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2. 2
Normal Control of BP
Normal control of BP: sympathoadrenal
axis-- response to a decrease in BP
Sensed by Central baroreceptors {heart & great
arteries}
Stimulation of ß-adrenergic systems
increased heart rate (positive chronotropic response)
increased force of contraction (contractility, positive
inotropic response)
increased renin secretion {juxtaglomerular renal cells}
Stimulation of a-adrenoceptor systems: causes
vasoconstriction
3. 3
Essential Hypertension
With essential hypertension, mechanisms in the
previous slide function inappropriately
Excessive sympathetic activation
Elevated norepinephrine may promote through vascular
endothelium injury:
vascular hypertrophy
atherogenesis
ß-adrenergic receptor down-regulation
Reduced endothelium-mediated vascular relaxation
Consequence:
increased vasoconstrictive tone (chronic vasoconstriction)
Excessive sympathetic activation promotes enhanced
peripheral vascular resistance in hypertensive patients
4. 4
Hypertension Defined
Re: Table in the next slide
Based on recommendations of the
Seventh Report of the Joint
National Committee of Prevention,
Detection, Evaluation, and
Treatment of High Blood Pressure
(JNC VII)
Also see: e-Medicine article Hypertension
New Hypertension Guidelines
Quick Reference Card
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guideline
s/hypertension/phycard.pdf
5. 5
Classification of Blood
Pressure (JNC VII)
Category Systemic BP (mm Hg) Diastolic BP (mm Hg)
Normal <130 <85
High normal 130-139 85-89
Hypertension
Stage 1 140-159 90-99
Stage 2 160-169 100-109
Stage 3 180-209 110-119
Stage 4 210 120
6. 6
Classification of HTN
Primary Hypertension
Specific cause unknown
90% of the cases
Also known as essential or idiopathic
hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Cause is known (such as eclampsia of
pregnancy, renal artery disease,
pheochromocytoma)
10% of the cases
7. 7
Physiological Factors
Influencing Arterial Pressure
Arterial pressure is determined by a
number of interacting factors
Preload & Contractility
Heart rate
Peripheral resistance
8. 8
Physiological Factors Influencing Arterial
Pressure
Preload & Contractility
As blood volume returning to heart
increases, preload increases and there
is enhanced filling with ventricular
dilation
According to Starling's Law, increased
ventricular stretch usually leads to
increased contractility
9. 9
Physiological Factors Influencing Arterial
Pressure
Preload & Contractility(2)
Increased preload and increased
contractility lead to increased stroke
volume and ultimately an increase in
arterial pressure, all other factors
remaining equal
Some antihypertensive drugs
decrease preload
10. 10
Physiological Factors Influencing Arterial
Pressure
Preload & Contractility(3)
The Nitrates are an example of preload reducing agents
See: CV Pharmacology
Anti-Anginal Agents Ppt
11. 11
Physiological Factors Influencing
Arterial Pressure Heart Rate
Heart rate:
Since product of heart rate and stroke volume equals
cardiac output, an increase in heart rate will increase
arterial blood pressure, all other factors remaining equal
Some antihypertensive agents decrease heart rate (ß-
adrenergic receptor antagonists, e.g.)
Heart Rate X Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output (CO)
Cardiac Output X Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) =
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
12. 12
Physiological Factors Influencing Arterial
Pressure Peripheral resistance
Peripheral resistance:
For a given cardiac output, blood
pressure depends only on peripheral
resistance
Some antihypertensive drugs act to
reduce peripheral resistance (Also
known as afterload reducing agents)
13. 13
Physiological Factors Influencing
Arterial Pressure
Depending on mechanism of action,
a given antihypertensive may:
Reduce preload
Reduce afterload
Decrease heart rate
Reduce peripheral resistance
Reduce contractility.
