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ECE 521F
Data Communications
ECE 521F (Data Communications)
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 1
Prepared by: Engr. Jeffrey Des B. Binwag
Course Outline
• PRELIMINARY PERIOD
– Introduction to Data Communications
– Data Communications Circuits
– Serial and Parallel Data Transmissions
– Overview of Networking Issues, Network Architectures, and
Protocol Architectures
– The Open Systems Interconnection
– QUIZ 1
– Data Communications Codes
– Error Control Codes
– Data Terminal Equipment, Framing, and Synchronization
– Serial Interfaces
– Data Communications Equipment
– QUIZ 2 ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 2
Course Outline
• MIDTERM PERIOD
– Introduction to Data Link Protocols
– Data Link Protocols
• Character-Oriented Protocols
• Bit-Oriented Protocols
• Asynchronous Data Link Protocols
• Synchronous Data Link Protocols
• SDLC and HDLC
– QUIZ 3
– Introduction to Switched Circuits
– Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
– Local Area Networks, Applications, and Architectures
• Ethernet
• Ring
• Token Ring
• FDDI
– QUIZ 4
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 3
Course Outline
• FINAL PERIOD
– Local Area Networks and Interconnections
• Repeaters
• Bridges and Switches
• Routers and Gateways
– QUIZ 5
– The Internet
• Overview of the Internet
• The Internet Protocol
• Domain Name Systems
• Internet Protocol Over Internet
– QUIZ 6
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 4
Course Requirements
• Quizzes
• Groupworks
• Homeworks
• Exams
• 60% Class Standing Scores
– Quizzes, Groupworks, Homeworks
• 40% Exam Score
• Term Grade= 50 + 30(CS)/TCS+20(Exam)/Exam Total
• FG=(PG+MG+TFG)/3
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 5
Grading System
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 6
21 3
4 cm
3 cm
2 cm
2 cm
3 cm
2 cm
Page Format
(for homeworks/ seatworks)
• Computer printout
• Margins in red ink
• Text in black ink
• Section 1 contains the
• Subject
• Schedule
• Room
• Section 2 contains the names of
group members in two columns
• Section 3 remains blank for
scores/remarks
• Font is Arial, 12 pt.
• CONTENTS
• Homework Title/ Coverage
• Answers to Questions/
Solutions to Problems
• Essential Learning Insights
Module 1
Introduction to Data
Communications
Chapter 21
Electronic Communications Sytems , Fifth Editon
By: Wayne Tomasi
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 7
Prepared by: Engr. Jeffrey Des B. Binwag
Introduction
• Data Communications. The transmission, reception, and processing of
digital information.
• Data. Information that is stored in digital form. Information that has
been, processed, organized and stored.
• Data Communications Network. Systems of interrelated computers
and computer equipment connected through the public telephone
network or similar network infrastructure.
Any system of computers, computer
terminals, or computer peripheral equipment to transmit and/or
receive information between two or more locations.
• Network. A set of devices, nodes, or stations interconnected by media
links.
• Internet. A public data communications network used by millions of
people worldwide to exhange business and personal information.
• Intranet. Private data communications networks used by many
companies to exchange information among employees and resources.
• Worl Wide Web (WWW). A server-based application that allows
subscribers to access the services offered by the Web.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 8
Data Communication Network Example:
Public Switched Data Networks (PSDN)
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 9
History of Datacom
• 1753. One of the earliest means of communicating
electrically coded information through a 26 wire
system.
• 1833. Carl Friedrich Gauss developed a system based
on a 5x5 matrix representing 25 letters.
• 1832. The telegraph (the first data communication
system) was invented by Samuel F.B. Morse.
• 1840. The American patent for the telegraph was
granted.
• 1844. The first telegraph line was established
between Baltimore and Washington D.C. conveying
the first telegraph message “What hath God
wrought!”
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 10
History of Datacom
• 1849. The first slow-speed telegraph printer was
invented.
• 1850. Western Union Telegraph Company was formed
in Rochester, New York, for the purpose of carrying
coded messages from person to another.
