1. “Peers Influencing Peers in Recovery
Schools”
Final Oral Defense
May 11, 2009
Debbie Lloyd, M.Ed.
Doctoral Candidate
University of Minnesota
Department of Educational Policy
and Administration
Number of miles in my Honda from school to school in three months during this study: about 7,235.6
Removed 2 tons of carbon dioxide to offset the carbons produced during this study. (Carbon Planet
Certificate ID: 231923288592)

2. Schulman, 1985, p. 21
“No ethical clinician would treat an adult
alcoholic and upon discharge recommend
that the newly recovering person spend six
hours a day in a bar.
However, that is exactly what we do with the
adolescent. School is the „bar.‟
That is where the alcohol is. That is where
the drugs are. That is where the pressure
to use is found.”

3. Spear & Skala, 1995, p. 350
“Virtually all post-treatment
adolescents returning to their old
school report being offered drugs
on their first day back.”

5. The Problem:
Meeting the needs of the student in recovery

6. The Problem:
Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
MN Stats 2007
- 11% Illicit drug use (last month)*
- 37% (9th), 63% (12th), alcohol
- 13% (9th), 29% (12th), binge drinking,
>5/party
- 15% (9th), 31% (12th), marijuana
MN Stats 2007
- 8% (9th), 14% (12th) before/during
school
- 16% (9th), 19% (12th) offered, sold, or
given
- 4% (9th), 24% (12th), drink & drive
- 19% (9th), 37% (12th), passenger
w/drinking driver

7. The Problem:
Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
- @ 9% are medically
classified as having • MN School Choices
substance abuse or • Traditional school
substance setting
dependence • Homeschooling
- 11% (ages12-17) • Alternative education
program
received treatment
• Open Enrollment
during the last school
• Online learning
year
• Postsecondary
- Relapse rate is high: Enrollment Options
35% to 80% • Charter Schools
- Complicating mental • Recovery-based
health issues for Schools
youth (depression,
compulsion, bipolar,
anxiety, etc)

8. The Problem:
Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
- @ 9% are medically
classified as having • MN School Choices
substance abuse or • Traditional school
substance setting
dependence • Homeschooling
- 11% (ages12-17) • Alternative education
program
received treatment
• Open Enrollment
during the last school
• Online learning
year
• Postsecondary
- Relapse rate is high: Enrollment Options
35% to 80% • Charter Schools
- Complicating mental • Recovery-based
health issues for Schools
youth (depression,
compulsion, bipolar,
anxiety, etc)

9. Research Questions:
Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
Student in Recovery
School Environment Substance Use

10. Research Questions:
Meeting the needs of the student in recovery
Social Student
Learning
Theories
School Environment Substance Use
School Role Models

12. Recovery Schools
(15 schools; 358 students)
Recovery Schools
1. Schools operate as state
recognized schools.
2. Schools provide treatment
support but do not act
primarily as treatment
centers.
3. All enrolled students must be
sober and working a program
of recovery.
4. Students completing required
coursework receive high
school credit.
5. Each school has a plan to
deal with the therapeutic and
crisis needs of its students.

13. Recovery Schools
(15 schools; 358 students)
Recovery Schools Participating Schools (50%)
1. Schools operate as state 1. Aatshing
recognized schools. 2. Alliance Academy
2. Schools provide treatment 3. Arona Academy
support but do not act 4. City West Academy
primarily as treatment
centers. 5. Gateway
3. All enrolled students must be 6. INSIGHT
sober and working a program 7. Lakes Recovery School
of recovery. 8. Libre Academy
4. Students completing required 9. North Summit Academy
coursework receive high 10. Oak Land Sober School
school credit.
5. Each school has a plan to 11. PEASE
deal with the therapeutic and 12. RSSM
crisis needs of its students. 13. Safe Harbor
14. West Campus
15. Solace Alliance

14. ALC School Programs
(350 schools; 12,000 students)
ALC
• are performing substantially
below grade level
• are at least one year behind in
credits for graduation
• are pregnant or parents
• have experienced physical or
sexual abuse
• are chemically dependent
• have mental health problems
• have been homeless recently
• have withdrawn from school or
been chronically truant
• speak English as a second
language or have limited
English proficiency

15. ALC School Programs
(350 schools; 12,000 students)
ALC Participating Schools
• are performing substantially (16% of 794)
below grade level
• are at least one year behind in 1. Carver-Scott Ed Coop
credits for graduation 2. Cass-Lake Bena ALC
• are pregnant or parents 3. Crossroads ALC
• have experienced physical or 4. Detroit Lakes ALC
sexual abuse
5. Harmony ALC
• are chemically dependent
6. Lincoln Hills ALC
• have mental health problems
7. Rose Street Center
• have been homeless recently
8. Spring Lake Park ALC
• have withdrawn from school or
been chronically truant 9. White Bear Lake ALC
• speak English as a second
language or have limited
English proficiency

16. RS and ALC Substance Use
RS, ALC, MN ALC 2007
(Survey and Minnesota Department of Education)
100%
86% 87%
80%
RS
60% 51%
43% ALC
40% 34%
MN ALC
22% 20% 22%
20%
4%
0%
No use in last month binge drinkers/use treatment
RS and ALC MN ALC 2007
(Survey) (Minnesota Department of Education)
90% 85%
77% 100%
80% 90%
68%
70% 80%
60% 70%
50% 60%
50% RS 45%
50% MN ALC
40% 30% ALC 40% 30% 30%
30% 30% 23%
19% 16%
20% 20%
11%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Offered, sold drugs Drank/Used Before Drank/Used During Drank/Used After
relapse relapse many times support meetings drug-free life on school property School School School

