1. Chapter 5
Intermediate Sanctions:
Between Probation and Incarceration
McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2013 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

2. Intermediate Sanctions
 New punishment options
developed to fill the gap between
traditional probation and traditional
jail or prison sentences and to
better match the severity of
punishment to the seriousness of
the crime.
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3. Where and When Intermediate
Sanctions Occur
 Front-end Programs: Punishment options for initial
sentences more restrictive than traditional probation but
less restrictive than jail or prison.
 Back-end Programs: Sanctions that move offenders
from higher levels of control to lower ones for the final
phase of their sentence.
 Trap-door/Side-door Programs : Emergency release
options for special docket offenders, generally used to
relieve prison overcrowding.
 Net-widening: Increasing the number of offenders
sentenced to a higher level of restriction. It results in
sentencing offenders to more restrictive sanctions than
their offenses and characteristics warrant.
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4. Net-widening
 Net-widening: Increasing the number of
offenders sentenced to a higher level of
restriction. It results in sentencing
offenders to more restrictive sanctions
than their offenses and characteristics
warrant. By applying an additional
sanction of, for example, community
service, many minor law violators may
have an undue burden added to their
punishment.
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5. Value Of Intermediate Sanctions
 Provide a means for offenders who are
not dangerous to repay their victims and
their communities
 Promote rehabilitation and reintegration of
the offender into the community
 These things can be done at relatively low
cost
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6. Continued
 The National Council on Crime and
Delinquency estimates that if only 80
percent of the nation’s incarcerated non-
serious, nonsexual offender population
were given intermediate sanctions, the
United States could save $9.7 billion.
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7. Average Annual Cost Of
Correctional Options
 Boot camp $32,119 per year per participant
 Prison $28,646 per year per participant
 Jail $27,237 per year per participant
 Halfway house $18,000 per year per participant
 Day reporting $10,585 per year per participant
 Intensive parole supervision 8,318 per year per participant
 Remote-location monitoring $5,400 per year per participant
 Drug court $4,333 per year per participant
 Parole $3,402 per year per participant
 Intensive probation supervision $3,274 per year per participant
 Community service $2,759 per year per participant
 Probation $1,278 per year per participant
 House arrest $402 per year per participant
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8. Types Of Intermediate Sanctions
 Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) -
Control of offenders in the community under
strict conditions, by means of frequent
reporting to a probation officer whose
caseload is generally limited to 30
offenders.
 Probably more than 254,000 people on ISP
currently
 Protect the community and deter the offender
breaking the law
 Thought to be more appropriate for high-risk
offenders 5-8

9. Types of Intermediate Sanctions -
Continued
 Drug Courts - A special court empowered to treat,
sanction, and reward drug offenders with punishment
more restrictive than regular probation but less
severe than incarceration.
 The nation’s first drug court was developed in Miami by
Judge Herbert M. Klein in 1989.
 Compared with other courts, drug courts are much less
punitive and more healing and restorative in nature.
 Three primary goals:
 Reduce recidivism
 Reduce substance abuse among participants
 Rehabilitate participants
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10. Drug Courts
 According to the National Association of Drug
Court Professionals, we need drug courts
because two-thirds of all adult arrestees and
over half of juvenile arrestees test positive for
illicit drugs at arrest. The national recidivism rate
for drug offenses is nearly 67 percent.
 The first estimate of recidivism among a
nationally representative sample of drug court
graduates found that after one-year 83.6 percent
had not been rearrested. After two years 72.5
percent had not been rearrested.
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11. Types of Intermediate Sanctions -
Continued
 Fines -Financial penalties used as a
criminal sanction
 One of the oldest forms of punishment
 Minor misdemeanors, traffic offenses, and
ordinance violations
 Day fine – a financial penalty scaled both to the
defendant’s ability to pay and the seriousness
of the crime
 Used heavily in Northern and Western Europe
 Little research on effectiveness in reducing recidivism
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12. Types Of Intermediate Sanctions -
Continued
 Community Service - A sentence to serve
a specified number of hours working in
unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax
supported agencies
 Began in 1966 in Alameda County, California
 Interchangeable with incarceration
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13. Types Of Intermediate Sanctions -
Continued
 Day Reporting Centers - A community
correctional center to which an offender
frequently reports to file a daily
schedule with a supervision officer,
showing how each hour will be spent
 First developed in Great Britain in
1972
 Hampden County (Springfield,
Massachusetts) Sheriff's Department
opened first DRC in U.S. in 1986
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14. Types Of Intermediate Sanctions -
Continued
 Remote-location monitoring -
Technologies, including GPS and EM that
probation and parole officers use to
monitor remotely the location of offenders
 In 1997, Florida was first state to use GPS to
monitor sex offenders
 Dr. Kathrine Johnson: “GPS technology allows
offenders to be monitored as closely, some
would say more closely, as they would be in
prison, at a substantial cost savings to the
public.”
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15. Types Of Intermediate Sanctions -
Continued
 Residential Community Centers - A
medium-security correctional setting that
resident offenders are permitted to leave
regularly—unaccompanied by staff—for
work, for educational or vocational
programs, or for treatment in the
community.
 Also referred to as halfway houses
 Estimates place more than 1,000 RCCs
involving 30,000 adult residents are in
operation
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16. Types Of Intermediate Sanctions -
Continued
 Boot Camps - A short institutional term of
confinement that includes a physical
regimen designed to develop self-discipline,
respect for authority, responsibility, and a
sense of accomplishment.
 First adult programs opened in Oklahoma and
Georgia
 Target young first-time offenders who have been
convicted of nonviolent crimes
 Use of correctional boot camps is on the decline
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17. Community Corrections
 A philosophy of correctional treatment that
embraces
 decentralization of authority from state to local
levels
 citizen participation in program planning,
design, implementation, and evaluation
 redefinition of the population of offenders for
whom incarceration is most appropriate
 emphasis on rehabilitation through community
programs
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18. Community Corrections
 Community corrections recognizes the
importance of partnership with the
community in responding to crime.
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19. Community Corrections Acts
 1. 36 states have passed community
corrections acts.
 2. State laws that give economic grants to local
communities to establish community corrections
goals and policies and to develop and operate
community corrections programs.
 3. The most common goal is to expand choices
of sanctions for individuals.
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