The document summarizes key developments in the United States between 1790-1860, including territorial expansion, economic growth driven by industrialization and slavery, increasing population including immigration and the slave trade, and rising tensions between the North and South over the issues of slavery and states' rights. Transportation networks like canals, railroads, and telegraph played a major role in connecting the growing country and supporting economic activity.

1. US History, Unit 1
Mr. Peal

2. 1. LAND
◦ The U.S. spread to the Pacific
Ocean.
2. WEALTH
◦ Factories, railways, cities…
3. NUMBER OF PEOPLE, including:
◦ Great increase in number of slaves
◦ Great increase in number of
immigrants from Europe

4.  Louisiana Purchase, 1803
 Texas, 1845
 Oregon, 1846
 California, 1848
 Gadsden Purchase, 1853

5.  Bought in 1803 from France
 Doubled the size of the county
 Explored by Merriwether Lewis
and William Clark
◦ Slow and dangerous trip
◦ Cross the Rocky Mountains
◦ Reached the Pacific

6.  Indians were
“removed” from
Georgia because
Americans wanted
their land when gold
discovered there.
 Congress and
President Andrew
Jackson made Indians
in Georgia and other
states live west of the
Mississippi.
 Americans felt
superior…thought
they had a mission to
settle the continent.

7.  Texas belonged to Spain for 300 years
 Settled by Americans because of…
◦ Good land for growing cotton
◦ Large amount of land for raising cattle (cowboys!)
 Before long, there were more Americans
than Texans.
 Conflicts between Mexicans and US settlers:
◦ Mexicans were Catholic, settlers were Protestants
◦ Americans had slaves, Mexicans didn’t like slavery
◦ Difference in language and culture made it difficult for
people to get along

8. 1836: Mexicans
attacked a fort called
Alamo and killed all
the Americans.
1845-8: War with
Mexico to make
Texas a state
Texas became a
state; allowed
slavery.

9.  Oregon territory attracted families
because of forests and farmland.
 Settlers followed the Oregon Trail.
 Included parts of Canada, Idaho,
Wyoming

10.  John Sutter
 Where the 49ers
got their name.
 Gold-diggers
came from
Europe, China,
and the east
 California grew
quickly. San
Francisco
became a city

11. NOTICE: Indians. What the figure has in her
hand. Types of transportation. The dark.Painting by John Gast

12. The Industrial
Revolution was a
huge change from…
1. farming to factory
work
2. living in the
countryside to
living in cities
3. Skilled hand-work
to unskilled
machine work

13. 1. Began in England
and spread to
America.
2. Required factory
workers, money, and
natural resources
(coal and iron)
3. Took place in
factories with
MACHINES that now
did the work.
4. Was mostly in the
NORTHERN states.
The ECONOMY is made
up of human activity
related to buying, selling,
and making goods and
services in a country.

14.  Cotton factories in England and America
needed American cotton.
 Slaves grew cotton.
 As the need for cotton grew,
◦ The demand for slaves grew
◦ The demand for cotton land increased
 The number of slaves increased
 Southern (cotton) states wanted to expand
west. The South wanted new states to be
slave states.

15.  America is a huge country, and
people got around by foot, horse,
and wagon. This was slow and
expensive.
 At first, canals solved the problem
◦ Erie Canal (1825)
◦ Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (opened in
1831, used until 1924)
 Canals reduced the cost to send
food to eastern cities, but there
were too expensive to built and
too slow

16.  Railroads moved people and
goods quickly and cheaply
over long distances (and
America was a big country)
 Invented in England
 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
(1827)
 By 1850: 9,000 miles of tracks
 By 1860: more than 30,000
miles of tracks, enough to
encircle the world
 It now cost less for American
farmers to ship food around
the world and make $$$

17.  What railroads did for things and people, the
telegraph did for information.
 Used electricity to send messages over long
distances.
 Invented in 1844 by Samuel Morse.
 There were 20,000 miles of telegraph wire in 1850
and 50,000 by 1860, enough to circle the earth
twice.

18.  Railroads created a great need for…
IRON for tracks and railroad cars
COAL to run the locomotives
Machines
 Cotton created a great need for…
IRON for machines
Machines
 All that new farm land created a new for…
IRON machines
New types of machines to take care of large farms

19. Total number of people
 1790: 4 million people
 1860: 31 million
people
People in Cities
 1790: 5% (5 out of
100)
 1860: 15% (15 out of
100)
 Until 1830, there
were few
immigrants (people
who came from
other countries)
Number of Slaves
 1790: 400,000
 1860: 4 million

20.  In the 1840s, millions
of people from Ireland
came to America
because of the
destruction of the
potato harvest.
 In the 1850s, Germans
came too.
 After the Gold Rush,
many Chinese came to
look for gold and work
on the railroads.

21.  Many Americans did not
like any foreigners.
 Many Americans did not
like Catholics.
 Many Americans did not
like non-Christians
(Jews and the Chinese)
 Many Americans did not
like people with darker
skin (Chinese, Native
Americans)

22.  As people moved West,
◦ South wanted to go West to grow more cotton
◦ North wanted to go West to farm and start factories
◦ Indians were killed or pushed west
◦ North and South competed to control new states
 As population increased
◦ Number of slaves increases, and
◦ People move to America from Ireland and China,
and some Americans do not like them
 Not everyone benefited from changes
◦ Slaves
◦ Women

23. NORTH: Built
factories and
used cotton
from the South
SOUTH: Grew
cotton, with
slaves, for North
and for England

24. Slave or
Free???
North or South:
Which side should rule the country?