17. Approach to Substance Use
Recovery Schools ALC
Accountability: Meetings & Accountability: Random drug
sober days are tracked. tests (survey: 29%), drug
Sponsors are encouraged. dogs (lockdown)
Random drug tests
(survey: RS 65%). Support: Someone at school
can talk to (survey: friends
Support: Licensed drug 65%; school counselor
counselors; Someone at 60%; teachers 36%, other
school can talk to (survey: school adult 27%)
friends 100%; school
counselor 98%; teachers Consequences: Suspension
86%; other school adult
73%). Many staff are in
recovery. “Group” at
school.
Consequences: Restorative
justice approach

18. Demographics of Population
(15 RS, 9 ALC; 306 students)
- Geography - Ethnicity
- Gender @50% - Length of School Enrollment
- Age (16, 17, 18)
- Grade level (11th, 12th)
Length of School Enrollment
50.00% 46.40%
45.00%
40.00% 35.30%
35.00% 30.40%
30.00% 27.60%
22% RS
25.00%
20.00% ALC
15.00% 9.60% 11.60%
10.40%
10.00%
3.30%
3.20%
5.00%
0.00%
< 1 month 1 to 3 months 3 to 6 months 6 months to 1 1 year or more
year

19. Methodology:
Comparative Case Study- Survey
• 306 students: 181 R.S. & 125 ALC
• Survey items (national & state surveys, research,
administrators, students, pilot study)
• 54 items
• @ 20 minutes
• Confidentiality and anonymity
• Link to survey
http://www.zoomerang.com/recipient/survey-
intro.zgi?p=WEB225ULSUKY98

20. Methodology:
Comparative Case Study - Interview
• 90 interviews (RS 54; ALC
26)
• Interviewees
(>3 months sobriety)
• 30 hours @ 20
min/student
• Recorded interview & took
notes
• 600 typed pages
Confidentiality and
anonymity
• Incentive ($5.00, thank
you card)

21. Methodology:
Comparative Case Study - Interview
• 90 interviews (RS 54; ALC 1. Describe your school.
26) 2. Describe your previous
school. Compare your
• Interviewees attendance, grades, and
(>3 months sobriety) classroom engagement at
both schools. Future
• 30 hours @ 20 plans?
min/student 3. Describe friends. Influence
• Recorded interview & took your decision to use or not
notes use?
• 600 typed pages 4. Role models at school?
Confidentiality and 5. Relapse? If so, why?
anonymity 6. What keeps you sober
today?
• Incentive ($5.00, thank 7. What can schools do to
you card) help kids stay sober?

22. Data Analysis:
Constant Comparative Method - 1
G10001 transcript
It‟s just that we have similar pasts,
and I mean I haven‟t really
gotten to know a lot of people
on a deeper level. Me and Themes
Katie were in treatment for six
months of our treatment.
So I got to hear a lot of the things • Shared past
that she went through, and I • Similar pasts
could relate to a lot of the stuff.
She really helped me to first • Helps her to understand
understand that I don‟t know herself
everything about staying sober
and that kind of stuff from prior
experience being sober. And
that hurting myself and that
kind of stuff was not going to
get me anywhere but locked
up or dead.

23. Data Analysis:
Constant Comparative Method - 2
Themes G10001 Common Themes
• Shared past (G10001, NS10016)
• Similar pasts
• Shared past
• Helps her to understand • Similar pasts
herself
• Helps her to understand
herself
Themes NS10016 • Smart
• Really smart • Gets work done
• Gets work done • Long time sobriety
• Long time sobriety

24. Data Analysis:
Constant Comparative Method - 3
Themes NS10017 Common Themes
(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
• Seniors
• Substance use: shared
• Working a good program past, similar pasts, long
• Strong personalities time sobriety, working a
good program
• There for you • Academically: gets work
• Good academically done, smart, upper
• Gets work done classmen
• Personality: strong
personality, helps her to
understand
herself, relates, available

25. Results:
Definition of role model
Definition
“A person whose • Webster
behavior in a
• Admired person and
particular role is
role model; 93% RS,
imitated by others.”
86% ALC (survey)
• Attitude differences
(interview)

26. Results:
Concept of positive role model
Examples (survey) Behaviors (survey)
• Family members • Abstains from drugs
• Sober friends • Encourages sobriety
• Teachers • Responsible for
• Celebrities actions
• Community members • Cares for others

27. Results:
Concept of negative role model
Examples (survey) Behaviors (survey)
• Family members • User
• Using friends • Pressure to use
• Celebrities • Problem with alcohol
or drug
• Didn’t care about the
student

28. Results:
Who are the role models in recovery schools?
Existence at school?
• 67.4% RS and 41.6%
ALC identified
admired person
(survey)
• 93.4% RS and 65.2%
identified school role
model (interview)

29. Results:
Who are the role models?
Existence at school? Who?
• 67.4% RS and 41.6% • Good friend,
ALC identified boy/girlfriend,
admired person acquaintance,
(survey) unknown (survey)
• 93.4% RS and 65.2% • School friend, school
identified school role staff, “self” (interview)
model (interview)

30. Who are the role models?
(I10013 recovery student)

31. Results:
What behaviors do role models exhibit?
Substance Use & 100%
Substance Use of Admired Person
Attitudes of Admired 90%
80%
70%
93%
66%
Person 60%
50%
40%
52% RS
ALC
• current, last year,
30% 28% 26%
20%
10%
0% 1%
lifetime (survey) Monthly Last Year Lifetime
• Condone use (survey) Condone Drinking or Use
• Long time sobriety &
(Times per Month)
100% 90%
shared past 90%
80%
70%
60%
(interview) 50%
40%
30%
32%
40%
RS
ALC
20% 8% 8%
10% 1% 0% 4% 1% 1% 2% 1% 4% 3%
0%
0 1 to 2 3 to 5 6 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 30 over 40

