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Non -Verbal Communication
- Seema Murugan
Non -Verbal Communication : AN OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• IMPORTANCE
• TYPES OF NON - VERBAL MESSAGES
• BODY LANGUAGE
• INTERPRETING BODY LANGUAGE
• ARTIFACTUAL COMMUNICATION AND COLOR
• SPACE AND DISTANCE / PROXEMICS
• GENDER , DIVERSITY AND TECHNOLOGY
• TIPS TO IMPROVE N-V COMMUNICATION
• VIEW NEXT PPT. ON BODY SPORT

SM / HSS / IIT-KGP

2
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION :
INTRODUCTION ( 1 of 4 )

♦ Non -Verbal Communication is the message or

response not expressed or sent in words - hints ,
suggestions , indications.
♦ Actions speak louder than words.
♦ “What you are speaks so loudly that I cannot hear
what you say” - Ralph Waldo Emerson
♦ There is a distinction between the meanings we
‘give’ in words and the meanings we ‘give – off ’
in NV signals.

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NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION :
INTRODUCTION ( 2 of 4 )

♦ Non - Verbal signals are unconscious parts

of our behavior which is a deeply rooted
part in our entire makeup.
♦ In fact, it is the most basic part of our
personality.
♦ Behavior has no opposite, i.e. there is no
such thing as non-behavior.

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4
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION :
INTRODUCTION ( 3 of 4 )

Christopher Turk puts it very simply :
“… one cannot not behave. Now, if it is accepted
that all behavior in an interactional situation has
message value, i.e., is communication, it follows
that no matter how one may try, one cannot not
communicate. Activity or inactivity, words or
silence, all have message value: they influence
others and these others, in turn, cannot not respond
to these communications.”

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NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION :
INTRODUCTION ( 4 of 4 )

♦ NVC is the unspoken communication that

goes on in every Face-to-Face encounter
with another human being.
♦ It is recognized as the route to discover
what the other side wants, without them
ever saying it, like a secret way into their
soul.
♦ NVC stands for the innermost, instinctual
form of human communication.
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6
IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION

♦ Communication researcher Mehrabian found that

only 7% of a message’s effect are carried by
words ; listeners receive the other 93% through
non - verbal means.
♦ Birdwhistell suggested that spoken words account
for not more than 30-35% of all our social
interactions.
♦ Over 65 percent of the social meaning of the
messages we send to others are communicated
non-verbally.

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TYPES OF NON-VERBAL MESSAGES

A. Body Language or Kinesics
B. Clothing or Artifactual Communication
C. Voice or Paralanguage
D. Space and Distance, or Proxemic factors
E. Color
F. Time, or Chronemics ; and
G. Touch, or Haptics

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A. Body Language
“The bodily gestures, postures, and facial
expressions by which a person
communicates nonverbally with others”
- (Soukhanov 1992:211).
KINESICS :
♦ POSTURE
♦ GESTURE
♦ FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
♦ GAZE / EYE CONTACT
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A. Body Language
“ Body language and kinesics are based on
the behavioral patterns of nonverbal
communication, but kinesics is still so new
as a science that its authorities can be
counted on the fingers of one hand "
- (Fast 1970:9).

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A. Basic Types of Body Language postures
1.OPEN / CLOSED

2.FORWARD/ BACK

People with arms folded
and legs crossed and
bodies turned away are
signaling that they are
rejecting messages. People
showing open hands, fully
facing you and both feet
planted on the ground are
accepting them.

When people are leaning
forward and pointing
towards you they are
actively accepting or
rejecting the message.
When they are leaning
back, looking up at the
ceiling, doodling on a pad,
cleaning their glasses they
are either passively
absorbing or ignoring it.

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11
A. Body Language

?

1. Facial expression(s)
2. Eyes
3. Lips
4. Arms
5. Hands
6. Fingers

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A1.1 The Face
♦ The face is an important source of

information.
♦ Since the face cannot be easily hidden,
it is an important source of nonverbal
information and communicates a
variety of emotions.
♦ In addition, eye contact, pupil size, and
the smile provide additional cues to
informed observers.

