10. WHAT IS MANAGING?
Managing requires the creation and
maintenance of an environment in which
individuals work together in groups
toward the accomplishment
of common objectives
11. IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL DIGNITY
The concept of individual dignity
means that people must be treated
with respect, no matter what their
position in the organization
12. WHAT IS MOTIVATION?
• Derived from Latin word, ‘movere’,
meaning “to move”.
• Motivation is a general term
applying to the entire class of
drives, desires, needs, wishes, and
similar forces
13. • “The process of initiating action” is technically
called „motivation‟.
• Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological
or psychological need which activates a behavior or a
drive that is aimed at a goal.
• The process that accounts for an individual‟s intensity,
direction, and persistence of efforts toward attaining a
goal.
• The process of activating, maintaining and
directing behaviour towards a particular goal.
16. • Motivated behavior is usually goal oriented;
• The goal may be associated with a drive such as
hunger or thirst (called primary motivation).
• Motivation can be learned (in which case it is called
secondary motivation)
18. Steps in the Motivational Cycle
PRIMARY
MOTIVATION
STEP 1: Need/ Drive STEP 2: Buildup of tension
hunger • Worry with time
• Set aside other needs
STEP 4: Satisfaction and
tension reduction STEP 3: Focused activities
Feel freedom to satisfy other Search for food
needs
STEP 4: Achievement of goal
Found food
19. Steps in the Motivational Cycle
SECONDARY
MOTIVATION
STEP 2: Buildup of tension
STEP 1: Goal • Worry that time will run out
Complete a work in 2 • Doubt about abilities
months • Fear of failure
• Set aside other needs
STEP 4: Satisfaction and STEP 3: Focused activities
tension reduction • Collect all needed resources
Feel freedom to satisfy other • Plan
needs • Hard work
STEP 4: Achievement of goal
Complete the work
21. A Model of How Goals
Can Improve Performance
Goals can motivate
Goals need to be for
Specific Directing attention Improved
Difficult Encouraging effort
Encouraging persistence
Performance
Participatively set
Fostering goal attainment
strategies and action
plans
Feedback on
performance
23. • To reach our full
potential and to
perform to the best
of our ability.
• To avoid the negative
feelings.
29. Maslow’s-Hierarchy of Needs
Theory
• This theory was proposed by Abraham Maslow
• It is based on the assumption that people are
motivated by a series of five universal needs.
• These needs are ranked, according to the order in
which they influence human behavior, in hierarchical
fashion.
• The order of needs starts from basic survival or lower
order needs to higher order needs i.e. from the level
of physiological needs to self transcendence.
• As one level of need is satisfied another higher order
need will emerge and assume importance in life.
30. MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
self-realization, continuous self-development,
and the process of becoming all that a person is
desire for self-respect, self-esteem, desire for
capable of becoming …
reputation, prestige, status, fame, glory,
Self -
dominance, recognition, attention, importance,
relationship with other members of the society,
and appreciation… Actualization
want to become an accepted member of an
organised group, need a familiar environment
Esteem needs
security,family… dependency, protection, freedom
such as stability,
from fear and anxiety, and a need for structure, order,
Belongingness & love needs
and law; job security.…
Food, water needs
Safety …
Physiological needs
32. McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF
NEEDS
• According to David McClelland, regardless of culture
or gender, people are driven by three motives:
ACHIEVEMENT ,
AFFILIATION, AND
POWER
34. McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF
NEEDS
• ACHIEVEMENT : The
need for achievement is
characterized by the wish
to take responsibility for
finding solutions to
problems, master
complex tasks, set goals,
get feedback on level of
success.
36. McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF
NEEDS
• AFFILIATION : The need
for affiliation is
characterized by a desire
to belong, an enjoyment
of teamwork, a concern
about interpersonal
relationships, and a need
to reduce uncertainty.
38. McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF
NEEDS
• POWER :The need for
power is characterized
by a drive to control and
influence others, a need
to win arguments, a
need to persuade and
prevail.
39. McCLELLAND’S THEORY OF
NEEDS
• According to McClelland, the presence of these
motives or drives in an individual indicates a
predisposition to behave in certain ways.
