6. Benefit of Glucose Control in
Reducing Microvascular Complications
Type 1 Diabetes
– Diabetes Control and Complications
Trial (DCCT)
– Epidemiology of Diabetes in
Complications (EDIC)
7. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)
Type 1 Diabetes
24-76% reduction in microvascular complications
- Retinopathy
- Neuropathy
- Nephropathy
- Microalbuminuria
DCCT Study Group. N Engl J Med 329:977, 1993
8. EDIC Study Results
Intensive Glucose Control in Type 1 Diabetes
E D I C R e s e a r c h G r o u p . N E n g l J M e d 2 0 0 0 ; 3 4 2 : 3 8 1- 9
9. Sustained Benefit of Intensive Control
EDIC Study 4 Years Post DCCT
Metabolic
Memory
E D I C R e s e a r c h G r o u p . N E n g l J M e d 2 0 0 0 ; 3 4 2 : 3 8 1- 9
10. Benefit of Glucose Control in
Reducing Microvascular Complications
Type 1 Diabetes
– Diabetes Control and Complications
Trial (DCCT)
– Epidemiology of Diabetes in
Complications (EDIC)
Type 2 Diabetes
– United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes
Trial (UKPDS)
– UKPDS 10 Year Follow-up
11. UKPDS
Reduction in Microvascular Disease
10
5
Risk Reduction (%)
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25 -21
-25
-30
-35
-34
-40
Retinopathy Microalbuminuria Any Microvascular
p = 0.015 p = 0.00054 Endpoint
p = 0.0099
UKPDS: Lancet 352:837-853. 1998
BMJ 321:405-412, 2000
13. Metabolic Memory in Type 2 Diabetes
Holman et al. NEJM 359(15):1577-1589, 2008
14. Lowering blood glucose significantly reduces
the risk of microvascular complications
In both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
8
of Complications
Relative Risk
6
4
2
0
Hemoglobin A1c 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Adapted from: Skyler JS. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1996 Jun;25(2):243-54.
DCCT Study Group. N Engl J Med 329:977, 1993
UKPDS 35. Stratton IM. BMJ 321:405-412, 2000.
16. Diabetic Retinopathy
It is estimated that more than 2.5 million
people worldwide are affected by diabetic
retinopathy.
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause
of vision loss in adults of working age (20
to 65 years) in industrialized countries.
Largely preventable
International Diabetes Federation, 2008
17. Optic Nerve
Hard exudates
Macula
Early Nonproliferative
Normal Retina Retinopathy
Hemorrhage
Neovascularization
Proliferative Retinopathy
18. Prevention of Diabetic
Retinopathy
Annual dilated eye examination
– Retinal lesions occur in up to 90% of
individuals at 20 years
Glycemic control
Limits risk of retinal disease, slows rate of
progression
Benefits observed in both Type 1 and Type 2
diabetes
Blood pressure control
19. Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
– Glucose control
– Blood pressure
control
– Photocoagulation
21. Diabetes-related Kidney Disease
Diabetes is the largest
cause of kidney failure in
developed countries and is
responsible for huge
dialysis costs.
Type 2 diabetes has
become the most frequent
condition in people with
kidney failure in countries
of the Western world.
International Diabetes Federation, 2008
22. Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
Normal Glomerulus
Diminished &
Leaking
Filtering Space
Messangial
Proliferation Proteinuria
and Sclerosis
↓ CrCl
HTN
Thickening
Basement
Membrane
ESRD
Longstanding Diabetes
Dialysis
23. Screening Recommendations
Annual microalbuminuria screen
– Albumin/creatinine (A/C) ratio preferred
– Serum creatinine/ estimated GFR
Type 1 Diabetes
– After 5 years duration
Type 2 Diabetes
– At diagnosis
– During pregnancy
American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical
Care Position Statement Diabetes Care 2006; 29:S21-S23.
Kate ref for 2008
24. Screening for Kidney Disease
Obtain random albumin-to-
creatinine ratio (A/C ratio);
first am urine preferred
A/C ratio NO Repeat screen
>30 mg/g? annually
YES
Staged Diabetes Management Quick Guide,
Repeat screen twice within International Diabetes Center, 2009
60 days, R/O UTI
25. Screening for Kidney Disease
Continued
2 of 3 A/C
NO Repeat screen
ratios >30
mg/g? annually
YES
A/C ratio NO Diagnosis of
>300 mg/g? microalbuminuria
YES
Staged Diabetes Management Quick Guide,
International Diabetes Center, 2009
Diagnosis of
macroalbuminuria
26. Treatment of Early Kidney Disease
Glucose control (A1C <7%)
Blood pressure control (<130/80 mmHg; consider target
<120/75 mmHg)
Smoking cessation
Start ACE Inhibitor or ARB
– Baseline serum creatinine and potassium
– Monitor for side effects, may experience cough
with ACE inhibitor
– Monitor response in 3-6 months
– Adjust dose as necessary
27. Benefit of ACE Inhibitor Therapy
Type 2 Diabetes
Proteinuria (mg/24 hr)
400
Placebo
Enalapril
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Years follow-up
Ravid M. Ann Intern Med 118:577, 1993
34. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in
Diabetes*
Heart disease and stroke account for about 65% of deaths in
people with diabetes.
Adults with diabetes have heart disease death rates about 2 to 4
times higher than adults without diabetes.
The risk for stroke is 2 to 4 times higher and the risk of death from
stroke is 2.8 times higher among people with diabetes
Diabetes is a CVD (risk) equivalent
– Risk of MI comparable to those with known CVD
*US Data
American Diabetes Association, 2008
35. Diabetes is a Cardiovascular
Risk Equivalent !
