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Interface-related micromechanics in TWIP steels
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, S. Zaefferer, D. Raabe
28. October 2009, MS&T, Pittsburgh
Acknowledgements:
SFB 761 “Steel ab initio”;
discussions with Marty Crimp and Tom Bieler
(Michigan State University)
see also: talk at 2 pm Thursday room 328, EBSD session
Overview
Dierk Raabe, MS&T, Pittsburgh, 28. Oct. 2009, MPIE
2
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
totalelongationtofracture[%]
ultimate tensile strength [MPa]
TRIP and
complex phase
martensitic
maraging
TRIP
dual phase
ferritic
Ductility-strength profile for sheet steels
austenitic
stainless
advanced
TWIP and
TRIP
www.mpie.de
www.mpie.de
www.mpie.de
3
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
totalelongationtofracture[%]
ultimate tensile strength [MPa]
TRIP and
complex phase
martensitic
maraging
TRIP
dual phase
ferritic
Ductility-strength profile for sheet steels
austenitic
stainless
advanced
TWIP and
TRIP
Characterization
Dierk Raabe, MS&T, Pittsburgh, 27. Oct. 2009, MPIE
5
Scaling issue in microscopy
?
TEM EBSD
EBSD orientation contrast
is not lattice defect contrast
Large scale mapping of lattice
defects
TEM information in SEM
Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging
Example: Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%), TWIP
6
EBSD
High spatial and
angular resolution
ECCI
1 nm
10 nm
100 nm
1000 nm
0.001º 0.01º 0.1º 1º
Spatial
resolution
Angular
resolution
Limited spatial and
angular resolution
Good spatial and
angular resolution
TEM
Overview characterization
Electron channeling contrast mechanism
Dislocation imaging
[A.J. Wilkinson, P.B. Hirsch, Micron 28 (1997) 279]
Requirement: Crystal at Bragg condition
Imaging under controlled diffraction conditions
8
Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) TWIP steel
High resolution EBSD ECCI
twins
Dislocation cells
Comparison EBSD-ECCI
Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging
9
SEM
10
SEM
TEM
11
ECCI / SEM
(-220)
Dislocation cells are clearly seen by ECCI
TEM-Bright Field
Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) TWIP steel
Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia et al. Scripta Mater. 61 (2009) 737-740
12
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
True stress
Hardening (MPa)
Hardening/Stress(MPa)
True strain
YS: 210 MPa
UTS: 1200 MPa
Ductility: 51%
strain rate: 2.5x10-4 s-1
tensile test, room temperature
10%
20%
40%
TA
twins
TA
step size: 50 nm
twins do not provide much
strain but the 2nd
hardening plateau
EBSD: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia et al. Scripta Mater. 61 (2009) 737-740
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
True stress
Hardening (MPa)
Hardening/Stress(MPa)
True strain
YS: 210 MPa
UTS: 1200 MPa
Ductility: 51%
strain rate: 2.5x10-4 s-1
2% 10% 25% 35%
2nd hardening stage:
2%<e< 10%
-Planar slip structures + wavy structures
-Few mechanical twins*
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia et al. Scripta Mater. 61 (2009) 737-740
2nd hardening stage:
2%<e< 10%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
True stress
Hardening (MPa)
Hardening/Stress(MPa)
True strain
YS: 210 MPa
UTS: 1200 MPa
Ductility: 51%
strain rate: 2.5x10-4 s-1
2% 10% 25% 35%
3rd hardening stage:
10%<e< 25%
-Wavy structures: dislocation cells
-Mechanical twins
-3 Types of grains
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
3rd hardening stage:
10%<e< 25%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
True stress
Hardening (MPa)
Hardening/Stress(MPa)
True strain
YS: 210 MPa
UTS: 1200 MPa
Ductility: 51%
strain rate: 2.5x10-4 s-1
2% 10% 25% 35%
5th hardening stage:
35%<e< 50%
-Wavy structures: dislocation cells
-Mechanical twins
-3 Types of grains
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
5th hardening stage:
35%<e< 50%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Type I
5th hardening stage:
35%<e< 50%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Type II
5th hardening stage:
35%<e< 50%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Type III
5th hardening stage:
35%<e< 50%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4
DDW+Cells
DDW+Cells+Twins
Type I
Type II
Type III
%
True strain
Type of grain
Interface statistics
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Most of the grains follow
the Schmid’s Law (3/4)
True strain: 40%
EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
True strain: 40%
Some of the grains follow
the Schmid’s Law
EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
True strain: 40%
1-2activated twinning
systems nucleated at
grain boundaries
No twins inside the grain (few degrees from [001])
EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Grains with “low” twinning activity:
-Short twins (less than 5 microns length)
-Few twins
EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Grains with “high” twinning activity:
-Long twins
-Thick bundles of twins
-High population of twins
These results suggest a
Sslip/Stwinning relationship
on twin growth
EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Type I
3rd hardening stage:
10%<e< 25%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Type II
3rd hardening stage:
10%<e< 25%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Type III
3rd hardening stage:
10%<e< 25%
ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%)
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
31
Fe22Mn0.6C TWIP steel
Mechanical twins
Dislocation cells
Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
Dierk Raabe, MS&T, Pittsburgh, 27. Oct. 2009, MPIE
Summary
34
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, S. Zaefferer, D. Raabe: Scripta Mater. 61 (2009) 737-740
Electron channeling contrast imaging of twins and dislocations in twinning-
induced plasticity steels under controlled diffraction conditions in a scanning
electron microscope
I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, S. Zaefferer, D. Raabe: Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010)
3552-3560
The effect of grain size and grain orientation on deformation twinning in a
Fe–22 wt.% Mn–0.6 wt.% C TWIP steel
References