• 1860. “High-speed” printers (15 bps) became
available.
• 1874. Emile Baudot invented the a telegraph
multiplexer that allowed signals from up to six
different telegraph machines to be transmitted
simultaneously over a single wire.
• 1875. The telephone was invented by Alexander
Graham Bell.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 11
History of Datacom
• 1899. Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in sending
radio (wireless) telegraph messages.
• 1920. The first commercial radio stations
carrying voice information were installed.
• 1930s. Konrad Zuis, a German engineer,
demonstated a computing machine.
• 1940. Bell Laboratories developed the first
special purpose computer using
electromechanical relays for performing logical
operations.
• 1946. The first modern-day computer (ENIAC)
was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchley at the University of Pennsylvania.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 12
History of Datacom
• 1949. The U.S. National Bureau of Standards
developed the first all-electronic diode based
computed capable of executing stored-programs.
• 1950s. “Batch processing” computers used punched
cards as an input interface, printers as an output
interface, and magnetic tape reels for data storage.
The first general purpose computer in the
form of an automatic sequence-controlled calculator
was developed jointly by Harvard University and IBM
Corporation.
• 1951. Remington Rand Corporation built the first
mass-produced electronic computer (UNIVAC).
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 13
History of Datacom
• 1960s. Batch-processing systems were replaced
by on-line processing systems with terminals
connected directly to the computer through
serial or parallel communication lines.
• 1968. The landmark US Supreme Court
Carterfone decision allowed non-Bell (non AT&T)
equipment to be connected to the vast AT&T
network.
• 1969. The internet began to evolve at the
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
through the ARPANET.
• 1970s. Microprocessor-controlled
microcomputers were developed.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 14
History of Datacom
• 1980s. Personal computers became an essential
item in the home and the workplace. Since
then, the need to exchange digital information,
and consequently, the need for data
communication circuits, networks, and systems
increased exponentially.
• 1983. AT&T agreed in a court settlement to
divest itself of operating companies that provide
basic local telephone service to various
geographic regions of the US as a result of an
anti-trust suit filed by the federal government.
• Mid 1980s to 1995. The United Stated National
Science Foundation (NSF) funded a high-speed
backbone calles the NSFNET.ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 15
History of Datacom
• 1989. Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau build
the prototype system which became the World
Wide Web at CERN.
• 1991. Anders Olsson transmits solitary waves
through an optical fiber with a data rate of 32
billion bits per second.
• 1992. Neil Papworth sends the first SMS (or text
message).
Internet2 organization is created.
• 1994. Internet radio broadcasting is born.
• 1999. 45% of Australians have a mobile phone.
Sirius satellite radio is introduced.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 16
History of Datacom
• 2001. First digital cinema transmission by
satellite in Europe of a feature film by Bernard
Pauchon and Philippe Binant is undertaken.
• 2003. Apple launches the iTunes Music Store and
sells one million songs in its first week.
MySpace is launched.
• 2004. What would become the largest social
networking site in the world, Facebook is
launched.
• 2005. YouTube, the video sharing site is
launched.
• 2006. Twitter, microblogging is introduced.ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 17
History of Datacom
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 18
Source: http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet
• Internet Timeline
Module 2
Datacom Network, Architecture,
Protocols, and Standards
Chapter 21
Electronic Communications Sytems , Fifth Editon
By: Wayne Tomasi
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 19
Prepared by: Engr. Jeffrey Des B. Binwag
Datacom Network, Architecture,
Protocols, and Standards
• Network Architecture. A system that outlines
the products and services necessary for the
individual components within a data
communications network to operate together.
It is a set of equipment, transmission media,
and procedures that ensures that a specific
sequence of events occurs in a network in the
proper order to produce the intended results.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 20
Datacom Network, Architecture,
Protocols, and Standards
• Data Communications Protocol. Sets of rules
governing the orderly exchange of data within
the network or a portion of the network.
