The document discusses the limits of information and communication technologies (ICT) such as computing power, data storage, and network bandwidth. It proposes that future networks will need to scale in both size and functionality through approaches like federation of multiple networks. Cloud computing is presented as a potential approach to tackle these limits by providing on-demand access to shared computing resources over a network in a scalable and elastic manner. However, cloud computing is still associated with many marketing hype and open questions remain regarding its impact and how it can integrate with existing technologies.

3. Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink S. T. Coleridge, 1797 S. T. Coleridge, 1797 S. T. Coleridge, 1797

5. The Internet Hourglass [email_address] IP Application layer Link layer Ethernet, WIFI (802.11), ATM, SONET/SDH, FrameRelay, modem, ADSL, Cable, Bluetooth… Voice, Video, P2P, Email, youtube, …. Protocols – TCP, UDP, SCTP, ICMP,… Disruptive approaches need a disruptive architecture Changing/updating the Internet core is difficult or impossible ! (e.g. Multicast, Mobile IP, QoS, …) Everything on IP Homogeneous networking abstraction IP on Everything IPv6 IPvX

8. There are Limits to Everything ...

12. Moore’s Law in HPC Machines Limit Soon! >>>

13. 100 -1000x Limit! >>>

14. Power Consumption Challenge for More Computing Power <<< Limit!

15. <<< Arch. Limit!

18. Simulated Time Can Get Rough <<< Proc. # Limit !

20. How Large the Computing Could Be?

27. SETI@home: 1,000,000 CPUs “Poor man’s Grid” BOINC (Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing) platform launched in 2003. General-purpose open-source platform for client-server model of distributed computing. >50 volunteer computing projects today in a wide range of sciences. Not all use BOINC. Volunteer Computing

28. Folding@home: >1 petaflop Sony pre-installs folding@home on Playstation-III – user can choose to run in background. 50k PS3s make first distributed petaflop machine (Guiness World Record Sept 2007). Often of Philanthropic Nature

29. LHC@home: >3000 CPU-years, >60K Volunteers >60K Volunteers Fortran program Sixtrack simulates LHC proton beam stability for 10 5 -10 6 orbits. Include real magnet parameters, beam-beam effects. Predict stable operation conditions. Citizen Cyber-science Projects

30. Volunteer Thinking

33. History of volunteer computing Applications Middleware 1995 2005 distributed.net, GIMPS SETI@home, Folding@home Commercial: Entropia, United Devices, ... BOINC Climateprediction.net [email_address] IBM World Community Grid [email_address] [email_address] ... 2005 2000 now Academic: Bayanihan, Javelin, ... Applications

34. ASGC Introduction Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Avian Flu Drug Discovery Grid Application Platform A Worldwide Grid Infrastructure Asia Pacific Regional Operation Center >280 sites, 45 countries >80,000 CPUs, >25 PetaBytes >14,000 users, >200 VOs >250,000 jobs/day Best Demo Award of EGEE’07 Lightweight Problem Solving Framework 1. Most Reliable T1: 98.83% 2. Very Highly Performing and most Stable Site in CCRC08 Max CERN/T1-ASGC Point2Point Inbound : 7.3 Gbps

35. 由歐洲到台灣每秒能傳送兩部大英百科全書 -- 歷史記錄 Max CERN/T1->ASGC Inbound : 7.3 Gbps, and Outbound : 5.9 Gbps

39. Resource Status for WLCG 5,500 2,500 1,300 WLCG CPU(KSI2K) Disk(TB) Tape (TB) 2007 1,700 900 800 2008 3,400 1,500 1,300 2009 5,000 3,000 3,000 2010 7,000 3,500 3,500 2011 8,000 4,000 4,500 2012 9,000 4,500 4,500 2013 10,000 4,500 4,500

41. Networking Backbone in Asia (GLIF)

42. WLCG/EGEE/EUAsiaGrid Partners in Asia Pacific STM-16 STM-16 STM-16 STM-4 STM-64 TW SINET CERNET JP HK SG CSTNET KREONET WIDE I2 / GN2 Tokyo-LCG2 US AU-ATLAS KEK2 KEK1 PK-NCP HK-HKU KNU KISTI-HEP KISTI-GCRT SDU-LCG2 BEIJING-PKU BEIJING-LCG2 AU-UNIMELB-LCG2 AARNET HARNET PK-PAKGRID MY-MIMOS IN-VECC IN-TIFR TW-NIU TWAREN/ TANET IP Transit HKIX TW-NTCU TW-THU TW-FTT TW-IPAS TW-NCUCC TW-NCUHEP Taiwan-ASGC SG-NGO TH-NETEC, HAII PH- AdMU, ASTI VN-IAMI NL

46. Large Hadron Collider LHC@CERN for High Energy Physics

47. Simulation of 2004 Earthquake in Taipei Basin, w/o Geological Structure consideration Earthquake Wave Simulation

48. Cloud Computing

61. Is It Buzzword evolution? One distributed computing buzzword per decade Metacomputing (~1987, L. Smarr) Grid computing (~1997, I. Foster, K. Kesselman) Cloud computing (~2007, E. Schmidt ?)