Many antihypertensive drugs have
multiple effects
28. 28
Antihypertensive Agents:
Adrenergic Agents
Therapeutic Uses
Alpha1 blockers (peripherally acting)
Treatment of hypertension
Relief of symptoms of BPH
Management of of severe CHF when used
with cardiac glycosides and diuretics
30. 30
Antihypertensive Agents:
Adrenergic Agents
Therapeutic Uses
Central-Acting Adrenergics(2)
Also may be used for treatment of severe
dysmenorrhea, menopausal flushing,
glaucoma
Clonidine is useful in the management of
withdrawal symptoms in opioid- or
nicotine-dependent persons
32. 32
Antihypertensive Agents:
Adrenergic Agents
Side Effects
Most common: dry mouth drowsiness
sedation constipation
Other: headaches sleep disturbances
nausea rash
cardiac disturbances (palpitations)
HIGH INCIDENCE OF ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
33. 33
Antihypertensive Agents:
Categories- (ACE Inhibitors)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)
Large group of safe and effective drugs
Often used as first-line agents for CHF
and hypertension
May be combined with a thiazide diuretic
or calcium channel blocker
34. 34
Antihypertensive Agents:
Mechanism of Action
ACE Inhibitors
RAAS: Renin Angiotensin-Aldosterone
System
When the enzyme angiotensin I is converted
to angiotensin II, the result is potent
vasoconstriction and stimulation of
aldosterone
35. 35
Antihypertensive Agents:
Mechanism of Action(2)
ACE Inhibitors
Result of vasoconstriction: increased
systemic vascular resistance and
increased afterload
Therefore, increased BP
36. 36
Antihypertensive Agents:
Mechanism of Action(3)
ACE Inhibitors
Aldosterone stimulates water and sodium
resorption.
Result: increased blood volume, increased
preload, and increased B
37. 37
Antihypertensive Agents:
Mechanism of Action(4)
ACE Inhibitors
ACE Inhibitors block the angiotensin-converting
enzyme, thus preventing the formation of
angiotensin II.
Also prevent the breakdown of the vasodilating
substance, bradykinin
Result: decreased systemic vascular resistance (afterload),
vasodilation, and therefore, decreased blood pressure
40. 40
Antihypertensive Agents
ACE Inhibitors
captopril (Capoten)
Short half-life, must be dosed more
frequently
than others
enalapril (Vasotec)
The only ACE inhibitor available in oral and
parenteral forms
42. 42
Antihypertensive Agents:
Therapeutic Uses
ACE Inhibitors
Hypertension
CHF (either alone or in combination with diuretics
or other agents)
Slows progression of left ventricular hypertrophy
after an MI
Renal protective effects in patients with diabetes
Drugs of choice in hypertensive patients with CHF
43. 43
Antihypertensive Agents:
Side Effects
ACE Inhibitors
Fatigue Dizziness
Headache Mood changes
Impaired taste
Dry, nonproductive cough, reverses when therapy is
stopped
NOTE: first-dose hypotensive effect may occur!!
45. 45
Antihypertensive Agents:
Mechanism of Action
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
Allow angiotensin I to be converted to
angiotensin II, but block the receptors that
receive angiotensin II
Block vasoconstriction and release of
aldosterone
56. 56
Nitric Oxide and Vasodilation
After receptor stimulation, L-arginine-
dependent metabolic pathway
produces nitric oxide (NO) or thiol
derivative (R-NO). NO causes
increase in cyclic guanosine
monophosphate (cGMP), which
causes relaxation of vascular smooth
muscle. EDRF=endothelium-derived
relaxing factor.
From: Inhaled Nitric Oxide Therapy
ROBERT J. LUNN, M.D.
From the Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota.
http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com/inside.asp?re
f=7003sc
60. 60
Stepwise Approach to Tx of
Essential HTN
beginning with a low dosage of
either an ACE inhibitor, calcium
channel blocker or beta blocker
and proceeding, if needed to add a
diuretic
and ultimately additional more
powerful drugs, such as centrally
acting sympatholytics, peripheral
vasodilators or combination.
At each step dosages are reviewed and
if the patient's hypertension is
controlled then therapy may be
continued with review for possible
removal of medication.
Figure adapted from Harrison's "Principles of Internal
Medicine, Thirteenth Edition, p. 1128
Antihypertensive
Medication Sequence
61. 61
Resources
JNC GUIDELINES
The Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,
Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC
7)
On the JNC home page, there are a number of important
resources for clinicians as well as patient resources,
including:
JNC 7 Complete Report: The Science Behind the New
Guidelines (86 pages)
JNC 7 Express Highlights "Must Know" Clinical Practice
Updates (34 pages)
JNC 7 Reference Card (2 pages)- A great summary of
Evaluation, Treatment,