• Protocol Stack. The list of protocols used by a
system which normally includes one protocol
per layer.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 21
Datacom Network, Architecture,
Protocols, and Standards
• Network Protocol Clasification.
– Current. Most modern and sophisticated
– Legacy. Old but still useful
– Legendary. Old and no longer in use
• Computer Network General Classification.
– Broadcast. Involves all stations in the network
sharing the communications channel.
– Point to point. Involves only two stations at a time.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 22
Datacom Network, Architecture,
Protocols, and Standards
• Connection-Oriented Protocol.
– Requires a handshake prior to transmission
– Generally requires acknowledgement procedures
– Often provides an error control mechanism
– Connection is dropped by a specific handshake
when it is no longer needed
*Handshake. A connection procedure that ensures the
integrity of the connection between stations in a
network prior to the exchange of data between them.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 23
Datacom Network, Architecture,
Protocols, and Standards
• Connectionless Protocol.
–Does not require a handshake prior to
transmission
–Does not support error control or
acknowledgment procedures
–Is more efficient because the data being
transmitted do not justify the extra overhead
required by connection-oriented protocols
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 24
Datacom Network, Architecture,
Protocols, and Standards
• Standard. An object or procedure considered by
an authority or by general consent as a basis of
comparison.
• Data Communications Standards. Guidelines
that have been generally accepted by the data
communications industry. They outline procedures
and equipment configurations that help ensure an
orderly transfer of information between two or
more data communication equipment of networks.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 25
Datacom Network, Architecture,
Protocols, and Standards
• Classification of Standards.
–Proprietary Standards. Closed system
standards generally manufactured or controlled
by one company.
–Open System Standards. Guidelines that can be
used by any company to produce compatible
equipment or software after a royalty has been
paid to the original company.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 26
Standards Organizations for Data
Communications
• ISO. International Standards Organization
• ITU-T. International Telecommunications Union-
Telecommunications Sector
• CCITT. Comité Consultatif Internationale de Télégraphie
et Téléphonie
• IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• ANSI. American National Standards Institute
• EIA. Electronics Industry Association
• TIA. Telecommunications Industry Association
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 27
Standards Organizations for Data
Communications
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 28
ISO
ITU-T IEEE ANSI
EIA TIA
Standards Organizations for Data
Communications
• ITU-T Study Groups:
– Network and Service Operation
– Tariff and Accounting Principles
– Telecommunications Management Network and Network Interface
– Protection Against Electromagnetic Environment Effects
– Outside Plant
– Data Networks and Open Systems Communications
– Characteristics of Telematic Systems
– Television and Sound Transmission
– Language and General Software Aspects of Telecommunication Systems
– Signaling Requirements and Protocols
– End-to-end Transmission Performance of Networks and Terminals
– General Network Aspects
– Transport Networks, Systems, and Equipment
– Multimedia Services and Systems
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 29
Standards Organizations for Data
Communications
• IAB. Internet Architecture Board
– Oversees Internet architecture protocols and procedures.
– Manages processes used to create Internet standards and serves as an
appeal board for complaints on the proper of execution of such
processes.
– Administers various Internet assigned numbers.
– Represents Internet Society interests in liaison relationships with other
organizations.
– Source of advice for guidance to the Internet Society concerning
technical, architectural, procedural, and policy matters concerning the
Internet and its enabling technologies.
• IETF. Internet Engineering Task Force
• IRTF. Internet Research Task Force
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 30
Standards Organizations for Data
Communications
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 31
IAB
IETF IRTF
Layered Network Architecture
• The layering of network responsibilities allows each layer to
add value to services provided by sets of lower layers.
• Layered architecture facililitates peer-to-peer network
protocols.
• Layered architecture allows different computers to
communicate at different levels.
• When technological advances occur, it is easier to modify
one layer’s protocol without having to modify all the other
layers.
• The disadvantage of layered architecture is the tremendous
amount of overhead required.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 32
Layered Network Architecture
• Protocol Data Unit (PDU). A unit of data used to facilitate
seamless exchange of information between layers of the
protocol stack. Consists of a header and/or trailer
appended to the data as it passes through a layer.