32. Results:
What behaviors do role models exhibit?
Personality traits &
Behaviors
• Traits of admired
persons (survey)
• Open-ended item
(survey)

33. Results:
What behaviors do role models exhibit?
Personality traits & Themes (interviews)
Behaviors 1. Enjoys life
• Traits of admired 2. Motivated
persons (survey)
3. Honest & trustworthy
• Open-ended item
4. Available &
(survey)
dependable
5. Open & sharing
6. Respectful

35. Behaviors - Summary
“The most popular kids tend to be the
kids who work the best programs and
have the most clean time.”
-W10004, RS student
long time sobriety, shared
past, continued recovery
work, happy & successful

36. Results: To what extent do recovering
students emulate their role models?
Conversations about Drugs or Alcohol
Time and 100.00%
90.00%
Conversations 80.00%
70.00%
68.20%
63%
66.90%
60.40%
60.00%
RS
• Talked about
50.00%
ALC
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
substance use with 10.00%
0.00%
AP talks to You You talk to AP
one another (survey)
• After school activities Time with Admired Person
(Often or All of the time)
vs school-sponsored 80.00%
70.00%
74.40%
70.10%
60.00% 52.90%
activities (survey)
50.50%
50.00% 43.90%
36.70% RS
40.00% 31.00%
25.00% ALC
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
At School Outside of School Phone or Computer School-sponsored

37. Results: To what extent do recovering
students emulate their role models?
Identifying Influencing Non-users Influences
100%
Factors 90%
80%
70%
“If you do not use alcohol, 60% 54%
50% RS
50%
40% ALC
marijuana, or other 30%
20%
10%
11% 10%
drugs…” 0%
Student does not drink/use Student encourages me to be clean and
sober
“If you do use alcohol,
Users Influences
marijuana, or other 3%
drugs…” 2%
2%
• Non-using student 2%
1%
1% 1% 1%
RS
ALC
• Non-using student’s 1%
0%
encouragement Student does not drink/use Student encourages me to be clean and
sober

38. Results: To what extent do recovering
students emulate their role models?
Amount of Influence 100%
Adult Role Model
“How much influence do
90%
80%
70%
60%
the following have 45% RS
50% 44%
35% ALC
40%
28%
30%
18%
on keeping you 20%
10%
0%
8%
12% 9%
clean and sober?” None Not Much Some Most
School Peer Role Model
100%
1. Adult role model
90%
80%
70%
60%
RS
2. Peer role model 50%
40%
30%
50%
32% 33%
ALC
20% 20%
19% 22%
15%
10% 10%
0%
None Not Much Some Most

39. Results: To what extent do recovering
students emulate their role models?
Admired Student Has the Most Influence
over Drug and Alcohol Use
100%
90%
80% 71%
70%
60% RS
50% 44% ALC
40% 34%
30%
17% 15%
20% 9% 6% 5%
10%
0%
None Some Great Deal Don't Know
Most Influence
“Who has the most influence over your alcohol, marijuana, and other
drug use?”
- A student at my school who I admire and look up to at school (34%)

40. Results: To what extent do recovering
students emulate their role models?
Admired Person’s Influence
“How much influence do you think this person (identified
admired person) has over your drinking, marijuana use,
or the use of other drugs?”
Admired Person's Influence
100.00%
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00% 50.80% RS
50.00%
34.80% 34.80% ALC
40.00%
27.40% 30.40%
30.00% 21.80%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
None Some Great Deal

41. Results: To what extent do recovering
students emulate their role models?
Interview Statement of Influence
Statements RS ALC Total
# % # % # %
Positive 17 94% 4 80% 21 91%
Statements
No Influence 1 6% 1* 20% 2 9%
Statement
18 5* 23

43. Summary
Research Questions
• Who are the role models 1. 67-93% RS had role
in recovery schools? model at school
2. Staff, students, self
• What behaviors do they 3. Long time sobriety,
exhibit? history of use, working a
program of recovery,
happy and successful
• To what extent do 4. Testimonials of influence
recovering students 5. Survey items
emulate those role
models?

44. Summary
Research Questions
• Who are the role models 1. 67-93% RS had role
in recovery schools? model at school
2. Staff, students, self
• What behaviors do they 3. Long time sobriety,
exhibit? history of use, working a
program of recovery,
happy and successful
• To what extent do 4. Testimonials of influence
recovering students 5. Survey items
emulate those role
models?

45. Summary
Research Questions
• Who are the role models 1. 67-93% RS had role
in recovery schools? model at school
2. Staff, students, self
• What behaviors do they 3. Long time sobriety,
exhibit? history of use, working a
program of recovery,
happy and successful
• To what extent do 4. Testimonials of influence
recovering students 5. Survey items
emulate those role
models?