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Dierk Raabe T W I P Steel 2009 M S T

  • 1. Interface-related micromechanics in TWIP steels I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, S. Zaefferer, D. Raabe 28. October 2009, MS&T, Pittsburgh Acknowledgements: SFB 761 “Steel ab initio”; discussions with Marty Crimp and Tom Bieler (Michigan State University) see also: talk at 2 pm Thursday room 328, EBSD session
  • 2. Overview Dierk Raabe, MS&T, Pittsburgh, 28. Oct. 2009, MPIE
  • 3. 2 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 totalelongationtofracture[%] ultimate tensile strength [MPa] TRIP and complex phase martensitic maraging TRIP dual phase ferritic Ductility-strength profile for sheet steels austenitic stainless advanced TWIP and TRIP www.mpie.de www.mpie.de www.mpie.de
  • 4. 3 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 totalelongationtofracture[%] ultimate tensile strength [MPa] TRIP and complex phase martensitic maraging TRIP dual phase ferritic Ductility-strength profile for sheet steels austenitic stainless advanced TWIP and TRIP
  • 5. Characterization Dierk Raabe, MS&T, Pittsburgh, 27. Oct. 2009, MPIE
  • 6. 5 Scaling issue in microscopy ? TEM EBSD EBSD orientation contrast is not lattice defect contrast Large scale mapping of lattice defects TEM information in SEM Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging Example: Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%), TWIP
  • 7. 6 EBSD High spatial and angular resolution ECCI 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1000 nm 0.001º 0.01º 0.1º 1º Spatial resolution Angular resolution Limited spatial and angular resolution Good spatial and angular resolution TEM Overview characterization
  • 8. Electron channeling contrast mechanism Dislocation imaging [A.J. Wilkinson, P.B. Hirsch, Micron 28 (1997) 279] Requirement: Crystal at Bragg condition Imaging under controlled diffraction conditions
  • 9. 8 Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) TWIP steel High resolution EBSD ECCI twins Dislocation cells Comparison EBSD-ECCI Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging
  • 10. 9 SEM
  • 12. 11 ECCI / SEM (-220) Dislocation cells are clearly seen by ECCI TEM-Bright Field Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) TWIP steel Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging I. Gutierrez-Urrutia et al. Scripta Mater. 61 (2009) 737-740
  • 13. 12 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 True stress Hardening (MPa) Hardening/Stress(MPa) True strain YS: 210 MPa UTS: 1200 MPa Ductility: 51% strain rate: 2.5x10-4 s-1 tensile test, room temperature 10% 20% 40% TA twins TA step size: 50 nm twins do not provide much strain but the 2nd hardening plateau EBSD: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia et al. Scripta Mater. 61 (2009) 737-740
  • 14. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 True stress Hardening (MPa) Hardening/Stress(MPa) True strain YS: 210 MPa UTS: 1200 MPa Ductility: 51% strain rate: 2.5x10-4 s-1 2% 10% 25% 35% 2nd hardening stage: 2%<e< 10% -Planar slip structures + wavy structures -Few mechanical twins* ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia et al. Scripta Mater. 61 (2009) 737-740
  • 15. 2nd hardening stage: 2%<e< 10% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 16. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 True stress Hardening (MPa) Hardening/Stress(MPa) True strain YS: 210 MPa UTS: 1200 MPa Ductility: 51% strain rate: 2.5x10-4 s-1 2% 10% 25% 35% 3rd hardening stage: 10%<e< 25% -Wavy structures: dislocation cells -Mechanical twins -3 Types of grains ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 17. 3rd hardening stage: 10%<e< 25% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 18. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 True stress Hardening (MPa) Hardening/Stress(MPa) True strain YS: 210 MPa UTS: 1200 MPa Ductility: 51% strain rate: 2.5x10-4 s-1 2% 10% 25% 35% 5th hardening stage: 35%<e< 50% -Wavy structures: dislocation cells -Mechanical twins -3 Types of grains ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 19. 5th hardening stage: 35%<e< 50% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 20. Type I 5th hardening stage: 35%<e< 50% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 21. Type II 5th hardening stage: 35%<e< 50% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 22. Type III 5th hardening stage: 35%<e< 50% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 23. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 DDW+Cells DDW+Cells+Twins Type I Type II Type III % True strain Type of grain Interface statistics I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 24. Most of the grains follow the Schmid’s Law (3/4) True strain: 40% EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 25. True strain: 40% Some of the grains follow the Schmid’s Law EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 26. True strain: 40% 1-2activated twinning systems nucleated at grain boundaries No twins inside the grain (few degrees from [001]) EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 27. Grains with “low” twinning activity: -Short twins (less than 5 microns length) -Few twins EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 28. Grains with “high” twinning activity: -Long twins -Thick bundles of twins -High population of twins These results suggest a Sslip/Stwinning relationship on twin growth EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 29. Type I 3rd hardening stage: 10%<e< 25% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 30. Type II 3rd hardening stage: 10%<e< 25% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 31. Type III 3rd hardening stage: 10%<e< 25% ECCI: Work hardening of TWIP steels, Fe-22Mn-0.6C (wt%) I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 32. 31 Fe22Mn0.6C TWIP steel Mechanical twins Dislocation cells Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 33. EBSD: Growth of deformation twins in TWIP steels I. Gutierrez-Urrutia, et al. Mater. Sc. Engin. A 527 (2010) 3552
  • 34. Dierk Raabe, MS&T, Pittsburgh, 27. Oct. 2009, MPIE Summary
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