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http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ mccarty_and_peters/coral/C-intro.htm Threats to  Coral Reefs http://tools.coralreef.org/content/ objects/view.acs?object_id=545
Importance of Coral Reefs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Importance of Coral Reefs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Importance of Coral Reefs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Importance of Coral Reefs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Importance of Coral Reefs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Importance of Coral Reefs ,[object Object],http://sustainableseas.noaa.gov/missions/ florida2/background/coralspawning.html
$375 billion in environmental goods and services Reefs at Risk 1998 (http://www.wri.org/powerpoints/reefswww/sld011.htm
Caribbean reef values (annual net benefits in 2000) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
REEFS WORLDWIDE ARE THREATENED ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CARIBBEAN REEFS DECLINING ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Gardner et al. 2003 Science 301: 958-960
Threats to coral and coral reefs: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Natural disturbances that affect corals and coral reefs? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hurricanes ,[object Object],http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ 1989hugo.html ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Tsunamis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Volcanoes ,[object Object],http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/ current_volcs/montserrat/montserrat.html ,[object Object],[object Object]
Earthquakes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Predators ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/reflib/ cot-starfish/pages/cot-q07.html http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/pgallery/pgflower/living/fg_living.html
Competitors ,[object Object],http://catbert.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/algae.html
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Bleaching http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ mccarty_and_peters/coral/Bleach.htm
http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/orad/coral_bleaching_index.html
Pathogens ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://ourworld.compuserve.com/ homepages/mccarty_and_peters/ coral/Bbd.htm
Threats to coral and coral reefs: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anthropogenic threats to coral reefs: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overfishing ,[object Object],http://tools.coralreef.org/content/objects/view.acs?object_id=545 http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/reef/reef2570.htm
Overfishing ,[object Object],http://catbert.er.usgs.gov/african_dust/events.html
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/coral/coral5.htm http://www.wri.org/indictrs/rrcyanid.htm Overfishing ,[object Object]
Development ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
http://www.wcmc.org.uk/marine/data/coral_mangrove/coral.danger.html http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/mccarty_and_peters/coral/c-intro.htm Development
Development http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/scied/science/habitat/influences.html
Mining for construction materials and dredging ,[object Object],[object Object]
Recreation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.sanctuaries.nos.noaa.gov/scied/science/habitat/influences.html
[object Object],[object Object],Synergistic effects
Global climate change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CORAL DOMINATED  ALGAL DOMINATED Synergistic effects

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Threats to Coral Reefs