2. Social factors / features of
residential forms
Significance of the social features of the residential forms
in the 1930s the modernists raised the cult of the social role of
architecture. In the 1950s, 1960s and the 1970s thousands of housing
estates (residential complexes) were build all over the world following the
principles of the Athens Charter. A couple of decades later these estates
became "bedroom zones" for the working class.
Yet after another cople of decades the Anglo-American school (known
for its criticism to the Athens Charter) is still unable to overcome the
problems of social segregation in the "suburban world" – the endless
suburbs of Western towns. These suburbs are, indeed, the real
"bedroom" zones of today.
Main groups of social features / factors of the residential forms
social segregation / integration
creation of local communities with strong internal connections neighbor (inter-neighbor) contacts
intensive urban connections to create favorable conditions for
professional realization and use of public services
3. Groups of social features of the
residential forms
Social segregation/ integration
Single-family housing stimulates the establishment of zones
based on the social status of their inhabitants: zones for the
middle class, for working class, for people with very high living
standard, etc. Multi-family housing forms stimulate the process
social integration between the dwellers – in most apartment
buildings houshold of different social status live together.
Stimulation of social connections within local communities
Connections within local communities (between neighbors) are
stronger in areas with single-family housing and between
neighbors in multi-family buildings with not more than 5-6
dwellings. In multi-family buildings with more than 10 dwellings
contacts between neighbor decrease with the increase in the
number of house holds.
Intensity of connections between residents in a town
Urban areas (towns) exist for people to be able to exchange
the fruits of their labor in a most efficient way – to sell their
labor at the best price and to use in exchange the fruits of the
other people's labor. That is why the connections within a town
or a city have major importance for social life, but they are
determined to a graeat extend by the types of housing forms.
4. Single family forms and Freestanding
Multi-family forms – social features
Residential
forms
Typical
FAR
neto
Urban
communicativity
Social
contacts b/n
neighbors
Social
segragation /
integration
Single-family
detached houses
0.1-0.6
extremely
low
very good
Segregation
(- -)
Single-family row houses
0.6-0.9
low /
medium
very good
Integration
(+)
Single-family –
grouped forms
0.5-0.7
low /
medium
very good
Integration
(+)
Urban villas
1.0 -1.5
medium /
good
very good
Integration
(+)
Residential towers
2.5-7.0
very good
very
difficult
Integration
(+)
5. Urban block and section structures and
corridor buildings – social features
Residential
forms
Typical
FAR
neto
Urban
communicativity
Social
contacts b/n
neighbors
Social
segragation /
integration
Urban block str-res
– low+ medium rise
– high-rise
1.5-3.0
3.5-6.0
medium/high
extrem.high
medium
very diffclt
(++) integration
(+) integration
Section structures
– low+ medium
rise – high-rise
1.0-3.0
3.5-6.0
medium/high
very high
medium
very diffclt
(++) integration
(+) integration
1.5-2.5
3.5-6.0
1.5-2.5
1.5-5.0
medium/high
very high
medium/high
medium/high
not good
very diffclt
not good
very diffclt
(++) integration.
(+) integration
(++) integration
(++) integration
Corridor buildings
– low+
medium rise
–
high-rise
– 1-sided corridor
– duplex corridor
6. Terraced, hill-type and duplex
structures – social features
Typical
FAR
neto
Urban
communicativity
Social
contacts b/n
neighbors
Social
segragation
/ integration
Terraced forms
on steep slopes
1.0-1.5
medium /
high
very good
integration
(++)
Hill type and
high-rise terraced
1.5-2.5
(hi-rise
2,5-4.5)
medium /
high
very good
integration
(++)
1.2-1.8
medium /
high
very good
integration
(++)
1.2-2.8
medium /
high
very good
integration
(++)
Residential
forms
Duplex structures
Combined
(terraced+
duplex)
7. Economic factors / features of
residential forms
The economic factors / features of the residential forms
relate to economy of land infrastructure and building costs
Minimizing costs of land and infrastructure
The lower the Coefficient of intensity (koef.izkoristenosti. FAR –
Floor Area Ratio), the larger land territories are consumed and
the longer the road and infrastructure networks. Respectively,
these costs are highest for detached housing, and are lowest for
residential towers, for high-rise urban block and section
structures and high-rise corridor buildings.