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A1.1. Facial Expression(s)

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A1.2. Facial Expression(s)
Forehead

Wrinkles

Anger

Eyebrows

Outer edges
up

Anger

Nose

Upward

Contempt

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A1.3. Facial Expression(s)
♦ What is the

impression you wish
to convey?
♦ Do you smile at
others?
♦ Always smiling,
never smile,
sometimes.
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A2. Eyes
Centered

Focused

Gazing Up

Thinking

Gazing Down

Shame

Gaze on the Side

Guilty

Wandering

Disinterested, Bored

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A3. Lips
Parted

Relaxed, Happy

Together

Possibly Concerned

Wide Open

Very Happy / Very
Angry

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A4. Arms
Arms Crossed

Angry, Disapproving

Open

Honest, Accepting

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A5. Hands
On Top of the Head

Amazement

Scratching Head

Puzzled , Confused

Rubbing Eyes

Tired

Rubbing Chin
folded

Thinking,
Timid, Shy

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A6. Fingers
Fingers Interlocked

Tense

Pointing at you

Angry

OK Signal

Fine

V Sign

Peace

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Interpreting Body Language

From -Mind your Manners
John Mole

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1.1. Responsive
♦ ENGAGED leaning

forward
♦ Open Body
♦ Open Arms
♦ Open Hands

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1.2. Responsive
♦ EAGER (sprint

position)
♦ Open Legs
♦ Feet under Chair
♦ On Toes
♦ Leaning Forward

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1.3. Responsive
♦ READY TO AGREE

closes papers
♦ Pen Down
♦ Hands Flat on Table

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2.1. Reflective
♦ LISTENING with

head tilted
♦ Lots of Eye Contact
♦ Nodding
♦ High Blink Rate

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26
2.2. Reflective
♦ EVALUATING :

sucking glasses /
pencil
♦ Stroking Chin
♦ Looking Up and Right
♦ Legs crossed in 4 pos.
♦ Ankle on Knee

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27
2.3. Reflective
♦ ATTENTIVE

(standing)
♦ Arms behind Back
♦ Smile
♦ Open Feet

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28
3.1. Fugitive
♦ BORED staring into

space
♦ Slumped Posture
♦ Doodling
♦ Foot Tapping

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29
3.2. Fugitive
♦ LET ME GO feet

towards door
♦ Looking Around
♦ Buttoning Jacket

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3.3. Fugitive
♦ REJECTION

sitting/moving back
♦ Arms Folded
♦ Legs Crossed in 11
pos.
♦ Thigh on Knee
♦ Head Down
♦ Frown

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31
4.1. Combative
♦ LET ME SPEAK

finger tapping
♦ Foot Tapping
♦ Staring

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32
4.2. Combative
♦ AGGRESSIVE

leaning forwards
♦ Finger Pointing
♦ Fists Clenched

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33
4.3. Combative
♦ DEFIANT (standing)
♦ Hands on Hips
♦ Frown

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34
B. Artifactual Communication and Color
♦ Artifactual communication, is an

integral part of the nonverbal package.
♦ It includes the use of personal
adornments such as clothing, jewellery,
makeup, hairstyles, and beards.
♦ People are apt to make inferences
about us based on the way we dress.

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35
D. Space and Distance, or Proxemic factors
♦ Proxemic cues, including the treatment of

space and territory influence interaction
and help define the communication
experience.
♦ Edward Hall says there are four different
distances that we keep between
ourselves and other people:
intimate distance-0 to 18 inches;
personal distance-18 inches to 4 feet;
social distance-4 to 12 feet; and
public distance-12 feet to the limit of
sight.

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36
D. Space and Distance, or Proxemic factors
♦ Researchers divide environmental spaces

into three categories:informal, semifixedfeature, and fixed-feature based on the
perceived permanence of the physical
space.
♦ Territoriality is an important concept in
communication : typically, human beings
stake out space or territory.
♦ Territoriality describes the need to
demonstrate a possessive or ownership
relationship to space. Markers are used to
reserve space and set boundaries that
help identify the space as belonging to
someone.
SM / HSS / IIT-KGP

37
Gender, Diversity, and Technology
•The use of nonverbal cues is affected by
variables such as gender, culture, and
technology.
•The ways men and women use nonverbal
cues reflects societal practices.
•To a large degree, people modify their use
of nonverbal cues depending on the culture
they belong to or identify with.
•Nonverbal communication is also affected
by whether communication is occurring onor off- line.

SM / HSS / IIT-KGP

38
Tips to improve Non-Verbal Communication
♦ Positive NV behavior improves your

non-verbal communication
effectiveness.
♦ You can improve your effectiveness as a
non-verbal communicator by observing
and analyzing both the physical
environment of interactions and the
body language, appearance, gestures,
vocal cues, eye contact, and touching
behavior of the participants.
♦ Inculcate positive Body Sport.
SM / HSS / IIT-KGP

39
References on Non -Verbal Communication

• Gamble and Gamble’s Communication
Works – TMH
• Turk’s Effective Speaking – Spon
Press/ Foundation Books
• The Internet

SM / HSS / IIT-KGP

40
Non -Verbal Communication

THANK YOU

SM / HSS / IIT-KGP

41

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53150225 non-verbal-communication