• Encapsulation. The process of adding a protocol data unit
as the data frame passes from an upper layer to the layer
immediately below it. (Downward direction)
• Decapsulation. The process of removing a protocol data
unit as the data frame passes from a lower to the layer
immediately above it. (Upward direction)
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 33
Popular Layered Protocols
• OSI (Open Systems Interconnection). A seven layer
protocol developed and adopted by the ISO and the ITU-T
in 1983.
• TCP-IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
A three or four layer protocol developed by the
Department of Defense of the United States before the
inception of the OSI model.
• CISCO THREE-LAYER MODEL. A Three-layer logical hierarchy
developed by CISCO that specifies where things belong,
how they fit together, and what functions go where.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 34
Open Systems Interconnection
 User networking applications and interfacing to
the network
 Encoding language used in transmission
 Job management tracking
 Data tracking as it moves through a network
 Network addressing and packet transmission on
the network
 Frame formatting for transmitting data across a
physical communications link
 Transmission method used to propagate bits
through a network
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 35
LAYERS FUNCTIONS
Open Systems Interconnection
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 36
TCP/IP
Open Systems Interconnection
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 37
OSI and its Protocol Data Units
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 38
TCP-IP Protocol Layers
• Network Access Layer. Provides a means of
physically delivering data packets using frames or
cells.
• Host-to-host Layer. Services the process and
Internet layers to handle the reliability and session
aspects of data transmission.
• Internet Layer. Contains information that pertains
to how data can be routed through the network.
• Process Layer. Provides applications support.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 39
CISCO Protocol Layers
• Core Layer. Top layer responsible for transporting large
amounts of data traffic reliably and quickly. Primarily tasked
to switch traffic as quickly as possible.
• Distribution Layer/Workgroup Layer. The communication
point between the access and the core layers that provides
routing, filtering, WAN access, and control on the number
of data packets allowed to access the core layer.
• Access Layer/Desktop Layer. Responsible for access
control, segmentation (creation of collision domains), and
workgroup connectivity to the distribution layer.
ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 40

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Datacom module 1: Introduction to Data Communications

  • 1. ECE 521F Data Communications ECE 521F (Data Communications) ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 1 Prepared by: Engr. Jeffrey Des B. Binwag
  • 2. Course Outline • PRELIMINARY PERIOD – Introduction to Data Communications – Data Communications Circuits – Serial and Parallel Data Transmissions – Overview of Networking Issues, Network Architectures, and Protocol Architectures – The Open Systems Interconnection – QUIZ 1 – Data Communications Codes – Error Control Codes – Data Terminal Equipment, Framing, and Synchronization – Serial Interfaces – Data Communications Equipment – QUIZ 2 ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 2
  • 3. Course Outline • MIDTERM PERIOD – Introduction to Data Link Protocols – Data Link Protocols • Character-Oriented Protocols • Bit-Oriented Protocols • Asynchronous Data Link Protocols • Synchronous Data Link Protocols • SDLC and HDLC – QUIZ 3 – Introduction to Switched Circuits – Circuit Switching and Packet Switching – Local Area Networks, Applications, and Architectures • Ethernet • Ring • Token Ring • FDDI – QUIZ 4 ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 3
  • 4. Course Outline • FINAL PERIOD – Local Area Networks and Interconnections • Repeaters • Bridges and Switches • Routers and Gateways – QUIZ 5 – The Internet • Overview of the Internet • The Internet Protocol • Domain Name Systems • Internet Protocol Over Internet – QUIZ 6 ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 4
  • 5. Course Requirements • Quizzes • Groupworks • Homeworks • Exams • 60% Class Standing Scores – Quizzes, Groupworks, Homeworks • 40% Exam Score • Term Grade= 50 + 30(CS)/TCS+20(Exam)/Exam Total • FG=(PG+MG+TFG)/3 ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 5 Grading System
  • 6. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 6 21 3 4 cm 3 cm 2 cm 2 cm 3 cm 2 cm Page Format (for homeworks/ seatworks) • Computer printout • Margins in red ink • Text in black ink • Section 1 contains the • Subject • Schedule • Room • Section 2 contains the names of group members in two columns • Section 3 remains blank for scores/remarks • Font is Arial, 12 pt. • CONTENTS • Homework Title/ Coverage • Answers to Questions/ Solutions to Problems • Essential Learning Insights
