.
 Kharif mungbean be sown up to 20th July and ML 818 (1345 kg/ha) at
Ludhiana, Meha (908 kg/ha) at Dholi and RM 03-79 (801 kg/ha) at Raipur, GM
04 (908 kg/ha) at Badanapur were most promising.
 Pendimethalin 30EC + Imazethapyr 2 EC @ 1.0 kg/ha (Vellore 32) and
Imazethapyr 55 g/ha were most effective herbicides (NWPZ,NEPZ, CZ and
SZ).

29. CONT....
Crop Protection
 Entry ML 1464 Showed combined multiple and multilocational
resistance to MYMV, Leaf curl virus, urdbean leaf crinkle virus and root
rot. Genotype IPM 306-6 showed multiple resistance to MYMV and
urdbean leaf crinkle virus.
 Among the NGSN entries, genotypes KM 2262, LH 911, ML 1721, ML
1921, ML 1946, ML 2037 and ML 2081 showed multilocational and
multiple resistance to MYMV and anthracnose.
 Genotypes ML 1464, ML 2060, ML 2081 and ML 2083 were resistant to
MYMV and Cercospora leaf sport.
 The differential reaction to isolates of MYMV on differential cultivars at
various locations suggested pathogenic variability.
 Seed treatment with carbendazim @ 2g/kg and two foliar sprays of
propiconazole and carbendazim @ 0.1% were effective in reducing the
severity of foliar diseases viz. Cercospora leaf sport, anthracnose,
powdery mildew, macrophomina blight and/or Web blight.

30. CONT….
Frontline Demonstrations
 During Kharif, 285 demonstrations were
conducted on full package technology. This
has recorded 19.56 per cent higher grain yield
and 23.61 per cent increase in net returns over
local varieties.
 During rabi 89 demonstrations were
conducted on full package. This has recorded
17.81 per cent higher grain yield and 26.72
per cent increase in net returns over local
varieties

31. MAJOR CONCERN
 Lesser use of P&K fertilizer, no use of organic manures
and micronutrients leads to deteriorating soil health and
affect the Pulse productivity.
 Lack of suitable Post harvest technologies in Pulses.
 Cultivation of Pulses in problematic lands.
 Highly susceptible to diseases and pests.
 Problem of Blue-Bulls.
 In adequate pace of research and technology development.

32. CONT….
 Requires genetic improvement specially stress tolerant
varieties.
 Requires high yielding disease and Pest Resistant Varieties.
 Unavailability of location specific varieties.
 Low SRR with inadequate genotype.
 Fragmentation of holding is making the farming
uneconomic.
 Small and marginal farmers have very poor purchasing
capacity.

33. Strategy
 Promotion of Stress tolerant varieties.
 Promotion of high yielding Pest resistant varieties.
 Promotion of line sowing of Pulses.
 Incentive for promotion of summer deep ploughing in Pulses.
 Promote seed treatment with Rhizobium Culture, Trichoderma
and PSB with suitable strain for specific crop.
 Encouraging the balanced use of fertilizers as per soil test and
also that the use of organic and bio-fertilizers.
 Popularization of use of soil ameliorant like gypsum and
micronutrients for reclaiming soils.

34. CONT….
 Encouraging application of Sprinkler system of irrigation for
water management.
 Promoting integrated weed management.
 Mechanization to insure timely operations.
 Extension of Pulse area during Zaid through intercropping
with Sugar Cane.
 Promote intercropping of Urd/Moong with Kharif Arhar.
 To promote Pulses cultivation attractive MSP should be given.
 GOI and Forest department should take some initiative to
check the Blue-Bull population.
 Effective control of weeds, diseases and pests.

35. USES
 In the South Asia, mungbean is used to
make "dhal", which is the most common
dish made from various kinds of split
legumes with spices in the Southeast and
East Asian countries,
 Mungbean is used to make various kinds of
sweet, bean jam, sweetened bean soup,
vermicelli, and bean sprout.
 Mungbean seeds are sprouted for fresh use
for shipment to restaurants. Sprouts are
high in protein (21%–28%), calcium,
phosphorus and certain vitamins.

36. FUTURE PROSPECTS
 In India, the major research input has resulted in the development of
widely adopted cultivars, some of which are resistant to mungbean
yellow mosaic virus and other diseases.
 Still the productivity is less then 400kg/ha. For future yield
improvement a few desirable characteristics namely symposia and
determinate plant habit, genetic dormancy, pod length, seed size, long
growth duration.
 Multiple disease resistance and water logging resistance are to be
combined through conventional breeding procedures and wide
hybridization particularly urd × mungbean
 Marker assisted selection will be used on a wider scale in future
mungbean breeding programmes to get desirable recombinants with
batter plant type, high yield and resistance to diseases and pests
 In India, the major research input has resulted in the development of
widely adapted cultivers some of which resistant to mungbean YMV

37.  Mungbean (2n=2x=22) belongs to the family Leguminocae and
subfamily fabaceae and botanically recognized as Vigna radiata L.
Wilczek.
 It is a good source of vitamin C (8 mg per 100 g), can be produced
year-round at home.
 It is one of the most important components in the preparation of
famous south Indian dishes, e.g. dosa, idli, vada etc.
 Mungbean requires a hot and humid growing season. It is generally
grown as a summer and rainy season crop in northern India.
CONCLUSION

38. Reference
 (Anonymous 2013). AICRP on MULLaRP Project coordinator’s reports,:IIPR,
Kanpur
 Ali, Masood and Gupta S.(2012). Carrying capacity of Indian
agriculture: pulse crops.Current Science. 102 (6): 874-881.
 Polhill, R. M. and Van der Maesen, L.J.K. (1985). Taxonomy of grain
legumes. In: R.J. Summerfield and E.H. Roberts (eds.). Grain Legume
Crops. Collins, London, England, pp. 3-36.
 Soren, K.R.; Patil, P.G.; Das, A.; Bohra, A.; Datta, S.; Chaturvedi,
S.K. and Nadarajan, N. (2012). Advances in Pulses Genomic
Research.Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur.
 Ram H.H. (2012).Crop breeding and biotechnology. Kalyani
publishers.,Ludhiana., pp:294-310
 http://www.authorstrean.com/Prasentation/arunugal-1788064-breeding-
green-gram-blank/
 http://www,fao.org/ag/AGP/doc/gbose/data/pf0000088.htm
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mungbean/g

39. THANKS