Minimizing building costs
Building structure of low-rise buildings is easier to realize and,
therefore, – cheaper
On the other hand, the share of service space for high-rise in
high-rise buildings is smaller, which is a factor for lower costs
The building costs of terraced structures are higher because of
the complicated structure, but this is not true for the duplex
structures
In very high-rise buildings (more than 20-25 or 30 floors) Costs of
installations (equipment) are very high too
8. Ecological factors / features
of the residential forms
Ecological factors / features of the residential forms relate
relate to minimization of
intervention in natural environment
consumption of non-recyclable resources
Minimization of intervention in natural environment means:
first of all consumption of less land. With this respect the highly
intensive residential forms are highly recommended - forms with
high FAR (koef.izkoristenosti)
Using only recyclable resources for construction and
maintenance of dwellings (heating, light, microclimate)
For the construction materials that are recyclable (natural,
reproductive by/ in nature) are highly recommended – such as
timber, ceramic (bricks, roof tiles) etc. These are applicable in
low-rise buildings and structures.
Highest possible thermo-insulation properties. Minimal external
surface is easier to realize in multi-family forms
Highly efficient installations – it is easier to realize in smaller
forms (single-family or low-rise), but is much more efficient in
multi-family high-rise or grouped buildings with large number of
dwellings
9. Single family forms and Freestanding Multifamily forms – economic and ecologic features
Residential
forms
Typical
FAR
neto
Single-family
detached houses
Econ.efficiency –
level of expenses
Ecolog.efficiency
Expenses
for land &
infra-str-re
Building
expenses
Consump
-tion of
land
Sustain.
construc
-tion
0.1-0.6
Very high
costs (- -)
Relativ.
high (-)
Very
high(- -)
Very
suitable
Single-family row houses
0.6-0.9
Medim
high (+ -)
Very hi.
(+ -)
High or
med.(-+)
Very
suitable
Single-family –
grouped forms
0.5-0.7
Medim
high (+ -)
Med.hi.
(+ -)
High or
med.(-+)
Very
suitable
Urban villas
1.0 -1.5
Medim
high (+ -)
Med.hi.
(+ -)
High or
med.(-+)
Very
suitable
Residential towers
2.5-7.0
Exceptionally low
costs(+ +)
Very hi.
(- -)
Very
low(+ +)
not
suitable
10. Urban block and section structures and corridor
buildings – economic and ecologic features
Residential
forms
Typical
FAR
neto
Urban block str-res
– low+ medium rise
– high-rise
Econ.efficiency –
level of expenses
Ecolog.efficiency
Expenses
for land &
infra-str-re
Building
expenses
Consumption of land
Sustain.
construction
1.5-3.0
3.5-6.0
relativ/.low
realtiv.high
low
suitable
very low
very high
very low
unsuitable
Section structures
– low+ medium
rise – high-rise
1.0-3.0
3.5-6.0
relativ/.low
realtiv.high
low
suitable
very low
very high
very low
unsuitable
Corridor buildings
– low+
medium rise
–
high-rise
– 1-sided corridor
1.5-2.5
3.5-6.0
1.5-2.5
1.5-5.0
relativ/.low
realtiv.high
low
suitable
very low
very high
very low
unsuitable
relativ/.low
realtiv.high
low
suitable
relativ/.low
realtiv.high
low
suitable
11. Terraced, hill-type and duplex structures
– economic and ecologic features
Residential
forms
Typical
FAR
neto
Econ.efficiency –
level of expenses
Ecolog.efficiency
Expenses
for land &
infra-str-re
Building
expenses
Consumption of
land
Sustain.
construc
-tion
Terraced forms
on steep slopes
1.0-1.5
medium
relativ.
high
relativ.
low
very
suitable
Hill type and
high-rise
terraced
1.5-2.5
(мн.ет
2,5-4.5)
medium
relativ.
high
relativ.
low
very
suitable
Duplex
structures
1.2-1.8
medium /
low
medium
/ low
relativ.
low
very
suitable
Combined
(terraced+
duplex)
1.2-2.8
medium /
low
medium
/ low
relativ.
low
very
suitable