46. Summary
• Sober Students and
Recovery Schools
• Sober role models and
their influence
• Transforming into role
models
• Sober role models and
self-empowerment

47. Summary
• Sober Students and 1. RS students 89% (38%)
Recovery Schools sober last month
2. RS role model 27%
• Sober role models and (9%) sober over a year
their influence 3. 93% had role models
4. Role model sober > yr
• Transforming into role 5. Influence of recovery
models school environment and
role models on
• Sober role models and transformation
self-empowerment

48. Recommendations
(What can schools do?)
Recovery Schools Traditional Schools
• Mentoring Programs • Placement decisions
• Program evaluation

50. SS Influences to Drink/Use
- Results 1 -
Top 9 reasons
"to use" in the past
1. High or buzz (96%)
2. Deal with stress (87%)
3. Forget problems (87%)
4. Easy to get (79%)
5. Became addicted (78%)
6. Important friends drank/used (73%)
7. Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%)
8. Family drinks/uses (43%)
9. To make friends (42%)

51. SS Influences to Drink/Use
- Results 1 -
Top 10 reasons
"to currently Use“
1. Enjoy the high (12%)
2. Physical feeling (10%)
3. Have more fun (9%)
4. Deal with stress (9%)
5. Something to do (8%)
6. Helps me sleep (7%)
7. Non-school friends drink/use (7%)
8. I'm more creative (6%)
9. I'm more fun (6%)
10. To celebrate with the community (6%)

52. SS Influences to Not to Use
- Results 2 -
Top 10 reasons "not to use“
1. School friends encourage sobriety (78%)
2. I feel better about myself when sober (77%)
3. I have better friends when sober (73%)
4. Afraid of school dismissal (68%)
5. Disappoint parents (67%)
6. Higher Power (65%)
7. Have more fun when sober (63%)
8. Non-school friends encourage sobriety (63%)
9. Police trouble (61%) and Drug Treatment program (61%)
10. Non-drinking school friends (60%)

53. SS Influences to Not to Use
- Results 2 -
Top 7 “Most” Influential
(scale 1 – 4)
1. Support group (65%)
2. Effects on family and friends (52%)
3. Higher Power (51%)
4. Sponsor (49%)
5. Hurting others (43%)
6. School community (42%)
7. Parents (40%)
Least Influential
1. Community organizations (86%)
2. TV Shows (74%)
3. TV (72%)
4. Religious organizations (65%)

54. “Peers Influencing Peers in Recovery
Schools”
Final Oral Doctoral Defense
May 11, 2009
Debbie Lloyd, M.Ed.
Doctoral Candidate
University of Minnesota
Department of Educational Policy
and Administration
Number of miles in my Honda from school to school in three months during this study: about 7,235.6
Removed 2 tons of carbon dioxide to offset the carbons produced during this study. (Carbon Planet
Certificate ID: 231923288592)

56. Influences
1. Past reasons to drink/use
2. Current reasons to drink/use
3. Influences “not” to drink/use
- Self
- Family
-School
- Treatment
-Community
-Friends
-Role Models
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

57. Interview: “Influences and Reasons
to Use and Not to Use”
“to use is to “drugs
die!” “peace drug” “the kill fear”
“friends future”
and “my son, higher “daughter”
power, will to “escape
family”
live, school” “to lose weight” reality”
“to fit in” “I‟m pregnant”
“clean „till I
leave parent‟s
“I‟m tired of “divorce and house”
fuckin‟ up” breakup with “divorce”
girlfriend”
“It‟s fun” “life style”
“school”
“sponsor”
“meetings”
“to impress
“i‟m addicted” a boy… how “loved getting fucked up”
stupid”
“felt important” “nothing better to do”

58. SS Influences to Drink/Use
- Results 1 -
Top 9 reasons
"to use" in the past
1. High or buzz (96%)
2. Deal with stress (87%)
3. Forget problems (87%)
4. Easy to get (79%)
5. Became addicted (78%)
6. Important friends drank/used (73%)
7. Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%)
8. Family drinks/uses (43%)
9. To make friends (42%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

59. SS Influences to Drink/Use
- Results 1 -
Top 10 reasons
"to currently Use“
1. Enjoy the high (12%)
2. Physical feeling (10%)
3. Have more fun (9%)
4. Deal with stress (9%)
5. Something to do (8%)
6. Helps me sleep (7%)
7. Non-school friends drink/use (7%)
8. I'm more creative (6%)
9. I'm more fun (6%)
10. To celebrate with the community (6%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

60. SS Influences to Not to Use
- Results 2 -
Top 10 reasons "not to use“
1. School friends encourage sobriety (78%)
2. I feel better about myself when sober (77%)
3. I have better friends when sober (73%)
4. Afraid of school dismissal (68%)
5. Disappoint parents (67%)
6. Higher Power (65%)
7. Have more fun when sober (63%)
8. Non-school friends encourage sobriety (63%)
9. Police trouble (61%) and Drug Treatment program (61%)
10. Non-drinking school friends (60%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

61. SS Influences to Not to Use
- Results 2 -
Top 7 “Most” Influential
(scale 1 – 4)
1. Support group (65%)
2. Effects on family and friends (52%)
3. Higher Power (51%)
4. Sponsor (49%)
5. Hurting others (43%)
6. School community (42%)
7. Parents (40%)
Least Influential
1. Community organizations (86%)
2. TV Shows (74%)
3. TV (72%)
4. Religious organizations (65%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

62. Friends
- Sober School Results -
1. Majority of sober school students have school
friends who do not drink or use, encourage
sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over
his or her decision to use or not use.
2. Over half of sober school students have non-
school friends who drink or use, encourage
sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over
his or her decision to use or not use.
3. A large percentage (41%) have non-school friends
who do NOT drink or use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

63. Friends
- Sober School Results -
4. Non-drinking/non-using friends have more
influence than drinking/using friends.
5. They feel that they have better friends and more
friends when clean and sober.
6. The majority of students (83%) indicated that they
drank/used in the past because friends important
to them also drank/used.
7. Students appear to be tolerant of others who do
drink/use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