  • 2. Non -Verbal Communication : AN OVERVIEW • INTRODUCTION • IMPORTANCE • TYPES OF NON - VERBAL MESSAGES • BODY LANGUAGE • INTERPRETING BODY LANGUAGE • ARTIFACTUAL COMMUNICATION AND COLOR • SPACE AND DISTANCE / PROXEMICS • GENDER , DIVERSITY AND TECHNOLOGY • TIPS TO IMPROVE N-V COMMUNICATION • VIEW NEXT PPT. ON BODY SPORT SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 2
  • 3. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION : INTRODUCTION ( 1 of 4 ) ♦ Non -Verbal Communication is the message or response not expressed or sent in words - hints , suggestions , indications. ♦ Actions speak louder than words. ♦ “What you are speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say” - Ralph Waldo Emerson ♦ There is a distinction between the meanings we ‘give’ in words and the meanings we ‘give – off ’ in NV signals. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 3
  • 4. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION : INTRODUCTION ( 2 of 4 ) ♦ Non - Verbal signals are unconscious parts of our behavior which is a deeply rooted part in our entire makeup. ♦ In fact, it is the most basic part of our personality. ♦ Behavior has no opposite, i.e. there is no such thing as non-behavior. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 4
  • 5. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION : INTRODUCTION ( 3 of 4 ) Christopher Turk puts it very simply : “… one cannot not behave. Now, if it is accepted that all behavior in an interactional situation has message value, i.e., is communication, it follows that no matter how one may try, one cannot not communicate. Activity or inactivity, words or silence, all have message value: they influence others and these others, in turn, cannot not respond to these communications.” SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 5
  • 6. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION : INTRODUCTION ( 4 of 4 ) ♦ NVC is the unspoken communication that goes on in every Face-to-Face encounter with another human being. ♦ It is recognized as the route to discover what the other side wants, without them ever saying it, like a secret way into their soul. ♦ NVC stands for the innermost, instinctual form of human communication. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 6
  • 7. IMPORTANCE OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION ♦ Communication researcher Mehrabian found that only 7% of a message’s effect are carried by words ; listeners receive the other 93% through non - verbal means. ♦ Birdwhistell suggested that spoken words account for not more than 30-35% of all our social interactions. ♦ Over 65 percent of the social meaning of the messages we send to others are communicated non-verbally. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 7
  • 8. TYPES OF NON-VERBAL MESSAGES A. Body Language or Kinesics B. Clothing or Artifactual Communication C. Voice or Paralanguage D. Space and Distance, or Proxemic factors E. Color F. Time, or Chronemics ; and G. Touch, or Haptics SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 8
  • 9. A. Body Language “The bodily gestures, postures, and facial expressions by which a person communicates nonverbally with others” - (Soukhanov 1992:211). KINESICS : ♦ POSTURE ♦ GESTURE ♦ FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ♦ GAZE / EYE CONTACT SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 9
  • 10. A. Body Language “ Body language and kinesics are based on the behavioral patterns of nonverbal communication, but kinesics is still so new as a science that its authorities can be counted on the fingers of one hand " - (Fast 1970:9). SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 10
  • 11. A. Basic Types of Body Language postures 1.OPEN / CLOSED 2.FORWARD/ BACK People with arms folded and legs crossed and bodies turned away are signaling that they are rejecting messages. People showing open hands, fully facing you and both feet planted on the ground are accepting them. When people are leaning forward and pointing towards you they are actively accepting or rejecting the message. When they are leaning back, looking up at the ceiling, doodling on a pad, cleaning their glasses they are either passively absorbing or ignoring it. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 11
  • 12. A. Body Language ? 1. Facial expression(s) 2. Eyes 3. Lips 4. Arms 5. Hands 6. Fingers SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 12
  • 13. A1.1 The Face ♦ The face is an important source of information. ♦ Since the face cannot be easily hidden, it is an important source of nonverbal information and communicates a variety of emotions. ♦ In addition, eye contact, pupil size, and the smile provide additional cues to informed observers. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 13
  • 14. A1.1. Facial Expression(s) SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 14
  • 15. A1.2. Facial Expression(s) Forehead Wrinkles Anger Eyebrows Outer edges up Anger Nose Upward Contempt SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 15
  • 16. A1.3. Facial Expression(s) ♦ What is the impression you wish to convey? ♦ Do you smile at others? ♦ Always smiling, never smile, sometimes. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 16
  • 17. A2. Eyes Centered Focused Gazing Up Thinking Gazing Down Shame Gaze on the Side Guilty Wandering Disinterested, Bored SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 17