Incidence of Heart Attack or Stroke during 7 year follow-up
8
7
Events / 100 person-yr
6
5
No DM
4
DM
3
2
1
0
No CAD CAD
Haffner S et al. N Engl J Med 1998;339:229-234
36. Benefit of Glucose Control in
Reducing Macrovascular Complications
Type 1 Diabetes
– Epidemiology of Diabetes in
Complications (EDIC)
37. Benefit of Glucose Control in
Reducing Macrovascular Complications
Type 1 Diabetes
– Epidemiology of Diabetes in
Complications (EDIC)
Type 2 Diabetes
– ACCORD
– ADVANCE
– UKPDS 10 Year Follow-up
38. Additional Therapies to Reduce
Cardiovascular Disease
Encourage active lifestyle & healthy diet
Lower LDL cholesterol levels:
– Primary Prevention (CARDS study)
– Target LDL <100 mg/dL all individuals with
type 2 diabetes
– If diabetes and CVD target LDL < 70 mg/dL
Control blood pressure <130/80 mmHg
Daily aspirin therapy
39. Diabetes and Hypertension
75% of individuals with diabetes have
hypertension
International Diabetes Federation, 2008
40. Type 2 Diabetes:
Blood Pressure Control and Complication Risk (UKPDS)
Microvascular
40 Myocardial Infarction
Complication Rate
per 1000 person-years
30
20
10
~ 15% reduction in risk
for each 10 mm Hg decrease in SBP
0
110 130 150 170
Mean systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
Adler A. BMJ 321;412-419, 2000
41. Hypertension Treatment in Type 2 Diabetes
Staged Diabetes Management Quick Guide,
International Diabetes Center, 2009
43. ADA Primary Prevention Recommendations
2009 vs 2010
2009 2010
Aspirin 75-162 mg/day in Aspirin 75-162 mg/day in
type 1 and type 2 at type 1 and type 2 if 10 yr
increased CV risk CHD risk >10%
– Age >40 years Men >50 yrs and
– Family history CVD Women >60 yrs with at
– Hypertension least one additional
risk factor
– Smoking Family history CVD
– Dyslipidemia Hypertension
Smoking
– Albuminuria Dyslipidemia
Albuminuria
ADA Clinical Practice Recommendations 2009. Diab Care 32:Suppl. 1;
ADA Clinical Practice Recommendations 2010. Diab Care 33:Suppl. 1.
48. Vibration Sensation
• Vibration Detection/Perception Threshold has been
shown to predict the development of foot ulcers1
• The tuning fork (128 Hz) is a practical tool to screen
vibratory sensation loss
Young MJ, et at, Diabetes Care 1994; 17:557-560. Abbott CA, et al, Diabetes Care
1998; 21:1071-1075. Coppini DV, et al, J Clinical Neuroscience 2001; 8:520-524.
50. Vibratory Sensation Testing
Help patient differentiate vibration vs. pressure
Fork on unsupported DIP joint of 1st toe
When vibration sensation on toe ceases, compare to
examiners distal forefinger in seconds
If this is normal, no need to do monofilament test
Normal = 0-10 seconds
Abnormal = Greater than 10 seconds
Absent = No vibration sensed
52. Monofilament Examination
Locations on the foot
8-10 = Normal protective
sensation
1-7 = Abnormal
0 = Absent
Plantar Dorsal
Source: Staged Diabetes Management, 5th edition, Quick Guide, pages 7-28.
53. Neurological Exam
Protective Sensation
10g monofilament
10 locations on foot
Apply at 90 degrees with
enough pressure to bend
filament (10 grams)
for 1.5 seconds
Source: Staged Diabetes Management, 5th edition, Quick Guide, pages 7-28.
54. Prevention is Essential!!
Provide ongoing patient education
•Maintain good diabetes control
•Practice good foot care habits
•Check feet every day
•Treat problems right away
•Have regular health check-ups
55. Good Foot Care Habits
Keep feet clean and dry
If skin is dry, use a lotion daily
Protect feet from hot and cold
Trim toenails weekly
56. Nail Care
• Trim after washing a
drying feet
•Use a nail clipper (or
nipper) and trim straight
across
•Do not cut too short or
cut into nail corners
•Have a podiatrist or foot
specialist trim nails if the
patient cannot see or
reach their nails OR if
fungal nails present
57. Good Foot Care Habits
Keep feet clean and dry
If skin is dry, use a lotion daily
Protect feet from hot and cold
Trim toenails weekly
Wear shoes and socks at all times
58. Appropriate Footwear
Wear shoes that fit
well
Avoid open toed
sandals, high heels
and pointed toe shoes
Do not go barefoot
especially if
neuropathy present
59. Foot Self Inspection
Inspect feet daily
Check top and bottom of
each foot, toes and nails
and inside shoes
Use a mirror if unable to
see feet well
Have someone check for
you if unable
Contact doctor if concerns
60.
61. Essentials of Foot Care
Comprehensive Foot Examination by HCP
Annually
– Patients with neuropathy - visual inspection of feet at every visit with
a health care professional
Advise patients to:
– Inspect their feet daily
– Use lotion to prevent dryness and cracking (not between toes)
– File calluses with a pumice stone (no razors!)
– Cut toenails straight across or see podiatrist
– Always wear (natural fiber) socks and well-fitting shoes
– Notify their health care provider immediately if any foot problems
occur
Notes de l'éditeur
Proper foot care consists of regular foot examinations by a physician to detect early neuropathy and treat existing lesions, as well as daily foot examinations by the patient. Patients should check for dry, cracking skin, calluses, and signs of infection between the toes and around the toenail. The American Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend that all individuals with diabetes receive an annual foot exam to identify high-risk foot conditions. This exam should include assessment of sensation, foot structure, vascular status, and skin integrity. Patients with neuropathy should have a visual inspection of their feet at every health care visit.