  • 7. Module 1 Introduction to Data Communications Chapter 21 Electronic Communications Sytems , Fifth Editon By: Wayne Tomasi ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 7 Prepared by: Engr. Jeffrey Des B. Binwag
  • 8. Introduction • Data Communications. The transmission, reception, and processing of digital information. • Data. Information that is stored in digital form. Information that has been, processed, organized and stored. • Data Communications Network. Systems of interrelated computers and computer equipment connected through the public telephone network or similar network infrastructure. Any system of computers, computer terminals, or computer peripheral equipment to transmit and/or receive information between two or more locations. • Network. A set of devices, nodes, or stations interconnected by media links. • Internet. A public data communications network used by millions of people worldwide to exhange business and personal information. • Intranet. Private data communications networks used by many companies to exchange information among employees and resources. • Worl Wide Web (WWW). A server-based application that allows subscribers to access the services offered by the Web. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 8
  • 9. Data Communication Network Example: Public Switched Data Networks (PSDN) ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 9
  • 10. History of Datacom • 1753. One of the earliest means of communicating electrically coded information through a 26 wire system. • 1833. Carl Friedrich Gauss developed a system based on a 5x5 matrix representing 25 letters. • 1832. The telegraph (the first data communication system) was invented by Samuel F.B. Morse. • 1840. The American patent for the telegraph was granted. • 1844. The first telegraph line was established between Baltimore and Washington D.C. conveying the first telegraph message “What hath God wrought!” ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 10
  • 11. History of Datacom • 1849. The first slow-speed telegraph printer was invented. • 1850. Western Union Telegraph Company was formed in Rochester, New York, for the purpose of carrying coded messages from person to another. • 1860. “High-speed” printers (15 bps) became available. • 1874. Emile Baudot invented the a telegraph multiplexer that allowed signals from up to six different telegraph machines to be transmitted simultaneously over a single wire. • 1875. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 11
  • 12. History of Datacom • 1899. Guglielmo Marconi succeeded in sending radio (wireless) telegraph messages. • 1920. The first commercial radio stations carrying voice information were installed. • 1930s. Konrad Zuis, a German engineer, demonstated a computing machine. • 1940. Bell Laboratories developed the first special purpose computer using electromechanical relays for performing logical operations. • 1946. The first modern-day computer (ENIAC) was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchley at the University of Pennsylvania. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 12
  • 13. History of Datacom • 1949. The U.S. National Bureau of Standards developed the first all-electronic diode based computed capable of executing stored-programs. • 1950s. “Batch processing” computers used punched cards as an input interface, printers as an output interface, and magnetic tape reels for data storage. The first general purpose computer in the form of an automatic sequence-controlled calculator was developed jointly by Harvard University and IBM Corporation. • 1951. Remington Rand Corporation built the first mass-produced electronic computer (UNIVAC). ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 13
  • 14. History of Datacom • 1960s. Batch-processing systems were replaced by on-line processing systems with terminals connected directly to the computer through serial or parallel communication lines. • 1968. The landmark US Supreme Court Carterfone decision allowed non-Bell (non AT&T) equipment to be connected to the vast AT&T network. • 1969. The internet began to evolve at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) through the ARPANET. • 1970s. Microprocessor-controlled microcomputers were developed. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 14
  • 15. History of Datacom • 1980s. Personal computers became an essential item in the home and the workplace. Since then, the need to exchange digital information, and consequently, the need for data communication circuits, networks, and systems increased exponentially. • 1983. AT&T agreed in a court settlement to divest itself of operating companies that provide basic local telephone service to various geographic regions of the US as a result of an anti-trust suit filed by the federal government. • Mid 1980s to 1995. The United Stated National Science Foundation (NSF) funded a high-speed backbone calles the NSFNET.ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 15