64. Friends
- Sober School Results -
8. Forty-five percent indicated they spend most of
their time with school friends and 22% spend their
time with both school and non-school friends.
9. Sober school students feel that their friends from
their school and outside of their school care about
them.
10. Majority of time spent with school friends.
11. Adult sober friends (64%) and adult sober role
models (80%) have some or most influence over
decision to use or not use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

65. Past Reasons “To” Drink/Use
Sober Schools ALC’s
75%-100% -High or buzz (96%)
-Deal with stress (87%)
-Forget problems (87%)
-Easy to get (79%)
-Became addicted (78%)
50%- 75% -Important friends drank/used (73%) -High or buzz (66%)
-Thrill to be bad or break the law (57%) -Deal with stress (62%)
-Easy to get (54%)
25%- 50% -Family drinks/uses (43%) -Forget problems (48%)
-To make friends (42%) -Important friends drank/used (38%)
-Thrill to be bad or break the law (27%)
-Family drinks/uses (26%)
-Became addicted (26%)
Under 25% -Community celebrations (25%) - Community celebrations (20%)
- Drank/used to make friends (14%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

66. Influences decision “to” use: S.S
(+80% of SS stated they do “not” use; top 10 Influences)
Self Family School Community
-enjoy the high -rebel against family -school friends -something to do (8%)
(12%) rules (3%) drink/use (3%) -non-school friends
-physical feeling (10%) -My brothers or sisters -school friends drink/use (7%)
-Have more fun (9%) drink/use (3%) encourage me to -community drinks/uses to
-One or both of my drink/use (3%) celebrate (6%)
-deal with stress (9%)
parents encourages me -I perform better in -have more friends when
-helps sleep (7%) to drink/use (1%) school (2%) drinking/using (5%)
-I’m more creative (6%) -Alcohol and other -Drinking/using makes me
-I’m more fun (6%) drugs are available at feel part of the community
-better concentration my school (2%) (2%)
(3%) -school role model -Have better friends when
-feel better about self encourages me to drinking/using (2%)
(3%) drink/use (1%)
-Believe it’s OK to -School role model
drink/use (3%) drinks/uses (1%)
-Believe drinking/use
not dangerous to my
health (2%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

67. Influences decision “not” to use: S.S (3% use)
% Self Family School Tx Community
70%- I feel better about School friends encourage I have better friends
100% self when sober sobriety (78%) when sober (73%)
(77%)
50%- -Have more fun -Disappoi -School dismissal (68%) -Higher -Non-school friends
69% (63%) nt parents - Non-drinking school power encourage sobriety
- Bad for health (67%) friends (60%) (65%) (63%)
(50%) - Parents -Against school rules -Drug - Police trouble
would (57%) Treatment (61%)
object -Negative school (61%)
(56%) performance (59%) - Sponsor
-Student role model (50%)
encourages sobriety
(53%)
- Nondrinking student
(50%)
25%- -Worried about -brothers -alcohol and drugs not -Random -have more friends
49% body in the future and available at my school drug tests (48%)
(30%) sisters do (40%) (48%) -non-school friends
-Don’t want to look not -school alcohol/drug do not drink/use
stupid (26%) drink/use education (30%) (41%)
(23%) -not lose job (34%)
Under -Drinking/using against my principles or religious beliefs (20%) -Community
25% - Makes me physically sick (14%) disapproval (20%)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

68. Self Influences “not” to use (S.S.) #1
70% 63%
60%
50%
50% None
41%
Not Much
40%
30% 32% 31% Some
29% 28%
30% 26% 24% 26%
22% 20% Most
20% 18%
20% 14% 16%
15% "An"
10%
10% 7%
0%
Health Future Body Makes sick Medication Appear to My Looking
others appearance Stupid
No Influence Not much Some Influence Most “An” Influence
Influence Influence Not to Use
SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC
Health 10% 14% 29% 18% 41% 40% 20% 28% 50% 27%
Medication 63% 87% 15% 10% 16% 1% 7% 3% NA NA
Future Body NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30% 14%
Makes me sick NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14% 6%
Appear to 22% 33% 26% 18% 32% 31% 20% 19% NA NA
others
My appearance 18% 28% 24% 18% 31% 24% 28% 29% NA NA
Looking Stupid NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 26% 14%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

69. Self Influences “not” to use (S.S.) #2
90%
77%
80%
70% 63%
None
60%
Not Much
50% 43%
Some
40% 33%
33% 34% 33% 30% Most
25% 27%
30% 22% 22%
20% 20%
20% 20% "An"
20% 12% 16%
11%
10%
0%
My Mood I decide Feel Better Hurt Self Hurt My Beliefs More Fun
Others
No Not much Some Most “An” Influence
Influence Influence Influence Influence Not to Use
SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC
My mood 12% 33% 22% 24% 33% 23% 33% 20% NA NA
I decide 20% 18% 21% 14% 25% 19% 34% 49% NA NA
Feel Better about self NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 77% 27%
Hurting self 20% 40% 20% 18% 33% 20% 27% 21% NA NA
Hurting others 11% 39% 16% 13% 30% 22% 43% 14% NA NA
My beliefs NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20% 27%
Have more fun NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 63% 16%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

