What Is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
1) When a pregnant person drinks alcohol, some of that alcohol easily passes across the placenta to the fetus.
2) People with this condition may have problems with their vision, hearing, memory, attention span, and abilities to learn and communicate.
3) You can prevent fetal alcohol syndrome by avoiding alcohol during pregnancy.
3. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTURM DISORDERS
FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTRUM DISORDERS (FASDS)
are a group of conditions that can occur in a person
whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.
FASD is the umbrella term for a range of disorders.
These disorders can be mild or severe and can
cause physical and mental birth defects.
6. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
FETAL ALCOHOL SPECTURM DISORDERS
ALCOHOL-RELATED BIRTH DEFECTS (ARBD):
People with ARBD might have problems with the heart, kidneys, or
bones or with hearing. They might have a mix of these.
ALCOHOL-RELATED NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER (ARND):
People with ARND might have intellectual disabilities and
problems with behavior and learning. They might do poorly in
school and have difficulties with math, memory, attention,
judgment, and poor impulse control.
8. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS)
FAS can be defined as non-genetic congenital disease,
abnormality or condition.
FAS represents the severe end of the FASD.
Fetal death is the most extreme outcome from drinking alcohol
during pregnancy.
People with FAS might have abnormal facial features, growth
problems, and central nervous system (CNS) problems.
People with FAS can have problems with learning, memory,
attention span, communication, vision, or hearing.
This is one of the major causes for mental retardation.
10. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Estimated 1-2 cases per 1000 live births in the United States
Ranges from 1 in 1000 to less than 1 in 10,000 live births
internationally
Occurs in all race and ethnicity
12. Mothers who drink alcohol expose fetus
to alcohol in utero.
Alcohol in a pregnant woman's
bloodstream circulates to the fetus by
crossing the placenta.
The alcohol inhibits intrauterine growth
and postnatal development.
There, the alcohol crosses the blood-
brain barrier and interferes with the
ability of the fetus to receive sufficient
oxygen and nourishment for normal cell
development in the brain, heart and
other body organs.
13. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
PREGNANCY TRIMESTERS
ALCOHOL EXPOSURE DURING THE PREGNANCY TRIMESTERS
First: During the first trimester, alcohol interferes with the migration and
organization of brain cells and the formation of the CNS.
Second: Heavy drinking during the second trimester, particularly from the
10th to 20th week after conception, seems to cause more clinical features
of FAS than at other times during pregnancy.
Third: During the third trimester, the hippocampus is greatly affected,
which leads to problems with encoding visual and auditory information
(reading and math) and the inability to form or retain new memories.
14.
15.
16. MIDLINE STRUCTURES OF THE FACE AND BRAIN ARE DEFICIENT IN ALCOHOL-
EXPOSED MOUSE EMBRYOS AND IN INDIVIDUALS WITH FAS
THE FACE OF A CHILD
WITH FULL-BLOWN FAS
HAS FEATURES THAT
CAN BE CAUSED BY
DAMAGE TO MIDLINE
STUCTURES.
EYE EYE
A C
B D
MOUTH
MOUTH
NOSTRILS
NOSTRILS
18. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
BIRTH DEFECTS
Leading cause of mental retardation
Multiple Organ Dysfunction
Intra and postnatal grow defects
Lower Intelligence
Dysfunction in central nervous system which can lead to learning
disability
Cranial and Facial Dysmorphology
(Eustace et. al., 2003)
19. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Inattention
Inability to foresee
consequences
Inability to learn from
previous experience
Inappropriate Behaviour
Lack of Organization
Learning Difficulties
Poor Abstract Thinking
Poor Adaptability
Poor Impulse Control
Poor Judgment
Speech Problems
Hyperactivity
COMMON COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
(Eustace et. al., 2003)
20. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Mental Health Problems 90%
Dependent Living 80%
Employment Problems 80%
Disruptive School Experience 60%
Trouble with the Law 60%
Confinement 50%
Inappropriate Sexual Behavior 50%
Alcohol or Drug Problems 30%
SECONDARY DISABILITIES
(Koren et al., 2003)
22. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
SYMPTOMS AND FEATURES
GROWTH RETARDATION
Delayed development of gross motor skills like rolling over,
sitting up, crawling and walking
Impaired language development
Delayed in development of fine motor skills such as grasping
objects with the thumb and index fingers and transfer objects
from one hand to the other
23. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
SYMPTOMS AND FEATURES
FACIAL FEATURES
Eyes: small, slant downward, drooping
eyelid, wide-set
Ears: large, low set (below eyes),
posterior rotation (toward back of
head), poorly formed concha (hollow
of external ear)
Nose: upturned, shortened, hypoplasia
of nasal bridge
Mouth: wide, thin upper lip, cleft
palate, cleft lip, poorly formed teeth
(Abel, 1984)
25. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
SYMPTOMS AND FEATURES
OTHER SIGNS
Cardiac
Heart murmur; usually disappears by one year of age
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Skeletal: Joint abnormalities, altered palmer crease pattern,
small distal phalanges and small fifth fingernail.
