These are notes that we took in class on the Crusades. Please focus on how the Crusades effected society and government in the Middle East and Europe

1. East Meets West
The Crusades

2. R.E.M.A.P Changing the World
 R – Religious Piety
 E – European Expansion
 M – Muslim Expansion
 A – Adventure
 P – Papal Authority

3. Causes: Adventure
 After Christianization of the
Vikings, Slavs, and Magyars there
was an entire class of warriors who
now had very little to do but fight
amongst themselves and terrorize
the peasant population.
 A plea for help from the Byzantine
Emperor Alexius I in opposing
Muslim attacks thus appealed to
their sense of adventure.

4. Causes: Religious Piety
Intense Religious Piety
 Due in part to the Investiture Controversy
(a significant conflict between secular and
religious powers over the issue of who
would control appointments of church
officials).
 People became personally engaged in the
dramatic religious controversy
 The Results:
 Intense Christian piety
Emperor Henry IV at the
 Public interest in religious affairs Feet of Pope Gregory VII
 Popular support for the First Crusade
 The religious vitality of the 12th century

5. Causes: Papal Politics
Roman-Byzantine Rivalry
 Cluniac (Benedictine) reform
caused the church in the West to
be more attentive to business and
provided impetus to attempt to
reassert control
 The Great Schism, 1064, was
a division of Christianity into
Eastern Orthodox and Roman
Catholic. The primary cause was
a dispute over papal authority.

6. Causes: European Expansionism
 In the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William
the Conqueror (from Normandy) defeated
England and brought unity and strength to
that country.
 After the capture of Toledo from the
Muslims in 1087, it became the residence
of the kings of Castile and the
ecclesiastical center of the whole of Spain
 The Normans captured Sicily from the
Muslims in 1091 and paved the way for
the unification of that country.

7. Causes: Muslim Advances
Events in MuslimWorld
 The Battle of Manzikert,
1071, resulted in the
defeat of the Byzantine
Empire and the capture of
the Emperor by the Seljuk
Turks (Muslims).
 The Byzantines also lost
Anatolia to the Turks.
 The Turks disrupted
pilgrim traffic.

8. Europe 1000-1100
Religious Piety
Expansionism
Battle of
Hastings
Christianization of Adventure
the Vikings, Slavs,
1066 and Magyars Papal Politics
c. 1000
Investiture
Controversy
Cluniac 1075+
Reform
c. 1024
Rome Constantinople
Capture of Pilgrimages
Toledo from
Muslims
1087 Battle of
Great Schism Manzikert
Capture of 1064 1071
Sicily from
Muslims
1099

9. Call for a Crusade
 Pope Urban II called for
a Crusade in 1095
 Objectives
 Drive Turks from Anatolia
 Obligate the Byzantines
 Provide occasion for healing
Great Schism on Rome's terms
 Capture Holy Land

10. Major Events of Crusades
 First Crusade 1097-1098
 Achieved all major objectives
in Holy Land
 Turkish threat blunted, though
not eliminated
 Area not strategic to Muslims,
could have been held indefinitely
with a little skill.
 Initial gains lost through
diplomatic bungling.
 Crusaders attempted to
destabilize neighbors

11. Major Events of Crusades
 Second Crusade, 1147-1148
 Military failure, discredits
Crusaders as military threat
 Third Crusade, 1189-1191
 Well-known in literature (Robin
Hood)
 Involved Richard I of England,
Phillip II of France, Frederick I of
Holy Roman Empire
 Saladin on Muslim side.

12. Major Events of Crusades
 Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204
 Western-Greek relations always
strained, mutual contempt.
 To finance crusade, Crusaders
worked for Venetians
 Crusaders sacked Constantinople,
1204
 Chance to heal Great Schism
utterly lost.
 In 1453, when attacked by Turks,
Byzantines preferred surrender to
asking Rome for aid.

13. Major Events of Crusades
 Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219
 Captured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem
 Muslims agreed
 Crusaders tried to conquer Egypt,
were routed
 Sixth Crusade, 1229
 Frederick II of Germany did little
fighting and a lot of negotiation
 Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem
and all the other holy cities and a
truce of ten years
 He was widely condemned for conducting
the Crusade by negotiating rather than
fighting.

14. Major Events of Crusades
 Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254
 Led by Louis IX of France
 Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
 Eighth Crusade, 1270
 Led by Louis IX of France
 Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of
Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and
diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where
Louis died.
 The last Crusader cities on the mainland of
Palestine fell in 1291
 One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

15. The Crusades Died Out
 Lack of interest, rising
European prosperity
 Repeated military defeats
 Discredited by "crusades"
against Christians (e.g.,
Albigensians)

16. Effects of Crusades
 Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
 Vast increase in cultural horizons for
many Europeans.
 Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
 Need to transfer large sums of money
for troops and supplies led to
development of banking techniques.
 Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of
arms
 Romantic and imaginative literature.

17. Effects of Crusades
 Knowledge introduced to
Europe
 Heavy stone masonry, construction of
castles and stone churches.
 Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
 Muslim minarets adopted as church
spires
 Weakening of nobility, rise of
merchant classes
 Enrichment was primarily from
East to West--Europe had little
to give in return.

18. References
 Dutch, Steven I. 13 Dec. 2001. University of Wisconsin-Green Bay. 22 Sept. 2005
<http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/WestTechPPT/Crusades.ppt>.
 The Crusades." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 23 Sept. 2005. Wikipedia, the
Free Encyclopedia. 24 Sept. 2005
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades#Historical_background >.
 The Church and the Crusades." Medieval Crusades. 24 Sept. 2005
http://www.medievalcrusades.com>.

19. Assignment: Crusades Game or
Recruitment Poster
 Use your notes and the textbook pages 255-260 to create either
a recruitment poster or a crusades board game. Your project
should include:
1. A definition of the crusades.
2. The main causes of the crusades.
3. Pope Urban II’s call for defeat of the Turks to return the. holy
land top the Christians.
4. Who answered or needs to answer the call.
5. A description the first four crusades.
6. The results of the crusades.

20. Assignment: Game or Poster
The Game Requirements and The Recruitment Poster
Materials: 50 points Requirements and Materials: 50 points
•You will be provided with a sheet of paper, •You will be provided with a sheet of paper.
you can use your own dice or other materials
to play. •You are trying to entice Christians to join
the first crusade, so use language that is
•All writing must be on the game. You may persuasive!
want to establish rules on the back.
•You will need have a place on your
•You can design your game however you recruitment poster that gives a history of the
want, but consequences and game first 4 Crusades
advancement should be based on
circumstances/events that would have •Be creative, your project should be colorful
actually happened.
•Be creative, your project should be colorful
•For full credit make sure that 1-6 above are
included in your game