• Therefore, from a manager's perspective, recognizing
which need is dominant in any particular individual
affects the way in which that person can be motivated.
40. Theory of “X” and Theory of “Y”
• Douglas McGregor observed two diametrically
opposing view points of managers about their
employees,
• one is negative called “Theory of X” and
• one is positive called “Theory of Y”
41. Theory of “X” and Theory of “Y”
THEORY X THEORY Y
• EMPLOYEES DISLIKE • EMPLOYEES LIKE
WORK WORK
• THEY MUST BE • PEOPLE WILL
CONTROLLED TO EXERCISE SELF-
ACHIEVE GOALS CONTROL
• THEY AVOID • THEY SEEK
RESPONSIBILITIES RESPONSIBILITIES
• MOST PUT SECURITY • THEY ARE INNOVATIVE
ABOVE ALL
42. Theory of “X” and Theory of “Y”
THEORY X THEORY Y
• EMPLOYEES DISLIKE • EMPLOYEES LIKE
WORK WORK
• THEY MUST BE • PEOPLE WILL
CONTROLLED TO EXERCISE SELF-
ACHIEVE GOALS CONTROL
• THEY AVOID
RESPONSIBILITIES • THEY SEEK
•Theory of X assumes
MOST PUT SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES
Whereas Theory of Y,
Maslow’s ALL level
ABOVE lower • THEY ARE INNOVATIVE
assumes Maslow’s
needs dominate in higher level needs
employees. dominate in employees.
43. GOAL SETTING THEORY
• Edwin Locke proposed that setting specific goals
will improve motivation.
• Salient features of this theory are the following:
– Specific goal fixes the needs of resources and efforts
– It increases performance
– Difficult goals result higher performance than easy job
– Better feedback of results leads to better performance
than lack of feed back.
– Participation of employees in goal has mixed result,
however, it increases acceptance of goal and
involvements.
44. GOAL SETTING THEORY
• Goal setting theory has identified two factors which
influences the performance.
GOAL COMMITMENT
SELF EFFICIENCY
46. GOAL SETTING THEORY
Goal commitment:
• Goal setting theory
presupposes that the
individual is committed to the
goal.
• This commitment depends on
the following:
– Goals are made public
– Individual has an internal
locus of control
– Goals are self-set
48. GOAL SETTING THEORY
Self –Efficiency :
• Self Efficiency is the belief or
self confidence, that he/she is
capable of performing task.
• In the case of low self-
efficiency level persons will
lessen or even abandon when
meeting challenges. But
• Persons with high self-
efficiency put up extra-efforts
when they face challenges
56. CAUSES OF DISSATISFACTION
Practically, differnt points are:-
• Inefficient administration
• Incompetant supervision
• Poor personal relationship
• Poor leadership qualities
• Low pay
• Bad working conditions
• Non-participation in plans of work
58. BARRIERS OF MOTIVATION
NEGETIVE ATTITUDE
POSITIVE ATTITUDE
LACK SELF-CONFIDENCE
OF SELF-CONFIDENCE
NOT AGREEAGREE
WITH THE TASK
UNFULFILLED BASIC NEEDS
BASIC NEEDS FULFILLED
LACK REWARD
OF REWARD
UNFAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENT
HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT
60. He spent most of his childhood in financial
problems.
started working at an early age to supplement his
family's income.
Wrote many inspirational books including “Wings
of fire” and “India 2020”.
Has been awarded with most prestigious highest
civilian award “Bharat Ratna” in1997.
who served as the 11thPresident of India from
2002 to 2007.
popularly known as the “Missile Man of India”.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
61. Lost his job in his early life.
Started business and failed in 1832 at 23 yrs.
Wife died of a fatal disease in 1835.
Experienced nervous breakdown.
Contested election for speaker in legislature and lost
Applied for post of Land Officer and not selected.
Contested for senate and lost in 1854.
Contested for vice president and lost in 1856.
Again Contested for senate and lost in1858.
AND TWO YEARS LATER…..
Abraham Lincoln
ON NOV. 6, 1860 ELECTED AS PRESIDENT OF AMERICA
62. 1969-A govt. servant at a salary of Rs. 400/- per month
He started by selling yellow powder to neighbours and
then to nearby localities on cycle.