  • 16. History of Datacom • 1989. Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau build the prototype system which became the World Wide Web at CERN. • 1991. Anders Olsson transmits solitary waves through an optical fiber with a data rate of 32 billion bits per second. • 1992. Neil Papworth sends the first SMS (or text message). Internet2 organization is created. • 1994. Internet radio broadcasting is born. • 1999. 45% of Australians have a mobile phone. Sirius satellite radio is introduced. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 16
  • 17. History of Datacom • 2001. First digital cinema transmission by satellite in Europe of a feature film by Bernard Pauchon and Philippe Binant is undertaken. • 2003. Apple launches the iTunes Music Store and sells one million songs in its first week. MySpace is launched. • 2004. What would become the largest social networking site in the world, Facebook is launched. • 2005. YouTube, the video sharing site is launched. • 2006. Twitter, microblogging is introduced.ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 17
  • 18. History of Datacom ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 18 Source: http://www.internetsociety.org/internet/what-internet/history-internet/brief-history-internet • Internet Timeline
  • 19. Module 2 Datacom Network, Architecture, Protocols, and Standards Chapter 21 Electronic Communications Sytems , Fifth Editon By: Wayne Tomasi ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 19 Prepared by: Engr. Jeffrey Des B. Binwag
  • 20. Datacom Network, Architecture, Protocols, and Standards • Network Architecture. A system that outlines the products and services necessary for the individual components within a data communications network to operate together. It is a set of equipment, transmission media, and procedures that ensures that a specific sequence of events occurs in a network in the proper order to produce the intended results. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 20
  • 21. Datacom Network, Architecture, Protocols, and Standards • Data Communications Protocol. Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of data within the network or a portion of the network. • Protocol Stack. The list of protocols used by a system which normally includes one protocol per layer. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 21
  • 22. Datacom Network, Architecture, Protocols, and Standards • Network Protocol Clasification. – Current. Most modern and sophisticated – Legacy. Old but still useful – Legendary. Old and no longer in use • Computer Network General Classification. – Broadcast. Involves all stations in the network sharing the communications channel. – Point to point. Involves only two stations at a time. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 22
  • 23. Datacom Network, Architecture, Protocols, and Standards • Connection-Oriented Protocol. – Requires a handshake prior to transmission – Generally requires acknowledgement procedures – Often provides an error control mechanism – Connection is dropped by a specific handshake when it is no longer needed *Handshake. A connection procedure that ensures the integrity of the connection between stations in a network prior to the exchange of data between them. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 23
  • 24. Datacom Network, Architecture, Protocols, and Standards • Connectionless Protocol. –Does not require a handshake prior to transmission –Does not support error control or acknowledgment procedures –Is more efficient because the data being transmitted do not justify the extra overhead required by connection-oriented protocols ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 24
  • 25. Datacom Network, Architecture, Protocols, and Standards • Standard. An object or procedure considered by an authority or by general consent as a basis of comparison. • Data Communications Standards. Guidelines that have been generally accepted by the data communications industry. They outline procedures and equipment configurations that help ensure an orderly transfer of information between two or more data communication equipment of networks. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 25
  • 26. Datacom Network, Architecture, Protocols, and Standards • Classification of Standards. –Proprietary Standards. Closed system standards generally manufactured or controlled by one company. –Open System Standards. Guidelines that can be used by any company to produce compatible equipment or software after a royalty has been paid to the original company. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 26
  • 27. Standards Organizations for Data Communications • ISO. International Standards Organization • ITU-T. International Telecommunications Union- Telecommunications Sector • CCITT. Comité Consultatif Internationale de Télégraphie et Téléphonie • IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers • ANSI. American National Standards Institute • EIA. Electronics Industry Association • TIA. Telecommunications Industry Association ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 27
  • 28. Standards Organizations for Data Communications ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 28 ISO ITU-T IEEE ANSI EIA TIA