70. Community Influences “not” to use (S.S.)
100%
90% 86%
80% 74% 72%
70% 65% None
61%
60% Not Much
50% 45% Some
37% 35%
40% Most
28%
30% 20% 22% 22% 21% 24%
20% 20% "An"
15%
15% 17% 18%
20% 13% 14%
10% 8%
10% 4% 5% 3%2% 4%
1%
0%
Organizations Religious Orgs TV Shows TV My Music Job Prison/Police Community
Disapproval
No Influence Not much Some Most “An” Influence
SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC
Organizations 86% 87& 10% 5% 4% 1% 1% 7% NA NA
Religious Orgs 65% 75% 15% 7% 15% 8% 5% 10% NA NA
Social NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 20% 11%
Disapproval
TV Shows 74% 64% 20% 21% 3% 9% 2% 6% NA NA
TV 72% 60% 17% 19% 8% 13% 4% 8% NA NA
My Music 37% 43% 22% 20% 28% 28% 13% 9% NA NA
Job 45% 46% 14% 9% 22% 26% 18% 30% 34% 14%
Prison/police 21% 41% 20% 7% 24% 23% 35% 29% 61% 29%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

71. School Influences “not” to use (S.S.)
(not include school friends/role models)
45% 42% SS
40% 38%
80%
35% 33% 32% 32% 68%
31% 70%
30% None 59%
60%
25% Not Much 50%
21% 40%
20% 17% 18% 17% Some
40% SS
30%
Most
15% 12% 30%
10% 8% 20%
5%
10%
0%
0%
Availability Drug School Sch
Community Staff Rules
Education Dismissal Pfmce
No Influence Not much Some Most “An” Influence
Influence Influence Influence Not to Use
SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC
School Community 8% 52% 17% 24% 33% 17% 42% 8% NA NA
Staff 12% 47% 18% 21% 38% 21% 32% 12% NA NA
School Rules 17% 55% 21% 22% 32% 16% 31% 7% 57% 14%
Drug Availability NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 40% 6%
Drug Education NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 30% 6%
School dismissal NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 68% 18%
Neg School pfmc NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 59% 26%
effect
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

72. Family Influences “not” to use (S.S.)
60% SS
52%
50% 45%
80% 67%
40% 70%
40% 35% No 56%
60%
30% Not Much 50%
30% 25% 40% SS
22% Some 23%
30%
18% Most
20% 20%
11% 10% 10%
10% 6% 6% 0%
drink/use
Disappoint
Parents
Object
Siblings
Parents
not
0%
Effects on Parents Siblings
Family
No Influence Not much Some Most “An” Influence
Influence Influence Influence Not to Use
SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC
Parents 6% 19% 10% 15% 45% 35% 40% 31% NA NA
disappoint parents NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 67% 22%
Parents would object NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 56% 20%
Siblings 18% 24% 22% 23% 35% 29% 25% 24% NA NA
Siblings not NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23% 14%
drink/use
Effects on family & 6% 38% 11% 14% 30% 26% 52% 22% NA NA
friends
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

73. Treatment Influences “not” to use (S.S.)
70% 65% 65% SS
60% 70% 65%
49% 61%
50% 60%
None 50% 48%
36% 50%
40% Not Much
30% 40%
30% 25% 26%
26% 26% 26% Some SS
23% 22% 30%
17%
17% Most
20% 14% 20%
7% 7%8% 9% 10%
10% 6%
0%
0% Drug Sponsor Higher Random
Treatment Drug Support Sponsor Higher Treatment Power Drug
Strategies Knowledge Group Power Tests
No Influence Not much Some Most “An” Influence
Influence Influence Influence Not to Use
SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC SS ALC
Treatment Strategies 17% 53% 17% 14% 36% 24% 30% 9% NA NA
Drug Knowledge 25% 35% 26% 14% 26% 20% 23% 23% NA NA
Treatment Info NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 61% 9%
Support Group 7% 67% 6% 11% 22% 13% 65% 9% NA NA
Sponsor 26% 78% 8% 7% 25% 8% 49% 7% 50% 5%
Higher Power 14% 50% 9% 8% 26% 20% 51% 22% 65% 16%
Random Drug Tests NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 48% 10%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

75. Influences
1. Past reasons to drink/use
2. Current reasons to drink/use
3. Influences “not” to drink/use
- Self
- Family
-School
- Treatment
-Community
-Friends
-Role Models
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

76. Interview: “Influences and Reasons
to Use and Not to Use”
“to use is to “drugs
die!” “peace drug” “the kill fear”
“friends future”
and “my son, higher “daughter”
power, will to “escape
family”
live, school” “to lose weight” reality”
“to fit in” “I‟m pregnant”
“clean „till I
leave parent‟s
“I‟m tired of “divorce and house”
fuckin‟ up” breakup with “divorce”
girlfriend”
“It‟s fun” “life style”
“school”
“sponsor”
“meetings”
“to impress
“i‟m addicted” a boy… how “loved getting fucked up”
stupid”
“felt important” “nothing better to do”

77. Friends
1. School friends
2. Non-school friends
3. Sober friends
4. Drinking/using friends
5. Friends care about me
6. Time spent with friends
7. Adult friends
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

78. Interview: “Friends
(using and non-using)”
“normies; not “true friend
“using friends respects
addicts” don‟t drink your
around me” decision”
“they don‟t “choosing
“all sober”
drink to get friends”
drunk”
“two friends
“using friends are not your died”
friends; they just want
someone to use with”
“It’s their
decision; now its
“ditched “I‟m my own person” not for me”
using
friends” Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

79. Friends
- Sober School Results -
1. Majority of sober school students have school
friends who do not drink or use, encourage
sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over
his or her decision to use or not use.
2. Over half of sober school students have non-
school friends who drink or use, encourage
sobriety, and have a great deal of influence over
his or her decision to use or not use.
3. A large percentage (41%) have non-school friends
who do NOT drink or use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

