15. Since the number of informative and vocative texts far exceeds that of expressive texts. Most non-literary writings comprise material suitable for communicative translation. On the other hand, original expression, where the manner is as important as the matter, whether it is philosophical, political, technical or literary, needs to be translated semantically. Autobiography, private correspondence and any other personal effusion also require a semantic translation, since the intimate flavor of the original is more important than its effect on the reader.

19. • Classification of texts as: – 'informative‘ – 'expressive‘ – 'operative‘ – 'audiomedial' Reiss (1970s) Functional approach

20. Figure 4 -1 Text typologies (after Reiss 1976) operative vocative, imperative willing vocative (Appell) expressive expressive, affective, emotive feeling expressive (Ausdruck) informative descriptive, declarative, informative thinking, perceiving informative (Darstellung) Reiss text types Coseriu language forms Stiehler types of human cognition Bühler functions of linguistic signs

21. Figure 4-2 Typology of translation (Reiss 1976) a) integral communicative performance b) all kinds of changes of function communicative translation a) normal case b) special subtype Text = verbal component of a communication process (text-with-a-function) study of culture-bound language differences learned translation (deliberately marked + commentary) Text = basic linguistic sign foreign language learning literal translation (grammar translation) Text = sum of sentences comparative linguistic research word-for-word translation (interlinear) Text = sum of words Translation aim Translation type Text concept