62. Cloud hype 1

63. Cloud hype 2 It’s stupidity. It’s worse than stupidity: it’s a marketing hype campaign. Somebody is saying this is inevitable — and whenever you hear somebody saying that, it’s very likely to be a set of businesses campaigning to make it true. Richard Stallman, quoted in The Guardian, September 29, 2008 The interesting thing about Cloud Computing is that we’ve redefined Cloud Computing to include everything that we already do. . . . I don’t understand what we would do differently in the light of Cloud Computing other than change the wording of some of our ads. Larry Ellison, quoted in the Wall Street Journal, September 26, 2008

64. Cloud hype 3 --- Cloud computing --- Grid computing

65. Cloud hype 4 Illustration by David Simonds The Economist April 09 The Open Cloud Manifesto “ The industry needs an objective, straightforward conversation about how this new computing paradigm will impact organizations, how it can be used with existing technologies, and the potential pitfalls of proprietary technologies that can lead to lock-in and limited choice .” OpenCloudManifesto.org

69. Definitions 1 Enterprise Grid Clouds Service Grid

70. Definitions 2 Cloud computing is an on-demand service offering a large pool of easily usable and accessible virtualized resources (such as hardware, development platforms and/or software services) in a pay-per-use model . Clouds are usually commercial and use proprietary interfaces. Service grids are systems that federate, share and coordinate distributed resources from different organizations which are not subject to centralized control , using standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces to deliver non-trivial qualities of service. Service grids are used by Virtual Organisations , thematic groups of users crossing administrative and geographical boundaries.

71. Definitions 3 Contract harvesting (Cloud) Cooperative harvesting (Service Grid)

72. Grids vs. Clouds 1

73. Grids vs. Clouds 2

74. Grids vs. Clouds 3 Cost of 1 Teraflop-year Cloud: $1.75M Amazon EC2 rates Cluster: $145K Hardware (computing, network, storage); power; infrastructure; sysadmin Volunteer: $1K - $10K Server hardware; sysadmin; web development

77. Conclusion “ IT is a cost center, after all, not so dissimilar from janitorial and cafeteria services, both of which have long been outsourced at most enterprises. Security concerns won't necessarily prevent companies from wholesale outsourcing of data services: businesses have long outsourced payroll and customer data to trusted providers. Much will depend on the specific company, of course, but it's unlikely that smaller enterprises will resist the economic logic of utility computing. Bigger corporations will simply take longer to make the shift.” Nicholas Carr in The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, from Edison to Google

78. Opportunities

79. Grid & Cloud: opportunities Many cloud offerings = competition Amazon Elastic Cloud Computing (EC2); IBM Blue Cloud; Microsoft Azure Services Platform; Sun Open Cloud Initiative; Google App Engine; Salesforce.com Force.com Cloud; GoGrid Cloud Hosting; RackSpace Cloud Hosting; Flexiscale Utility Computing on Demand… Some academic/open-source variants emerging Eucalyptus; Nimbus, OpenNebula,… Experiments in Grid + Cloud BalticCloud,StratusLab, VirtCloud, …some to be discussed in this session

81. Production & Volunteer grids EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 EGEE - Bob Jones - OGF25/User Forum - 2-6 March 2009 Enabling Grids for E-sciencE

84. Extendable Infrastructure EGEE-III INFSO-RI-222667 EGEE - Bob Jones - OGF25/User Forum - 2-6 March 2009 Enabling Grids for E-sciencE

85. Conclusion

87. Grid Computing My preferred definition: Grid computing is distributed computing performed transparently across multiple administrative domains Peter Coveney (P.V.Coveney@ucl.ac.uk) Notes: Computing means any activity involving digital information -- no distinction between numeric/symbolic, or numeric/data/viz Transparency implies minimal complexity for users of the technology

100. WWW Concept , CERN 1989 , 1990

101. First WWW Browser, Dec 1990