80. Friends
- Sober School Results -
4. Non-drinking/non-using friends have more
influence than drinking/using friends.
5. They feel that they have better friends and more
friends when clean and sober.
6. The majority of students (83%) indicated that they
drank/used in the past because friends important
to them also drank/used.
7. Students appear to be tolerant of others who do
drink/use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

81. Friends
- Sober School Results -
8. Forty-five percent indicated they spend most of
their time with school friends and 22% spend their
time with both school and non-school friends.
9. Sober school students feel that their friends from
their school and outside of their school care about
them.
10. Majority of time spent with school friends.
11. Adult sober friends (64%) and adult sober role
models (80%) have some or most influence over
decision to use or not use.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

82. School & Non-School Friends
School Friends Non School Friends
S.S ALC S.S. ALC
No friends 3% 5% 10% 3%
Not drink/use 60% 11% 41% 16%
Not drink/use 84% 6% 19% 12%
Drinks/uses 3% 33% 7% 37%
Some drink/use 12% 79% 58% 62%
All drink/use 1% 10% 14% 22%
Encourages sobriety 78% 18% 63% 24%
Encourages drink/use 3% 8% 3% 7%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

83. Sober Schools: Friends
90% 84%
78%
80%
70% 60% 63%
58%
60% Sch Friend
50% 41% Non-Sch Friend
40%
30% 19%
20% 10% 14% 12%
10% 3% 3% 7% 1% 3% 3%
0%
Q36/Q38: No Q22: Does NOT Q36/Q38: Does Q22: Q23: Drinks or Q36/Q38: All Q36/Q38: Some Q23: Encourage
friends drink or use. not drink or use Encourages me uses. Use Use me to drink or
to stay clean and use.
sober.
School Non School School Non School
Friends Friends Friends Friends
No friends 3% 10% Drinks/uses 3% 7%
Not drink/use 60% 41% All drink/use 1% 14%
Not drink/use 84% 19% Some drink/use 12% 58%
Encourages 78% 63% Encourages 3% 3%
sobriety drink/use
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

84. Influence of Friends: To Use
Influences Sober School ALCs
Most influence #43: Friends who do NOT attend my None 31% None 46%
over your school Some 37% Some 30%
alcohol, Great Deal 32% Great Deal 24%
marijuana, and #43: Friends who DO attend my school None 22% None 58%
other drug Some 38% Some 30%
use? Great Deal 40% Great Deal 13%
Past Reasons Drank/Used to make friends 42% 14%
to Use
Friends, important to me, drink or use 83% 38%
drugs
To use Q23:I have more friends when I’m 5% 5%
drinking or using drugs
Q23:I have better friends when I’m 3% 2%
drinking or using drugs
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

85. “Who has the most influence over your
alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use?”
45%
40%
40% 37% 38%
35% 31% 31%
30%
25% 22% School Friends
Sober School Students
20% Non-School Friends
15%
10%
5%
0%
No Influence Some Great Deal of
Influence Influence
Influences Sober School ALCs
#43: Friends who do NOT attend my None 31% None 46%
school Some 37% Some 30%
Great Deal 32% Great Deal 24%
#43: Friends who DO attend my school None 22% None 58%
Some 38% Some 30%
Great Deal 40% Great Deal 13%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

86. Influence of Friends
“Not to Use…”
Influences Sober Schools ALC’s
24: Your friends who DO drink/use have on None: 55% None: 48%
keeping you clean and sober. Some/Most: 24% Some/Most: 26%
24: Your friends who do NOT drink/use have on None: 5% None: 31%
keeping you clean and sober. Some/Most: 85% Some/Most: 56%
26: People my age who live clean and sober lives None: 8% None: 33%
Some/Most: 83% Some/Most: 43%
24. Non-school friends None: 25% None: 38%
Some/Most: 52% Some/Most: 39%
26: School friends None: 8% None:22%
Some/Most: 81% Some/Most: 34%
24. Boyfriend None: 62% None: 58%
Some/Most: 29% Some/Most: 34%
22: I have more friends when I'm clean and 48% 13%
sober.
22: I have better friends when I'm clean and 73% 19%
sober
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

87. Sober School Students
80% 73%
65% 68%
70%
60% 55% 47% 46% 48%
50% 44%
38% 39% 35% 35% None
40%
30% 21% 25%
23% Not much
17% 17% 16%
15% 18%
20% 7% 10%
5% 9%
8% 11%
8% 7% 11%
Some
10% 2%
0% Most
g
s
d
s
s
rs
nd
s
s
Yes
in
en
nd
nd
nd
nd
se
ee
rie
us
f ri
rie
ie
rie
/U
rie
rP
yf
k/
Fr
irl
ks
rF
hF
hF
Bo
in
G
be
e
rin
dr
t te
Sc
Sc
or
So
on
D
Be
M
on
N
N
Influences “not to use” None Not Much Some Most Yes
24: Drink/use 55% 21% 17% 7% NA
24: Do NOT drink/use 5% 10% 38% 47% NA
26: Sober Peers 8% 9% 44% 39% NA
24. Non-school friends 25% 23% 35% 17% NA
26: School friends 8% 11% 35% 46% NA
24. Boyfriend 65% 7% 15% 16% NA
24. Girlfriend 68% 2% 11% 18% NA
22. More friends NA NA NA NA 48%
22. Better friends NA NA NA NA 73%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

