3. Introduction
Materials used
Types of Fillers
Methods of Preparation
Methods of Incorporation
Functions of Fillers
Factors Influencing the Functions of
Fillers
4. Advantages & Drawbacks of different
Materials
Classification of Composite Resins
based on Fillers
Recent Advances
Summary
References
5. INTRODUCTION
Composite
In materials and science, a solid formed
from two or more distinct phases that
have been combined to produce
properties superior to or intermediate
to those of the individual constituents
6. Dental Composite
Highly cross-linked polymeric materials
reinforced by a dispersion of glass,
crystalline or resin filler particles
and/or short fibers bound to the matrix
by silane coupling agents
Dr. Ray L. Bowen (1962)
8. FILLERS
‘The inorganic and/or organic resin
particles that are designed to
strengthen a composite, decrease
thermal expansion, minimize
polymerization shrinkage and reduce
the amount of swelling caused by
water sorption’
15. MEGAFILLER
Pieces of glass: 0.5mm – 2mm
Inserts
Composites at points of heavy
occlusal contact or high wear
16. METHODS OF PREPARATION
Grinding or milling Quartz/ Glasses:
0.1µm-100µm
Microfillers:
Pyrolytic or Precipitation process
fumed silica
- SiCl4 in O2 & H2 macromolecule
chains of SiO2
17. METHODS OF PREPARATION
Colloidal particles of Sodium silicate to
water & HCl colloidal silica
Organic fillers:
Pulverized precured resin:5µm-30µm
Silane treated colloidal silica to the
monomer at slightly elevated
temperature
18. METHODS OF PREPARATION
Composite paste heat cured with
Benzoyl Peroxide
Cured composite : ground into
particles of size larger than traditional
fillers
19. METHODS OF INCORPORATION
CONVENTIONAL FILLER PARTICLES
Surface coating of ‘Coupling agent’
Then blended with resin
MICROFILLER PARTICLES
Organic fillers + silane treated colloidal
silica blended with monomer
20. METHODS OF INCORPORATION
1. Homogeneous :
Microfiller loaded directly to the resin
2. Heterogeneous
Microfiller compressed into clumps:
Sintering, precipitation, silanization or
condensation
Fumed silica added to a heated resin
at ~70 wt%
21. METHODS OF INCORPORATION
Increase Filler loading
Sinter colloidal silica particles: Several
tenths of a µm
Reduces compromise in the rheology
Grinding prepolymerized composite
highly loaded with colloidal silica
particles
Particles then incorporated
22. FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
Strengthen the composite
Reduce the amount of matrix material
Reinforcement of the matrix resin:
increased hardness, strength &
decreased wear
Reduction in polymerization shrinkage
23. FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
Improved workability by increasing
viscosity
Reduction in water sorption, softening
& staining
Increased radiopacity & diagnostic
sensitivity
24. FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
Reduction in thermal expansion &
contraction
Increased compressive strength,
tensile strength, modulus of elasticity
Increase in abrasion resistance
Increased fracture toughness
25. FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
Enhances physical & mechanical
properties to the level of tooth tissue
clinical performance & durability
Increases translucency
Improves handling properties
26. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
FILLER SIZE
Large : ‘plucking’ – rough surface
- increased wear
- reduced flexural strength
Size can’t be reduced beyond limits-
technical problems
27. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
INCORPORATION OF RADIOPAQUE
COMPOUNDS
Sr/Ba glass & other heavy metal
compounds
Rare earth metal compounds
28. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
FILLER CONTENT
As it increases:
Reduced polymerization shrinkage
Coefficient of thermal expansion-
more like tooth structure
Increased hardness & abrasion
resistance
29. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
Increased color stability
Increased depth of cure
Increased stiffness
Reduced resistance to toothbrush
abrasion & wear by hydroxyapatite
SILANE COATING
Increased resistance to hydrolytic
degradation
30.
31. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE
FUNCTIONS OF FILLERS
FILLER SHAPE
Spherical shape:
Incorporates more inorganic fillers
Improves fracture strength
REFRACTIVE INDEX
Matches that of resin ~ 1.50
Translucency similar to the tooth
structure
32. ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS
FILLER ADVANTAGES DRAWBACKS
Quartz .Clinically inert (insoluble)
.Strong & hard
.Difficult to grind into very fine
particles
.Adequate Refractive index
.Highly esthetic
.Difficult to polish
.Potentially abrasive to
opposing teeth or
restorations
Amorphous
silica
.Composition & Refractive index
same as quartz
.Less hard
.Not crystalline
Glass fillers
with heavy
metals
.Adequate Refractive index
.Provide radiopacity
.Not as inert as quartz &
amorphous silica
.Leaches &weakens in
acidic juices & oral fluids
.More susceptible to wear
.Shorter functional
lifetime
.Attacked by APF
gels/solutions
33. CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPOSITES BASED ON
FILLERS
I. Based on the filler particle Size &
Size Distribution
Traditional (large particle) 1-50 µm
Hybrid (large particle) :
(1) 1-20 µm glass
(2) 0.04 µm silica
Hybrid (midifiller) :
(1) 0.1- 10 µm glass
(2) 0.04 µm silica
34. Hybrid (Minifiller/ Small Particle Filled):
(1) 0.1-2 µm glass
(2) 0.04 µm silica
Packable Hybrid:
Midifiller/ Minifiller Hybrid but with lower
filler fraction
Flowable Hybrid:
Midifiller Hybrid, but with finer particle
size distribution
36. II. According to Skinner
Traditional/Conventional: 8-12 µm
Small Particle Filled Composites: 1-5µm
III. Philips & Lutz Classification
Macrofiller Composites: 0.1- 100 µm
Microfiller Particles: 0.04 µm
Hybrid Composites: different sizes
37. IV. Based on Mean Particle Size of
the filler
Traditional Composite resins
Hybrid Composite resins
Homogeneous Microfilled Composites
Heterogeneous Microfilled
Composites
38. V. According to Bayne & Heyman
Megafill : 1-2mm
Macrofill: 10-100µm
Midifill: 1-10µm
Minifill: 0.1-1µm
Microfill: 0.01-0.1µm
Nanofill: 0.005-0.01µm
39. VI. Williams Classification
Densified Composite Midway filled
Ultrafine Midway filled
Fine Midway filled
Ultrafine cement filled
Fine cement filled
40. Homogeneous Microfine Composite
Heterogeneous Microfine Composite
With splintered prepolymerized filler
With agglomerated prepolymerized
filler
With spherical prepolymerized filler
43. RECENT ADVANCES
PROPERTIES :Nanofilled vs Others
Physical & mechanical- similar to
microhybrid
Water sorption similar to midifill &
microfill
Significantly better polish & gloss
retention
Lower solubility
Reduced scattering of curing light
44. RECENT ADVANCES
Nanohybrid variety :
- properties similar to / better than
microhybrid
- inferior compared to nanofilled
Nanodiamond filler:
Improve wear resistance & flexural
strength in proportions of
0.005%-0.008%
45. RECENT ADVANCES
FLAKE SHAPED GLASS FILLER(FSG)
Thin glass platelet with a flat, smooth
surface
Good transparency
Increased hardness
Compressive strength ~ commercial
composite
High flowability
46. RECENT ADVANCES
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE
(PMMA) FILLER PARTICLES
2wt% additional PMMA fillers
Inhibit crack propagation
Enhance compressive strength
No significant change in water
sorption/ water contact angle of the
surface
47. RECENT ADVANCES
SILANE COATED GLASS FILLERS
Fluoroboroaluminosilicate glass
coated with
3- methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
Or 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane
Greater amount of fluoride release
Higher pH value
50. REFERENCES
Philip’s Science of Dental Materials-
Anusavice,11th Edition
Applied Dental Materials-John F
McCabe & Angus,W.G.Walls,8th
Edition
Introduction to Dental Materials-
Richard van Noort,2nd Edition
Tooth colored Restoratives, Principles
& Techniques- Albers,9th Edition
51. REFERENCES
The Clinical Handing of Dental
Materials-Smith,Wright,Brown,2nd
Edition
Clinical aspects of Dental Materials-
Gladwin&Bagby
Dental Materials-Carol
Dixon,Hatrick,Eakle
Dental Materials- John M
Prowers,John C.Wataha
52. REFERENCES
Sturdevant’s Art & Science of
Operative Dentistry- 4th Edition
Textbook of Operative Dentistry- Nisha
Garg & Amit Garg
Textbook of Dental Materials-Sharmila
Hussain
53. REFERENCES
Constantinos Masouras et al
Dental Materials Vol 24 No.7 July 2008:
932-939
Lim YK et al
Dental Materials Vol 24 No.1 January
2008
Tahimoto Y et al
Acta Biomaterials 2006 Nov;2(6): 633-
639
54. REFERENCES
Kondo Y et al
Dental Materials J,2010 October
14;29(5): 596-601
Itota T et al
Dental Materials J,2010 August
7;29(4):362-368
Arikawa H et al
Dental Materials J,2007 Jan 26(1):38-
44
55. REFERENCES
H St.Germain et al
Journal of Dental Research Feb 1985
Vol64 No.2:155-160
Dr Moraes RR et al
Operative Dentistry 2009 Sep-
Oct;34(5):551-557
Berger SB et al
Brazil Dental Journal 2009;20(4):314-
318
56. REFERENCES
J. Mat.Sci.Mater Med.2007
Jun;18(6):1157-1162
Clinical Materials Review
Inside Dentistry July/August 2007 Vol
3,Issue 7
Motohiro UO et al
Journal of the Ceramic Society of
Japan,Vol 118 (2010), No.1378
June :425-427
57. REFERENCES
Zhong –Yu- Xiu et al
Effects of Nanodiamond Filler on
Compressive strength &
Microhardness of Composite Resins
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