The Respiratory system

2. >> is consist of the : Nose
Pharynx(throat)
Larynx(voice box)
Trachea(windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs

3. >> Its parts can be classified according to either structure
or function.
1.Structurally
i. Upper respiratory system
Nose, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, and
associated structures
ii. Lower respiratory system
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, and lungs

4. 2.Functionally
i. Conducting zone ii. Respiratory zone
>> consist oftubes and
>> consist of a series
tissues within the lungs
interconnecting
where gas exchange
cavities and tubes both
outside and with in occurs.
the lungs.
> It includes the respiratory
> It includes the nose,
bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
nasal cavity, pharynx,
alveolar sacs, and alveoli
larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles
and terminal
bronchioles. It is the main sites of
Function: is to filter, gas exchange between
warm, moisten air and air and blood.
conduct it into lungs.

5. Functions of the RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
1. Provides for gas exchange: intake of O2 for
delivery to the body and removal of CO2 produced
by body cells.
2. Helps regulate blood pH.
3. Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters
inspired air, produces vocal sounds(phonation)
and excretes small amounts of water and heat.

6. Respiration - a collective term for the following processes:
Pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air into the lungs (inspiration)
Movement of air out of the lungs(expiration)
External respiration
Movement of O2 from the lungs to the blood.
Movement of CO2 from the blood to the lungs.
Transport of respiratory gases
Transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissues.
Transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs.
Internal respiration
Movement of O2 from blood to the tissue cells.
Movement of CO2 from tissue cells to the blood.

7. Principal organs of the respiratory
system
Nose
Function:
Provides an airway for respiration.
Moistens and warms entering air.
Filters and cleans inspired air.
Resonating chamber for speech.
Detects odor in the airstream.
Anatomical features:
Vibrissae(guard hairs) – stiff hairs that filters
large particles from the air.
Nasal cilia – hair-like projections that propel
trapped particles towards the throat for digestion

8. Main parts of the nose:
1. Root – superior attachment of the nose to the frontal bone.
2. Apex – tip of nose.
3. Bridge – bony framework 1
of nose formed by nasal 3
bones. 2 4
4. External naris/nostrils –
external opening into the nasal
cavity.

9. Nasal conchae – folds in the mucous membrane that
increases air turbulence and ensures that moist air contacts
the mucous membrane.
Olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that contain
smell receptor.
Respiratory mucosa – pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium containing goblet that secretes mucus.
Pharynx(throat)
Three regions of the pharynx:
Nasopharynx – air passage (pseudostratified
columnar epithelium).
Oropharynx – passageway for air, food, and
drink (stratified squamous epithelium).
Laryngopharynx – passageway for air, food, and
drink (stratified squamous epithelium) near the
larynx.

10. Larynx(voice box)
Function:
Keeps food and drink out of the airway.
Sound production.
Acts as a sphincter during abdominal straining
(ex. During defecation and heavy lifting).
Anatomical features:
Nine c-rings of hyaline cartilage form the
framework of the larynx.
Muscular walls aid in voice production and
swallowing reflex.
Glottis – the superior opening of the larynx.
Epiglottis – prevents food and drink from
entering airway when swallowing.
False vocal cords – aids in closing the glottis
when swallowing.

11. True vocal cords – produce sound when air passes through
between them:
High pitched sound is produced when faster air
moves over them.
Low pitched sound is produced when slower air
moves after them.
Trachea (windpipe)
Functions:
Air passageway.
Cleans, warms and moistens incoming air.
Anatomical features:
Rings of hyaline cartilage – reinforce the trachea
and keep it from collapsing when you inhale.
Ciliated psuedostratified epithelium – traps
inhaled debris and propels mucus up to the pharynx
where it is swallowed.

12. Esophagus
Trachea
Cartilage
of trachea
Esophagus

13. Bronchi
Functions:
Solely an air passageway.
Anatomical features:
Left and right primary bronchi branch off from trachea.
Once the left and right primary bronchi enter the
lungs they are subdivided into smaller tubes:
•Secondary bronchi(one for each lobe) Tertiary bronchi
Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchioles bronchioles
Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs are clusters of alveoli
•Alveoli are the site of gas exchange.

14. •Cell populations present in alveoli:
oType I alveolar cells – allow for diffusion of
gases (simple squamous epithelia)
oType II alveolar cells – also called septal cells.
Secrete surfactant (simple cuboidal epithelia)
oDust cells – alveolar macrophages (leokocyte)
Other tissue types present in the alveoli:
oSmooth muscle rings aid in resistance to air flow.
oElastic connective tissue fibers aid in expelling air
from the lungs.