Now he is having a fortune of more than Rs. 14 billion,
14000 employees and more than 200 managers
Selling Nirma Washing Powder at Rs.3.50 when Surf
was sold at Rs.15 per kilogram
AND LOOK AT HIM
After the kutch earthquake in Gujrat he hired 700
buildings to house the victims
Karsan Bhai Patel
63. A fat little girl
Lost 25 kilogram and keeps the weight off permanently
by power walks and sensible eating habits
At one time she was responsible for 37 out of 50 most
popular programmes on Indian cable television
At one time one of the most 50 powerful communicators
in Asia by Asia Week magazine.
Absolute determination and self control
Ekta kapoor
65. • Self motivation is the inspiration
behind your behavior and
actions.
• It is an important mechanism
that will help you to reach your
goal, without external influence.
• Self motivation improves
your confidence and self-
esteem, as well as gives you
strength to achieve your goal.
66. • Self motivation is important in
every aspect of your life, be it
career, social life, relationship,
health and fitness, spirituality
or personality development.
• Firstly, you must find out
what motivates you.
• Some people may get
motivated by influential people;
while, some by reading
inspirational books, stories or
poems.
67. • Self-motivation is a more
efficient method.
• If you can motivate yourself,
you do not have to depend on
any external factors.
• Self motivation is the best
inspirational technique.
69. • Without having a dream, you
cannot achieve anything.
• You must have observed how
obsessed great men are with
their dreams.
• Everyone is aware of Martin
Luther King Jr's famous speech,
'I Have A Dream'.
• Only when you have a dream,
you will be determined to follow
it and make it real.
DREAM
71. • Make difficult but realistic goals.
• They should not be extraordinary
and unreachable.
• Firstly, discover
– Your strengths, and also
– Your limits/ weaknesses;
• only then, set your goals.
• You should also have a blueprint
of your plan.
• Your action plan must be flexible,
so that it lasts long.
CONCRETE
PLANS
73. • Your attitude is your biggest
asset.
• Positive thinking is extremely
important as your thoughts and
attitude will influence your plans
and actions.
• Do not let negative thoughts or
people influence you.
• Write your positive aspects and
achievements.
• It will definitely boost your self-
POSITIVE confidence.
ATTITUDE
75. • Start with a small step
• It takes a lot of effort to initiate the
planned course of action.
• It is observed that most people
have their plans ready, but they
find it extremely difficult to make a
start.
• You must at least take a single
step to begin your work.
• Once you begin, it is easier to
continue.
• Do not fear making mistakes
because the more you fear, the
more likely you are to commit one
FIRST Remember that failure is
followed by success.
STEP
77. • Steadiness and regularity in
your actions is very essential.
• It is possible that you may get
discouraged or tired, after the
initial excitement is over.
• But, you have to self-motivate
and be focused.
• Strengthen your interest and
desire to succeed.
• Do not complain about lack of
resources or unsuitable
CONSISTENCY situations.
78. • If you are really determined,
you will accomplish your goal.
• You must not let any kind of
obstacles affect you or your
action plans.
CONSISTENCY
80. • Delaying your day's work will
lengthen your time in achieving
your goal.
• Avoid being lazy.
• Taking breaks to get refreshed
is accepted, but not putting
things off for the next day.
• Delaying is a hindrance in your
progress.
DELAYING IS YOUR
ENEMY
81. • Harmful external forces likes
negative thoughts and ideas
must be completely blocked.
• You should never lose your
mental balance under any
circumstances.
• You should not be nervous or
depressed.
DELAYING IS YOUR
ENEMY
83. • There may be times when things
can go wrong.
• But, If you follow the right plan and
procedure, you are sure to
succeed.
• You must never lose hope. Keep
on trying, find out what is wrong
but do not quit.
• Memorize the famous quote
“Losers quit when they are
tired, Champions quit when
they win gold”.
NEVER QUIT
86. • So, gear up and get
started.
• Reward yourself, even
if you make any single
accomplishment.
• Believe in yourself so
that you can easily
self-motivate.
• Recall these self
motivation skills daily,
and you are sure to
succeed!
87. DR. R.B. JAIN, PROFESSOR,
DEPTT. OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
THANK YOU
PGIMS, ROHTAK, HARYANA