  • 29. Standards Organizations for Data Communications • ITU-T Study Groups: – Network and Service Operation – Tariff and Accounting Principles – Telecommunications Management Network and Network Interface – Protection Against Electromagnetic Environment Effects – Outside Plant – Data Networks and Open Systems Communications – Characteristics of Telematic Systems – Television and Sound Transmission – Language and General Software Aspects of Telecommunication Systems – Signaling Requirements and Protocols – End-to-end Transmission Performance of Networks and Terminals – General Network Aspects – Transport Networks, Systems, and Equipment – Multimedia Services and Systems ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 29
  • 30. Standards Organizations for Data Communications • IAB. Internet Architecture Board – Oversees Internet architecture protocols and procedures. – Manages processes used to create Internet standards and serves as an appeal board for complaints on the proper of execution of such processes. – Administers various Internet assigned numbers. – Represents Internet Society interests in liaison relationships with other organizations. – Source of advice for guidance to the Internet Society concerning technical, architectural, procedural, and policy matters concerning the Internet and its enabling technologies. • IETF. Internet Engineering Task Force • IRTF. Internet Research Task Force ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 30
  • 31. Standards Organizations for Data Communications ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 31 IAB IETF IRTF
  • 32. Layered Network Architecture • The layering of network responsibilities allows each layer to add value to services provided by sets of lower layers. • Layered architecture facililitates peer-to-peer network protocols. • Layered architecture allows different computers to communicate at different levels. • When technological advances occur, it is easier to modify one layer’s protocol without having to modify all the other layers. • The disadvantage of layered architecture is the tremendous amount of overhead required. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 32
  • 33. Layered Network Architecture • Protocol Data Unit (PDU). A unit of data used to facilitate seamless exchange of information between layers of the protocol stack. Consists of a header and/or trailer appended to the data as it passes through a layer. • Encapsulation. The process of adding a protocol data unit as the data frame passes from an upper layer to the layer immediately below it. (Downward direction) • Decapsulation. The process of removing a protocol data unit as the data frame passes from a lower to the layer immediately above it. (Upward direction) ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 33
  • 34. Popular Layered Protocols • OSI (Open Systems Interconnection). A seven layer protocol developed and adopted by the ISO and the ITU-T in 1983. • TCP-IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). A three or four layer protocol developed by the Department of Defense of the United States before the inception of the OSI model. • CISCO THREE-LAYER MODEL. A Three-layer logical hierarchy developed by CISCO that specifies where things belong, how they fit together, and what functions go where. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 34
  • 35. Open Systems Interconnection  User networking applications and interfacing to the network  Encoding language used in transmission  Job management tracking  Data tracking as it moves through a network  Network addressing and packet transmission on the network  Frame formatting for transmitting data across a physical communications link  Transmission method used to propagate bits through a network ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 35 LAYERS FUNCTIONS
  • 36. Open Systems Interconnection ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 36 TCP/IP
  • 37. Open Systems Interconnection ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 37
  • 38. OSI and its Protocol Data Units ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 38
  • 39. TCP-IP Protocol Layers • Network Access Layer. Provides a means of physically delivering data packets using frames or cells. • Host-to-host Layer. Services the process and Internet layers to handle the reliability and session aspects of data transmission. • Internet Layer. Contains information that pertains to how data can be routed through the network. • Process Layer. Provides applications support. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 39
  • 40. CISCO Protocol Layers • Core Layer. Top layer responsible for transporting large amounts of data traffic reliably and quickly. Primarily tasked to switch traffic as quickly as possible. • Distribution Layer/Workgroup Layer. The communication point between the access and the core layers that provides routing, filtering, WAN access, and control on the number of data packets allowed to access the core layer. • Access Layer/Desktop Layer. Responsible for access control, segmentation (creation of collision domains), and workgroup connectivity to the distribution layer. ECE @Saint Louis University, Baguio City 40