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Pageant 13th Ch 33 lecture
1. The Great Depression
& the New Deal
1933-1938
Essential Questions
Chapter 33
The American Pageant, 13th edition
2. Election of FDR
Easily won the election over Hoover who was
unfairly blamed by many for the “Hoover
depression” (Anyone but Hoover!)
Both parties talked of repealing Prohibition
FDR promised to end national debt
Upbeat, cheerful personality vs. grimfaced Hoover
5th cousin to Teddy Roosevelt
African-Americans voted heavily Democrats for
first time; they were among those hardest &
earliest hit by Depression
3. Eleanor Roosevelt
Eleanor was a distant cousin of FDR, & niece
of TR
Great influence on her husband towards more
liberal views
Also influenced the population with her
speeches & newspaper column, even long after
FDR’s death
Later involved in establishing the United Nations
4. FDR Quotes
“I pledge you, I pledge myself to a new deal
for the American people.”
“Let me assert my firm belief that the only
thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
5. First “Hundred Days” (March 9-June 16)
During the first “Hundred Days”,
Democrat-dominated Congress pushed
thru unprecedented number of new laws
to deal with emergency
Some of the ideas came from earlier
Progressive Movement
President was given unusual powers to
legislate by Congress
6. 20th Amendment
Moved start of new president’s term to
January 20, from March
Also started new Congress on January 3rd
Clarified presidential and vice-presidential
succession
7. Key principles
Unemployment insurance
Old-age insurance (Social Security)
Minimum-wage regulations
Conservation & development of natural
resources
Restrictions on child labor
RELIEF, RECOVERY, REFORM
8. Banking Reforms
Emergency Banking Relief Act
gave president power to regulate banking transactions &
foreign exchange; also to reopen solvent banks
“fireside chats” reassured Americans that banks were safe
again
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to
insure deposits (starting with $5000 and later increased)
Separated commercial and investment bank functions
ended widespread bank failures that had occurred ever
since Andrew Jackson’s days
9. Gold standard
to stop hoarding of gold, FDR ordered that all
private gold holdings be turned into the govt in
exchange for paper currency
then took the country off the gold standard
10. Managed currency
FDR believed that buying up the gold would increase
inflation which would reduce private debt & stimulate new
production
Treasury bought up gold at increasing prices (from $21 to
$35 an ounce)—did increase the dollars in circulation
ended the gold buying scheme in Feb. 1934
FDR then brought back the gold standard but for intl trade
only
criticized by “sound money” critics
11. Making Jobs, Providing Relief
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
for conservation and development of natural
resources
put 3 million young men to work (had to send
most of pay home to their parents)
Federal Emergency Relief Act created the
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
(FERA)
ultimately gave out $3 billion to states for direct
dole or—even better—wages on work projects
12. Agricultural Assessment Act (AAA)
gave millions for farmers’ mortgages
Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC)
to help refinance nonfarm homes
helped about a million families & strengthened
middle class loyalty to Democrats
13. Civil Works Administration (CWA)
under the FERA, provided temporary,
emergency “make-work” jobs such as leaf-
raking!
especially helpful to desperate Americans during
the winter of 1933-34
14. Works Progress Administration (WPA)
spent $11 billion & employed nearly 9 million
people
from public buildings, bridges & roads, to monkey
cages & tap dancing; also art murals on post
office walls
white collar workers and artists like John
Steinbeck were given work to do & money to earn
15. In the State Museum of
Pennsylvania, in Harrisburg
16. The Daily Mail, 1937, by Olive Nuhfer
Post Office in Westerville, Ohio
17. Scenes from History of San Francisco,
mural series by Anton Refregier, 1943,
at the Rincon Annex Post Office
18.
19. Reactions
Early acts heartened Americans, did not
fundamentally improve economy
Critics included
Father Charles Coughlin (“Social Justice”)
Louisiana Sen. Huey Long (“Share Our Wealth”)
Dr. Francis E. Townsend (help the aged)
20. National Industrial Recovery Act
(NIRA)
Established National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Short-lived, very complicated attempt to help industry,
labor, unemployed thru relief and long term recovery
200 industries would be held to codes of “fair
competition” to reduce hours & provide employment to
more people; set a maximum number of hours and a
minimum wage
Labor got right to organize & bargain collectively with
representatives of their own choosing
Anti-union contracts were forbidden & child labor was
restricted
21. More NIRA
NIRA ultimately failed
too much self-sacrifice expected of labor & industry
dishonest “chiselers” took advantage
Schechter decision (1935) ended NRA
Court case of local chicken business in NY
Supreme Court ended NRA for 2 reasons
federal govt could not control local businesses thru
interstate commerce controls
denied Congress’ right to give legislative powers to
president
22. Public Works Administration (PWA)
For industrial recovery and employment
$4 billion spent on 34,000 projects,
including public buildings, highways,
parkways
Grand Coulee Dam on Columbia River produced
electrical power and irrigation
Did not reach full potential of job making
out of fear of waste
23. Grand Coulee Dam, Columbia River, Washington State
(photo from Library of Congress)
24. End of Prohibition
Begins with early Congressional approval
of FDR’s suggested 3.2% alcohol
allowance (light wine and beer)
Completely ended with 21st Amendment in
1933
25. Agricultural Adjustment
Administration (AAA)
First AAA declared unconstitutional
set “parity prices” (based on 1909-1914 value)
price-depressing surpluses to be stopped by
reducing crop acreage
started off badly by destroying crops and
livestock when too many people were hungry
Supreme Court killed it in 1936: regulatory
taxations were unconstitutional
26. 2nd AAA more successful
emphasized more conservationist methods of
limiting production, thus gaining Court approval
if farmers followed restrictions for specific crops
they would be compensated with parity
payments
insured farmers of fairer prices & share of
national income.