  • 18. A3. Lips Parted Relaxed, Happy Together Possibly Concerned Wide Open Very Happy / Very Angry SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 18
  • 19. A4. Arms Arms Crossed Angry, Disapproving Open Honest, Accepting SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 19
  • 20. A5. Hands On Top of the Head Amazement Scratching Head Puzzled , Confused Rubbing Eyes Tired Rubbing Chin folded Thinking, Timid, Shy SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 20
  • 21. A6. Fingers Fingers Interlocked Tense Pointing at you Angry OK Signal Fine V Sign Peace SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 21
  • 22. Interpreting Body Language From -Mind your Manners John Mole SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 22
  • 23. 1.1. Responsive ♦ ENGAGED leaning forward ♦ Open Body ♦ Open Arms ♦ Open Hands SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 23
  • 24. 1.2. Responsive ♦ EAGER (sprint position) ♦ Open Legs ♦ Feet under Chair ♦ On Toes ♦ Leaning Forward SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 24
  • 25. 1.3. Responsive ♦ READY TO AGREE closes papers ♦ Pen Down ♦ Hands Flat on Table SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 25
  • 26. 2.1. Reflective ♦ LISTENING with head tilted ♦ Lots of Eye Contact ♦ Nodding ♦ High Blink Rate SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 26
  • 27. 2.2. Reflective ♦ EVALUATING : sucking glasses / pencil ♦ Stroking Chin ♦ Looking Up and Right ♦ Legs crossed in 4 pos. ♦ Ankle on Knee SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 27
  • 28. 2.3. Reflective ♦ ATTENTIVE (standing) ♦ Arms behind Back ♦ Smile ♦ Open Feet SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 28
  • 29. 3.1. Fugitive ♦ BORED staring into space ♦ Slumped Posture ♦ Doodling ♦ Foot Tapping SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 29
  • 30. 3.2. Fugitive ♦ LET ME GO feet towards door ♦ Looking Around ♦ Buttoning Jacket SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 30
  • 31. 3.3. Fugitive ♦ REJECTION sitting/moving back ♦ Arms Folded ♦ Legs Crossed in 11 pos. ♦ Thigh on Knee ♦ Head Down ♦ Frown SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 31
  • 32. 4.1. Combative ♦ LET ME SPEAK finger tapping ♦ Foot Tapping ♦ Staring SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 32
  • 33. 4.2. Combative ♦ AGGRESSIVE leaning forwards ♦ Finger Pointing ♦ Fists Clenched SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 33
  • 34. 4.3. Combative ♦ DEFIANT (standing) ♦ Hands on Hips ♦ Frown SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 34
  • 35. B. Artifactual Communication and Color ♦ Artifactual communication, is an integral part of the nonverbal package. ♦ It includes the use of personal adornments such as clothing, jewellery, makeup, hairstyles, and beards. ♦ People are apt to make inferences about us based on the way we dress. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 35
  • 36. D. Space and Distance, or Proxemic factors ♦ Proxemic cues, including the treatment of space and territory influence interaction and help define the communication experience. ♦ Edward Hall says there are four different distances that we keep between ourselves and other people: intimate distance-0 to 18 inches; personal distance-18 inches to 4 feet; social distance-4 to 12 feet; and public distance-12 feet to the limit of sight. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 36
  • 37. D. Space and Distance, or Proxemic factors ♦ Researchers divide environmental spaces into three categories:informal, semifixedfeature, and fixed-feature based on the perceived permanence of the physical space. ♦ Territoriality is an important concept in communication : typically, human beings stake out space or territory. ♦ Territoriality describes the need to demonstrate a possessive or ownership relationship to space. Markers are used to reserve space and set boundaries that help identify the space as belonging to someone. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 37
  • 38. Gender, Diversity, and Technology •The use of nonverbal cues is affected by variables such as gender, culture, and technology. •The ways men and women use nonverbal cues reflects societal practices. •To a large degree, people modify their use of nonverbal cues depending on the culture they belong to or identify with. •Nonverbal communication is also affected by whether communication is occurring onor off- line. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 38
  • 39. Tips to improve Non-Verbal Communication ♦ Positive NV behavior improves your non-verbal communication effectiveness. ♦ You can improve your effectiveness as a non-verbal communicator by observing and analyzing both the physical environment of interactions and the body language, appearance, gestures, vocal cues, eye contact, and touching behavior of the participants. ♦ Inculcate positive Body Sport. SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 39
  • 40. References on Non -Verbal Communication • Gamble and Gamble’s Communication Works – TMH • Turk’s Effective Speaking – Spon Press/ Foundation Books • The Internet SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 40
  • 41. Non -Verbal Communication THANK YOU SM / HSS / IIT-KGP 41