1. Dr. Osama Zeinalabidin
Master/Occupational Diseases

2. 17/07/2011
Occupational Health
2

3. 1. Silicosis
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It is the major cause of permanent disability and
mortality
Caused by inhalation of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Found among construction workers, foundries ..
The particles are ingested by the phagocytes,
accumulate and block the lymph channels
Pathologically characterized by a dense nodular
fibrosis 3x4 mm
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Occupational Health
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4. cont. silicosis
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Onset insidious
Early manifestations:
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Irritant cough
Dyspnoea on exertion and,
Chest pain
Advanced cases Impairment of total lung capacity
(TLC)
X-Ray shows “snow-storm)
Prone to tuberculosis (silicotuberculosis)
No effective treatment
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Occupational Health
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5. 2. Anthracosis
 Disease
of coal miners
 1st phase after 12 years exposure (simple
pneumoconiosis)
 2nd phase progressive massive fibrosis (PMF)
 The risk of death among coal miners is twice
that of general population
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Occupational Health
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6. 3. Byssinosis
 It
is due to inhalation of cotton fiber dust over
> 10 years
 Symptoms:
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Chronic cough
Progressive Dyspnoea
Ending in chronic bronchitis
Affects about 10% of spinning workers
Characterized by Monday syndrome
Occupational Health
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7. 4. Bagassosis
 Caused
by inhalation of bagasse (sugar
cane) dust
 Symptoms:
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Cough
Breathlessness
Haemoptysis
Untreated may lead to diffuse fibrosis,
emphysema and bronchiectasis
Occupational Health
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8. 5. Asbestosis
 Asbestos
is a silica combine with
magnesium, iron, calcium and aluminum
 It had 2 types:
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
Serpentine (chrysolite) 90% of used asbestos
Amphibole
 Asbestos
fibers are of 20 -500 μ
 Used in roofs, pipes, break lining ….
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Occupational Health
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9. cont. asbestos
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Insoluble fibers Enters the body by inhalation and
deposited in the alveoli
Asbestos is carcinogenic
Appear after 5-10 years
Symptoms:
 Respiratory
 Cardiac
 Clubbing fingers
 Sputum shows asbestos bodies
 X-Ray shows a ground glass in the lower lung
fields
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Occupational Health
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10. 6. Farmer’s Lung
 It
is due to the inhalation of grain dust
 30 % of moisture of grain contains bacteria
and fungi
 Symptoms:
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Respiratory
Fibrosis
Corpulmonale
Occupational Health
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11. Lead Poisoning
 Lead:
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Low boiling point
Mixes easily with other metals
Anticorrosive
 Used
in more than 200 industries
 Non-occupational sources (gasoline)
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Occupational Health
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12. cont. lead poisoning
 Mode
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of absorption:
Inhalation (common)
Ingestion (rare)
Skin (only organic lead tetraethyl lead)
Normal absorption 0.2 – 0.3 mg per day
 Distribution
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in the body:
90% excreted
10% stored in the bones
Occupational Health
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13. cont. lead poisoning
 Symptoms
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Insomnia
Headache
Mental confusion
Delirium …. Etc
 Organic
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of organic lead (CNS):
Lead is rarely used (Gasoline)
Occupational Health
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14. cont. lead poisoning
 Clinical
Picture of Inorganic Lead Poisoning:
 Abdominal
colic
 Constipation
 Loss of appetite
 Blue line on the gums
 Anaemia
 Wrist drop
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Occupational Health
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15. Diagnosis of lead poisoning
 History
 Clinical
picture
 Laboratory tests:
 Diagnosis and treatment of lead exposure are
based on blood lead level
 WHO state that a blood lead level of
>10 μg/dL is a cause for concern
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Occupational Health
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16. X ray demonstrating the characteristic
finding of lead poisoning
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Occupational Health
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17. Preventive measures of Lead
Poisoning
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Substitution
Isolation
Local exhaust ventilation
Personal protection, hygiene, health education
Good housekeeping
Working atmosphere (should not exceed 2.0 -10 mg
per 10 cu meters of air
Periodic medical examination
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Occupational Health
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18. 17/07/2011
Occupational Health
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19. 1. Skin Cancers
 75%
of skin cancers are occupational
 Main causes:
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Tar
X-Rays
Oils and dyes
Occupational Health
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20. 2. Lung Cancers
 10%
of lung cancer are occupational
 It is a hazard in:
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Gas industry
Asbestos industry
Radio-active substances (a large number of
industries are using radioactive substances)
Arsenic and Beryllium ??
Occupational Health
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21. 3. Cancer of bladder
 Rubber
industry
 Aromatic amines
 Electric cable industries
 Gas industries
 Naphthylamines ?
