1. Chapter 11 Muscles

2. Structure Muscles cells generate force and movements used to regulate the internal environment, and they also produce movements in the external environment. Ex. skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

3. Types of Muscle Tissues Skeletal muscles its contraction is responsible for supporting and moving the skeleton. contraction of skeletal muscle is initiated by impulses in the neurons to the muscle and is usually under voluntary control

4. Types of Muscle Tissues Smooth muscles Surround various hollow organs and tubes, Ex. stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, blood vessels, and airways in the lungs. The autonomic nervous system, hormones, autocrine/paracrine agents, and other local chemical signals control smooth muscle contraction. Some smooth muscles contract autonomously, however, even in the absence of such signals. Smooth muscle is not normally under voluntary control.

5. Types of Muscle Tissues Straited (Cardiac) Muscle Muscle of the heart Contraction propels blood through the circulatory system

6. Skeletal muscles Muscle fiber A single skeletal muscle cell Formed by fusion of undifferentiated, mononucleated cells, known as myoblasts into single cylindrical, multinucleated cell.

7. Structures Skeletal muscle differentiation is completed around the time of birth Continue to increase in size during growth from infancy to adult, but no new fibers are formed from myoblasts. If skeletal-muscle fibers are destroyed after birth as a result of injury, they cannot be replaced. New fibers can be formed, however, from undifferentiated cells known as satellite cells Does not restore a severely damaged muscle to full strength.

8. Structures Muscle refers to a number of musclefibers bound together by connective tissue. Tendons Collagen fibers that links the muscles and bones Located at each end of the muscles

9. Structures Striated muscles Under light microscope, is a series of light and dark bands perpendicular to the long axis of the fiber ex. Cardiac muscles Myofibrils cylindrical bundles with thick and thin filaments in the cytoplasm Cytoplasm of fiber is filled with myofibrils Skeletal-muscle fibers viewed through a light microscope. Each bracket at the left indicates one muscle fiber. Arrow indicates a blood vessel containing red blood cells.

10. Myofibrils Sarcomere One repeating unit of thick and thin filament in the myofibril Thick filaments Composed of contractile protein myosin Found in middle of sarcomere where their order parallel produces wide, dark A bands Thin filaments Composed of contractile protein actin As well as Troponin and Tropomyosin (regulation contraction)

12. Structures Each sarcomere contains 2 sets of thin filaments One end of each thin filament is anchored to a network of interconnecting protein called Z line Other end overlaps a portion of the thick filament I bands Light bands that lies between the ends of the A bands of two adjacent sarcomeres and contains those portions of the thin filaments that do not overlap the thick filaments. H zone Narrow light band in the center of the A band Only thick filaments, specifically their central parts, are found in the H zone M line Narrow, dark band in the center of the H zone Corresponds to proteins that link together the central region of the thick filaments

13. M line

14. Structures Titin A protein that functions as a molecular spring which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle Extends from Z line to M line linked to both the M-line proteins and the thick filaments

15. Structures Cross bridges Projections that bridges the space between overlapping thick and thin filaments portions of myosin molecules that extend from the surface of the thick filaments toward the thin filaments During contraction, the cross bridges make contact with the thin filaments and exert force on them

16. Molecular Mechanisms of Contraction

17. Contraction-turning on of the force-generating sites( cross bridges) in a muscle fiber. Relaxation- force generation is turned off and tension declines. the emotional state of low tension. Contraction and Relaxation

18. The sliding filament theory is the explanation for how muscles produce force (or, usually, shorten). It explains that the thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere. Sliding filament mechanism

19. Actin- globular proteins composed of a single polypeptide that polymerizes with other actins to form two intertwined helical chains. Actin-thin filament. Myosin-thick filament.

20. Is the sequence of events that occur between the time a cross bridge binds to a thin filament, moves, and then is set to repeat the process. Cross bridge cycle

21. 1. attachment of the cross bridge to the thin filament. 2. movement of cross bridge, producing tension on the thin filament. 3. detachment of the cross bridge from the thin filament. 4. energizing of the cross bridge for it to repeat the cycle. Cross bridge cycle

22. 1. (ATP hydrolysis) provides energy for cross-bridge movement 2. ATP binding tom myosin breaks the link formed between actin and myosin during cycle, allowing the cycle to be repeated. Roles of ATP

23. Roles of Troponin, Tropomyosin, and Calcium in contraction.

24. Tropomyosin and troponin are proteins that prevents cross bridges from interacting with actinin resting muscle fiber. Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins that in the absence of calcium prevent interaction of actin and myosin. Introduction

25. Is a complex of three regulatory proteins that is essential to muscle contraction. Troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in muscle tissue. Troponin

26. Troponin C-binds to calcium ions to produce a conformational change in TnI Troponin T-binds to tropomyosin, interlocking them to form a troponin-tropomyosin complex Troponin I-binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place Individual subunits serve different functions:

28. Is an actin-binding protein that regulates actin mechanics. Chains of tropomyosin molecules are arranged end to end along the actin filament. It inhibits contraction by blocking the interaction of actin and myosin, except when influenced by troponin. Tropomyosin

29. Muscle contraction is regulated by calcium ions, which will change thin filament into an activated state by binding to troponin. Removal of calcium from troponin reverses the process, turning off contractions. Calcium