27. Dust Bowl
Tragically worsened impact of Great Depression
on midwestern farmers
Dry-farming techniques & drought caused
immense dust storms & destruction of 1000s of
farms
350,000 from Arkansas and Oklahoma moved to
California (Grapes of Wrath)
Frazer-Lemke Act (1934) suspended foreclosures
1935 Resettlement Administration set up to help
CCC planted windbreaks
28. Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
Attempt to reverse Dawes Severalty Act
Helped tribes to establish local self-
government & preserve native culture
Intended to stop loss of Indian lands
Not all tribes accepted it (“back to the
blanket”)
29. Federal Securities Act
Required banks & businesses to provide
accurate info to investors
Led to creation watchdog committee: SEC
(Securities and Exchange Commission)
30. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Series of dams built on Tennessee River
Provided jobs & electricity to one of poorest
regions of country (Appalachia)
Used to determine real costs of producing energy
& thus to check fairness of utility rates
Critics questioned government’s conclusions or
feared socialism
More results: low-cost housing, restored eroded
lands, nitrates for fertilizers, reforestation, flood
control, irrigation
31. Federal Housing Authority (FHA)
Established in 1934 to provide small loans for
building & improving housing
To stimulate building industry
Very popular (cont. after New Deal)
Congress expanded FHA with USHA
U.S. Housing Authority
To lend money to states for low-cost construction
Reduced slums
Resisted by real estate promoters, builders, landlords
32. Social Security Act, 1935
Created federal-state unemployment
insurance
Created Social Security payments
Regular payments to aged, handicapped, etc.
Started at $10-$85 per month
Paid for with payroll tax on employers &
employees
Inspired by similar programs in Europe
To compensate for social changes from
urbanization (fewer family safety nets)
33. Labor Issues
Wagner Act aka National Labor Relations Act, 1935
Created National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)
Replaced function of NRA
Affirmed labor’s right to organize & bargain collectively with
own representatives
Committee for Industrial Organization
Created for unskilled workers; started w/in AF of L
Founded by John Lewis & supported by NLRB
Successfully used sit-down strike at GM
Later renamed Congress of Industrial Organizations
34. More Labor
More support from Congress with Fair Labor
Standards Act, 1938
Minimum wages & maximum hours were to be set by
industries involved in interstate commerce
Goal was 40 cents/hour & 40 hours/week (!)
Only applied to industrial workers
farm & domestic workers excluded, mostly women &
minorities
Ongoing conflicts with AF of L
Overall, tremendous expansion of labor
movement, & greater public & govt. support
35. The Supreme Court
FDR’s frustration with a conservative Supreme
Court’s decisions against his programs led to his
“Court-packing” scheme
Proposed that for every judge over 70, an additional judge
could be added up to total of 15
Claimed judges behind on cases—backfired ‘cause not true
FDR’s proposal soundly rejected
Results
Existing Court actually became less conservative
With judges’ retirements over time FDR appointed 9 judges
FDR got less support from Congress after furor over scheme
36. Roosevelt Recession, 1937
Unemployment improved but still at 15% in 1936
Sharp economic decline in 1937 caused by
Impact of Social Security taxes
Reduced govt spending to limit deficit
FDR’s reaction was to embrace Keynesian
economics of “planned deficit spending” to
stimulate economy
John Maynard Keynes, British economist
Up till now deficits had been small
37. Did It Work? Much disagreement…
Did not end Depression, though economy
did improve despite 1937 dip
Dramatically increased power & scope of
federal govt, while reducing relative
influence of states
Conservatives saw New Deal as socialism,
but socialists thought it too conservative!
38. Did it work…
Perhaps saved American people from
complete destitution & widespread
starvation
Perhaps kept US democracy & free
enterprise alive while other countries were
falling to fascism & communism
Economy finally recovered with massive
deficit spending during WW2 (from $40
billion in 1939 to $258 billion in 1945)