Renal: Horseshoe, aplastic, dysplastic or hypoplastic kidney.
Ocular: Strabismus, optic nerve hypoplasia
Low birth weight
26. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
SYMPTOMS AND FEATURES
ABNORMAL ORGAN DEVELOPMENT
People diagnosed with FAS may have
abnormal organ development in the….
Heart, kidneys, genitals, respiratory
system, liver, limb/joint and muscular
abnormalities
(Abel, 1984)
28. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
DIAGNOSIS CRITERIA
Q86 Congenital malformation syndromes due to known exogenous causes,
not elsewhere classified Q86.0 Fetal alcohol syndrome (dysmorphic)
MUST MEET 3 CRITERIA TO BE DIAGNOSED WITH FAS
1) Prenatal or postnatal growth retardation (body weight,
length, or head circumference)
2) Characteristic facial anomalies (at least 2 or 3)
a. Microcephaly (below 3rd percentile)
b. Microphthalmia or short palpebral fissures
c. Underdeveloped philtrum, thin upper lip, and maxillary hypoplasia
3) Central nervous system dysfunction (neurological abnormality, mental
deficiency, developmental delay.
(Abel 1984)
30. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
TREATMENT OPTIONS
There's no cure or specific treatment
The physical defects and mental deficiencies typically
persist for a lifetime
Heart abnormalities may require surgery
Learning problems may be helped by special services in school
Parents often benefit from counselling to help the family with a
child's behavioural problem
31. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
TREATMENT OPTIONS
FAS Children do learn, but all learn differently,
“find what works best and stick to it!”
Create a friendly and structured home environment that is
familiar. . .
Creating routines/schedules serves as anchors overtime for
children with FAS/FAE
Limit changes in their routine/schedules “less is better!” To avoid
overwhelming
REMEMBER, “STRATEGIES NOT SOLLUTIONS!”
33. MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT)
SUMMARY
When a pregnant person drinks alcohol, some of that alcohol
easily passes across the placenta to the fetus.
People with this condition may have problems with their vision,
hearing, memory, attention span, and abilities to learn and
communicate.
You can prevent fetal alcohol syndrome by avoiding alcohol
during pregnancy.
35. REFERENCES
Emory University (n.d.). Maternal Substance Abuse and Child Development.
Retrieved December 28, 2016 from http://www.psychiatry.emory.edu/
PROGRAMS/GADrug/fasqa.htm#does
Graefe, Sara. (2004). (Ed.). Living with FASD: A Guide For Parents.
British Columbia: Special Needs Adoptive Parents. Groundwork Press.
Retrieved December 28, 2016 from website:
http://www.faslink.org/strategies_not_solutions.pdf
Kellerman, Teresa (2005). Symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders.
Retrieved December 28, 2016 from http://www.come-over.to/FAS/faschar.htm
Kellerman, Teresa (2008). Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and the Brain.
Retrieved December 28, 2016 from http://www.come-over.to/FAS/FASbrain.htm
Kock, Gregory C. &Kupesky, Regina H. (2002).
Parenting the Hurt Child: Helping Adoptive Families Heal and Grow. Pinon Press.
Retrieved December 28, 2016 from website:
http://www.faslink.org/strategies_not_solutions.pdf