1. Dyer’s 3 ingredients
1. The star as Construction
• A star is created by record labels successful marketing
• Advertising, Product, placement, TV, Radio, Newspapers
• They create an image of the star
• Signature pose/hair/look/clothing

2. Dyer’s 3 ingredients
2. The Star as Commodity
• The record company want to make the most money out of the
artist
• Merchandise
• Getting the audience to become the star and look like them
• Audience buy merchandise to look like them

3. Dyer’s 3 ingredients
3. The Star as an ideology
• All artists have a belief or value attached to their image
• This belief is called ‘ideology’
• Artists sell this ideology as part of their image

4. Uses and Gratifications
• The theory that audiences use media texts in order to fulfil
pleasures and basic needs such as:
• Escapism
• Education
• Personal identification
• Personal relationship

5. Two-Step Flow
• The theory suggesting that there are opinions leaders within
society who can influence opinions and attitudes of the public.

6. Hypodermic needle
• The theory that proposes media messages can be ‘injected’
into the audience and influence people to act a particular way.

7. Desensitisation
• The theory that implies that overexposure to certain messages
and values can influence the audience to accept them. For
example, an air-brusher image of a celebrity on the front
cover of a magazine can influence women into believing that
that is the definition of beauty and this is how women
everywhere should look.

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
• The theory that there are five layers of basic needs that all
humans possess:
• Physiological (food, shelter, sleep)
• Safety
• Social needs (love and belonging)
• Esteem
• Self –actualisation