1. Lines of evidence
1. Direct observation of change in natural populations
2. Direct observation of change under artificial
selection
3. Homologous traits
4. Homologies tend to be nested
5. The fossil record
1

2. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
2 http://www.thebody.com/nmai/cycle.html

3. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
env
2 http://www.thebody.com/nmai/cycle.html

4. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
3

5. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
3

6. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
3

7. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
3

8. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
4

9. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
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10. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
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11. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
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12. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
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13. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
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14. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
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15. Evolution in Natural Populations
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Ganeshan et al. 1997
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6

16. Evolution in Natural Populations
Blackcap migration – Berthold et al. 1992
www.dicktruedesign.com/PRINTS/prints.fin&feather.htm
7

17. Evolution in Natural Populations
Blackcap migration – Berthold et al. 1992
www.dicktruedesign.com/PRINTS/prints.fin&feather.htm
7

18. Evolution in Natural Populations
Blackcap migration – Berthold et al. 1992
www.dicktruedesign.com/PRINTS/prints.fin&feather.htm
7

19. Evolution in Natural Populations
Blackcap migration – Berthold et al. 1992
Is there evidence for a genetic basis to the migration shift?
British parents: German young:
WNW (279°) SW (227°)
8

20. Evolution in Natural Populations
Blackcap migration – Berthold et al. 1992
Is there evidence for a genetic basis to the migration shift?
British parents: British offspring: German young:
WNW (279°) WNW (273°) SW (227°)
8

21. Evolution in Natural Populations
Blackcap migration – Berthold et al. 1992
British parents:
WNW (279°)
British offspring:
WNW (273°)
German young:
SW (227°)
Source: Berthold et al. 1992. Rapid microevolution of migratory behaviour in a wild bird species.
Nature 360: 668-670. 9

22. Evolution in Natural Populations
Blackcap migration – Berthold et al. 1992
British parents:
WNW (279°)
British offspring:
WNW (273°)
German young:
SW (227°)
Source: Berthold et al. 1992. Rapid microevolution of migratory behaviour in a wild bird species.
Nature 360: 668-670. 9

23. Evolution in Natural Populations
Blackcap migration – Berthold et al. 1992
British parents:
WNW (279°)
British offspring:
WNW (273°)
German young:
SW (227°)
Source: Berthold et al. 1992. Rapid microevolution of migratory behaviour in a wild bird species.
Nature 360: 668-670. 9

24. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996
10

25. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996

26. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996

27. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996

28. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996

29. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996

30. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996

31. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996

32. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996
Hypochaeris radicata
www.missouriplants.com/Yellowalt/Hypochaeris_radicata_page.html
Lactuca muralis
biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Mycelis&Species=muralis
12

33. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996
Hypochaeris radicata
www.missouriplants.com/Yellowalt/Hypochaeris_radicata_page.html
Lactuca muralis
www.bartleby.com/61/imagepages/A4achene.html
biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php?Genus=Mycelis&Species=muralis
12

34. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996
Hypochaeris radicata
Dispersal ability (VP/VA)
(Mean ± SD)
Main- Island
land (Old)
Source: Cody and Overton. 1996. Short-term evolution of reduced dispersal in island plant
populations. J. of Ecology 84:53-61.
11
13

35. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996
Hypochaeris radicata
Lactuca muralis
Dispersal ability (VP/VA)
Dispersal ability (VP/VA)
(Mean ± SD)
(Mean ± SD)
Mainland 1–4 5–7 8–9 10+
Main- Island
Age (years)
land (Old)
Source: Cody and Overton. 1996. Short-term evolution of reduced dispersal in island plant
populations. J. of Ecology 84:53-61.
11
13

36. Evolution in Natural Populations
Dispersal in island plant populations – Cody & Overton 1996
Hypochaeris radicata
Lactuca muralis
Dispersal ability (VP/VA)
Dispersal ability (VP/VA)
(Mean ± SD)
(Mean ± SD)
Mainland 1–4 5–7 8–9 10+
Main- Island
Age (years)
land (Old)
Source: Cody and Overton. 1996. Short-term evolution of reduced dispersal in island plant
populations. J. of Ecology 84:53-61.
11
13