A recession is defined as a decline in a country's GDP for two or more successive quarters. It is caused by factors like fiscal and monetary policy changes, shocks from increasing oil prices or geopolitical events, and the 2008 housing and subprime mortgage bubbles. The effects of a recession include declining home values, higher unemployment, reduced business expansion and stock market performance. While recessions are a normal part of the economic cycle, the current risks of a global recession are estimated at 25% due to interconnected global markets and trade. Individuals can recession-proof themselves by reducing debt, saving an emergency fund, continuing education and staying positive.