15. larynx
trachea
Right lung Left lung
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Location of carina
R.P bronchus
L.P bronchus
R.S bronchus L.S bronchus
L.T bronchus
R.T bronchus L. bronchiole
R. bronchiole
L. terminal
R. terminal Cardiac notch bronchiole
bronchiole diaphragm

16. Terminal bronchiole
Pulmonary venule Pulmonary arteriole
Lymphatic vessel
Elastic C.T Respiratory bronchiole
alveoli
Alveolar ducts
Pulmonary capillary
Visceral pleura Alveolar sac
alveoli
Enlarged alveoli

17. Lungs
Right and left lung
Left
•Divided into 2 lobes.
•Smaller than the right lung.
•Cardiac notch accommodate the heart.
Right
•Divided into 3 lobes
Each lobe is separated by connective tissues and has its
own arteries and veins. It allows compartmentalization, esp.
when portions of the lungs are diseased.
Serous membranes cover the entire surface of the
lungs and produce pleural fluid. Pleural fluid enables the
lungs to expand and contract with in minimal friction

18. Lateral view of the:
Apex
Superior
lobe
Oblique Horizontal Oblique
fissure fissure fissure
Inferior
Middle lobe Inferior
lobe lobe
Base
Right lung Left lung

19. Respiratory System of Frogs
Three types of respiration:
Cutaneous respiration (35% of respiration) is
through the body surface. During the hibernation and
aestivation, frog respires only through this method.
Buccopharyngeal respiration occurs through the
lining of buccal cavity. It occurs only when frog is out of water
(0.9% of total respiration). The mucus membrane of the buccal
cavity is moist which dissolves oxygen and diffuses it into the
blood capillaries.
Pulmonary respiration: Lungs in frogs are not
efficient respiratory organs because only mixed air enters
into them and mainly function as hydrostatic organs.
Lungs are pair of thin walled, translucent with inner
surface divided into alveoli by septa. Pulmonary
respiration has a maximum frequency of 20/minute. It
occurs when more energy is required. Mouth and gullet are
kept closed during pulmonary respiration.

20. Rhinoplasty - commonly called a “nose job,” is a surgical procedure
in which the shape of the external nose is altered. Although
rhinoplasty is often done for cosmetic reasons, it is sometimes
performed to repair a fractured nose or a deviated nasal septum.
Tonsillitis - inflammation of the tonsils; tonsils that develop an
abscess or tumor; or tonsils that obstruct breathing during sleep
Laryngitis
is an inflammation of the larynx that is most often caused by a
respiratory infection or irritants such as cigarette smoke.
Common cold - a group of viruses called
Rhinoviruses is responsible for about 40% of all colds in adults.
Typical symptoms include sneezing, excessive nasal secretion,
dry cough, and congestion. The uncomplicated common cold is
not usually accompanied by a fever
Seasonal influenza (flu)
is also caused by a virus. Its symptoms include chills, fever, headache, and
muscular aches. Seasonal influenza can become life-threatening and may
develop into pneumonia. It is important to recognize that influenza is a
respiratory disease, not a gastrointestinal (GI) disease. Many people
mistakenly report having seasonal flu when they are suffering from a GI illness

21. Diseases of Lungs
 Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection of the alveoli. It can be caused by many kinds
of both bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae) and viruses. Tissue
fluids accumulate in the alveoli reducing the surface area exposed to air. If
enough alveoli are affected, the patient may need supplemental oxygen.
 Asthma
In asthma, periodic constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles
makes it more difficult to breathe in and, especially, out. Attacks of asthma
can betriggered by airborne irritants such as chemical fumes and cigarette
smoke
airborne particles to which the patient is allergic.
 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Irritation of the lungs can lead to asthma, emphysema, and
chronic bronchitis. And, in fact, many people develop two or three of
these together. This constellation is known as chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease(COPD).
Among the causes of COPD are:
 cigarette smoke (often)
 cystic fibrosis (rare)

22. How to keep you Respiratory System
Tryhealthy
to avoid:
- Smoking
- Being around second hand smokers.
- Inhaling other chemicals and drugs.
- Being around dusty or thick polluted air.
What to do :
- Exercise
- Eat healthy foods
- Go to annual doctor checkups.

23. The Pathway:
 Air enters the nostrils
 passes through the nasopharynx,
 the oral pharynx
 through the glottis
 into the trachea
 into the right and left bronchi, which branches and
rebranches into
 bronchioles, each of which terminates in a cluster of
 alveoli

24. PRESENTED TO:
PROF. FILIPINAS C. DUNGCA
THAT’S
ALL
FOLKS
REPORTERS:
DEDASE, ALIESSA
KADLOSAN, ELAINE
FEB. 22, 2013
LAQUIHON, MITZI MWF 3:00-4:00
LARDIZABAL, ALMA MAE
LEO, TRIXIE