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Occupational Health
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22. 4. Leukaemia
 Benzol
(solvent)
 Roentgen
rays, Radioactive substances
Characteristics of Occupational Leukaemia:
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Appear after a long exposure (10 -15 years)
The disease develop even after cessation of
exposure
The average age is earlier
Occupational Health
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23. Occupational Hazards of
Agricultural Workers
 Zoonotic
diseases
 Accidents
 Insecticides, fertilizers
 Physical hazards (heat, cold …)
 Respiratory diseases (farmer’s lung …)
 Occupational-related diseases
(Schistosomiasis, malaria …)
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Occupational Health
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24. Accidents in industry
 Human
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factors:
Physical
Psychosocial
Sex (males ↑)
Age (young age ↑)
Time
Experience
Carelessness, overconfidence
Slow cerebration
Occupational Health
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25. Environmental factors of
Accidents in industry
 Unsafe
machines (10 -20 %)
 Noise
 Poor
illumination
 Poor housekeeping
 Unsafe tools
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Occupational Health
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26. Sickness absenteeism
 It
is the sick absence due to occupational
diseases (10%), non-occupational diseases
or other causes:
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Economic
Social
 Prevention:
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Good factory management
Adequate pre-placement examination
Good human relations
Application of ergonomics
Occupational Health
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27. Diseases/disorders due to
biological hazards
= Diseases related to occup. caused by
living organisms:
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Brucellosis,
Leptospirosis,
Anthrax,
Tetanus
RVF
Wild animal, snakes, scorpions .. etc.
Occupational Health
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28. 17/07/2011
Occupational Health
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29. Heat Hyperpyrexia (Heat stroke):
 Severe
and sometimes fatal condition
 Due
to failure of the body to regulate
temperature.
 Caused
by prolonged exposure to the sun
or to high temperatures..
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Occupational Health
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30. Symptoms of Health Stroke
 Lessening
 Body
or lack of sweating
temperature of 105 F or higher,
 Fast
pulse rate,
 Hot
and dry skin, >>
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Occupational Health
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31. Heat Exhaustion:
 Weakness,
muscle cramps, fainting.
by ↓ levels of body fluid & salts
 Temperature is nearly normal
 Skin cool, and pale
 Recovers with rest, replacement of
water and salt.
 Caused
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Occupational Health
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32. Prickly heat
 Blisters
and pimples, often red.
 Caused
by blockage of sweat ducts
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Occupational Health
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33. Cold
Frost bite:
 Narrowing and damage to blood vessels
 Results
 Tissue
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in oxygen starvation and
death.
Occupational Health
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34. Light
 Occupational
 Miner’s
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cataract.
nystagmus.
Occupational Health
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35. Pressure
Caisson disease:
 Caused by nitrogen bubbles forming in the
body tissue.
 Affects
deep-sea divers and aviators,
 Caused
by moving too quickly from
different levels of pressure
 Disorientation,
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severe pain, and fainting
Occupational Health
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36. Noise
Occupational deafness
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Occupational Health
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37. Vibration
 White
fingers
 Arthritis
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Occupational Health
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38. Ultraviolet
 Conjunctivitis
 Keratitis
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(Welder’s flash).
Occupational Health
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39. Ionizing radiation
 Genetic
 Cancer
changes
(Leukemia)
 Sterility
 Aplastic
anaemia
 Death
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Occupational Health
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40. Electricity
 Burns,
 Electrical
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shocks
Occupational Health
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41. 17/07/2011
Occupational Health
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42. Types of Occupational Accidents
disorders
1.
Injuries due to falls, cuts, abrasions …..
2.
Ergonomic Disorders (Muscular-skeletal)
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Occupational Health
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43. Ergonomic disorders
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Occupational Health
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44. Ergonomics
 Ergonomics:
Adjustment
of
Man
&
Machine”
 Ergo-friendly
tools: Tools which reduce
the stresses or problems resulting work
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Occupational Health
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45. Causes of accidents
Human factors:
 Inadequate visual or hearing acuity
 Use of drugs and alcohol
 Carelessness .. Fatalism
 Poor training
 Overconfidence
 Working hours
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Occupational Health
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46. cont. causes of accidents
2. Environmental factors:
 Noise
 Poor
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light
Occupational Health
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47. 17/07/2011
Occupational Health
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48. Factors Leading to
Psychosocial hazards
 Lack
of job satisfaction
 Insecurity
 Poor interpersonal relations
 Work pressure
 Poor management
 Poor incentives
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Occupational Health
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49. Psychological &
behavioural changes
 Hostility,
 Aggressiveness,
 Anxiety,
 Depression,
 Addiction
 Sickness
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absenteeism.
Occupational Health
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50. Organic disorders
 Hypertension,
 headache,
 body-ache,
 peptic
ulcers,
 asthma,
 diabetes,
 heart disorders, etc.
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Occupational Health
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51. Occupational dermatitis
1.
75% of occup. cancers are skin cancers,
mainly among oil refiners, road makers
2.
Irritants are due to long exposure to
acids, alkaline, dyes and solvents
3.
Eczema
4.
Note: Occupational diseases affect
groups
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Occupational Health
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52. Occupational Hazards of
agricultural workers
1.
Infectious diseases
2.
Pesticides poisoning
3.
Accidents
4.
Biological Hazards
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Occupational Health
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53. Thank you
Ref:
• Park’s Textbook of Preventive and
Social Medicine
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Occupational Health
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