88. Other Friend information
Sober School ALC
Peers OK for friends but SA 23%; A 30%; T 53% SA 11%; A 30%; T 41%
not for me D 22%; SD 26%; T 48% D 38%; SD 21%; T 59%
Friends talk to at Yes! 87% 63%
school about drugs
Adult Sober adult friends None 15% 38%
Friends Not Much 21% 21%
Some 42% 26%
Most 22% 14%
Sober adult friends None 8% 45%
Role Models
Not Much 12% 9%
Some 35% 28%
Most 45% 17%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

89. “Who do you spend the most time with after
school?”
Influences Sober ALCs Sober School Students
School
School 45% 26% School Friends
Friends
Non-School 26% 56%
22%
Friends Nonschool
Friends
No one., I 7% 4%
45%
don’t have 7%
No one. I don't
any friends
have any
School and 22% 14% friends
Non-School 26%
School and
Friends NonSchool
Friends
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

90. “Friends care about me?”
School or Non-School Friends
Sober School ALCs Sober School Students
Friends Not at all: 1% Not at all: 8% 60%
52%
who Some or little bit: Some or little bit: 50% 46%
“DO” 16% 32% 40% School Friends
34%
attend 29%
Cares about me: Cares about me: 30%
my 34% 44%
Non-School
Friends
20% 16%
school 8% 10%
Very much: 46% Very much:15% 10%
1%
0%
Friends Not at all: 8% Not at all: 4% Not at Some Care Very
all about much
who do Some or little bit: Some or little bit: me
“NOT” 10% 19%
attend Cares about me: Cares about me:
my 29% 26%
school Very much: 52% Very much: 50%
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

91. Influence of Role Models
(I10011, NS10017, L10003)

92. Limitations
ALC Traditional Schools
• Sample size • Drug-free zones
• Possible hidden • Role model behavior
bias and trait differences in
• Substance use traditional school
attitude differences setting
• Variety of “issues”
• Continuum of care

93. Many, many issues in the field…
• Effectiveness of random UAs
• Responsible drinking vs abstinence
• Cycle of adolescent recovery (addict, recovery, relapse, recovery, etc.)
• Drug-free lifestyle for adolescents (in our world), sober fun
• 12 step program in public schools? Charter?
• Role of Non-using and using friends
• Adolescent diagnosis as an addict
• Will power vs physical dependence (moral weakness, disease model)
• Social acceptance
• New brain research (pharmocogenetic therapy)
• Influences??
• School safety
• Best practices (restorative justice, school communities, small schools)
• Recovery-based schools for non-addicts
• Effectiveness of AA, NA, CMA, etc.
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

94. Behavior of Role Models
(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)

95. Behavior of Role Models
(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
• Similar past

96. Behavior of Role Models
(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
• Similar past
• Long time sobriety

97. Behavior of Role Models
(G10001, NS10016, NS10017)
• Similar past • Working a good, strong
• Long time sobriety program
• Seniors • Strong personalities
• There for you
• Doing well academically

98.  This study focuses on peer role models and his
or her possible influence upon an individual‟s
sobriety.
 As part of the study we conducted a web-based
survey and interviewed students.
 The purpose of this presentation is to share the
preliminary results from the survey and
interviews.
 Thanks to the many participating schools that
belong to ARS.
Number of miles in my Honda from school to school in three months during this study: about 7,235.6
Removed 2 tons of carbon dioxide to offset the carbons produced during this study. (Carbon Planet
Certificate ID: 231923288592)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

99. Shared Recovery-based High
School Philosophy
1. Recovery Schools operate as State-recognized high
schools designed specifically for students recovering
from chemical dependency.
2. Recovery Schools provide academic services and
recovery assistance, post-treatment support, or
continuing care, but they do not operate primarily as
treatment centers or mental health agencies.
3. Recovery Schools require all recovering students to be
sober and working a program of recovery (as
determined by the student and the school) while
enrolled. In high school programs, all enrolled students
are recovering students.
(Association of Recovery Schools (ARS), 2007, http://recoveryschools.org)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

100. Shared Recovery-based High
School Philosophy
4. Recovery Schools offer academic courses for which
students receive credit towards a high school or
college diploma and provide services which assist the
student in making the transition into a college, a career,
or another high school.
5. Recovery Schools have a plan in place to handle the
therapeutic and crisis needs of students. These plans
can include full or part-time licensed counselors on staff,
out-sourced counseling contracts, or a written referral
plan. Any identified counselors (preferably chemical
dependency counselors) must meet their State’s
requirements for licensure or certification.
(Association of Recovery Schools (ARS), 2007, http://recoveryschools.org)
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

101. Minnesota Alternative Education
• Alternative programs allow students who are at risk of
not graduating to attend nontraditional schools, both
public and private, and earn a diploma. Minnesota
has more than 150 alternative programs at more
than 600 sites throughout the state. Although most
are focused on helping high school and adult
students, alternative programs also serve students in
grades K-8 whose education might otherwise be at
risk. Many programs combine academics with a
strong vocational emphasis.
Minnesota Department of Education, 2007
http://education.state.mn.us/mde/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/P
ublic_School_Choice/Alternative_Education/index.html
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007

102. Minnesota Alternative Education
Eligible students under age 21 are those who
meet any of the following criteria:
(1) performing substantially below grade level
(2) one year behind in credits
(3) pregnant or parents
(4) physical or sexual abuse
(5) chemically dependent
(6) mental health problems
(7) homeless
(8) truant
(9) limited English proficiency.
Minnesota Department of Education, 2007
http://education.state.mn.us/mde/Academic_Excellence/School_Choice/P
ublic_School_Choice/Alternative_Education/index.html
Presentation by D. Lloyd at the ARS Conference, Minneapolis, MD, July 26, 2007