Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience first lecture for the Autumn Semester for Cognitive Neuroscience at International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad India

1. Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience Dr P.S. Deb

2. Neuro Science Psycology Computer Science Philosophy Genomics Cognitive Science December 29, 2010

3. Search for seat of Mind: Vitalism Ancient

5. To let the bad spirit out that tormented the brainsDecember 29, 2010

7. first known descriptions of cranial sutures, the external brain surface, brain liquor (CSF) and intracranial pulsationDecember 29, 2010

9. Optic nerve as hollow carried the information to the brain where sensory modalities had its own localization

10. human soul was immortal and partook of the divine nature, because like the heavenly bodies it contained in itself a principle of motionDecember 29, 2010

12. Herophilus – 335-280 BC Father of Anatomy Ventricles are seat of human intelligence Termed Spinal cord as caudal prolongation of the rhombencephelon "the neura that make voluntary motion possible have their origin in the cerebrum (enkephalos) and spinal marrow" December 29, 2010

13. Galen 130-200 AD December 29, 2010 Nutrient -> natural spirit-> Heart as vital spirit- > ventricle + air = animal sprit the essence of life and intellectual skill, move along the nerve eliciting movement and sensation. Phelgm is waist of animal spirit leaks form cribiform plate

14. Ventricle the seat of Mind Soul could not be localized but mind could First ventricle the common sense Second – reason, thinking and wisdom Third – Memory Nemesius (circa 320), bishop of Emesa December 29, 2010

16. The movement opens pores in the ventricle (F), letting flow spirits that will inflate the muscles of the leg, that moves away from the heat.

18. The Renaissance of Neuroscience

19. Leonardo Da Vinci April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519 December 29, 2010

20. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 CE) December 29, 2010 Concerning the Structure of the Human Body - De CorporisHumaniFabrica in 1543

22. 1681 - coined the term Neurology

23. Reflex word was first used to described element act of NS

24. Chemistry is the basis of human function not mechanicalDecember 29, 2010

25. Brain function as Part or Whole Recent

27. particular regions of the cerebral cortex controlled specific functions.

28. Cerebral cortex was divided into at least 35 organs, each corresponding to a specific mental faculty

29. the center for each mental function grew with useDecember 29, 2010

30. 1809 - Luigi Rolando Ablation studies in animal – cerebrum and cerebellum Stimulated animal cortex Conluded - cerebrum controlled voluntary body functions and the cerebellum controlled involuntary functions. December 29, 2010

31. 1824 - Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens December 29, 2010 The aggregate field theory based on ablation of birds and rabbit brain By removing cerebrum, all perceptions, motor function, and judgment were abolished. Removal of cerebellum affected equilibrium and motor coordination. Destruction of brain stem caused death.

32. 1825 - Jean-BaptisteBouillaud Presents cases of loss of speech after frontal lesions from clinicopathological correlation. We cannot test speech in animal Frontal lobe has other higher function which differentiate from animal. By symptom we can localize the cerebral lesion. Cerebellum controlled equilibrium and station Frontal lobe and higher mental functions December 29, 2010

33. Phinease Gage (1848) On 13th Sept 1848 a railroad worker hard working, diligent, reliable, responsible, intelligent, good humored, polite god fearing, family oriented foreman Following an explosion iron bar drove into frontal lobe 1. He becomes unreliable and fails to come to work and when present he is "lazy." 2. He has no interest in going to church, constantly drinks alcohol, gambles, and "whores about." 3. He is accused of sexually molesting young children. 4. He ignores his wife and children and fails to meet his financial and family obligations. 5. He has lost his sense of humour. 6. He curses constantly and does so in inappropriate circumstances. 7. Died of status epilepticus in 1861 December 29, 2010

34. Charles Darwin 1808-1882 December 29, 2010 “Cognition is survival instinct a consequence of carefully crafted modules dedicated to solving specific evolutionary problems”

36. If the principle of cerebral centers proven for one function the center controlling other functions could be unraveled. (Auburtin)December 29, 2010

37. Lobar Localization Paul Broca1861 December 29, 2010

38. William Gilbert – 1600 Electricity December 29, 2010

40. 1809 - Luigi Rolando uses galvanic current to stimulate cortexDecember 29, 2010

42. Seizure origin from cortex not medulla due to electrical activity

43. Speech difficulty during seizure due to left post frontal injuryDecember 29, 2010

44. 1870, Hitzig and Fritsch Electrically stimulated various parts of a dog's motor cortex. what part of the cortex they stimulated, a different part of the body contracted. if they destroyed this same small area of the cortex, the corresponding part of the body became paralyzed. December 29, 2010

47. 1957 - W. Penfield December 29, 2010

48. CT Scan December 29, 2010

49. PET scan December 29, 2010

50. MRI Brain December 29, 2010

51. fMRI December 29, 2010

52. Birth of Neuron Doctrine December 29, 2010

53. Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 December 29, 2010

54. Discovery of Neuron December 29, 2010 RamonyCajal and Camillo Golgi 1906 Noble

55. Brodmann’s area: 1909 December 29, 2010

56. Study of Cognitive Neural Science Single cell recording of behaving animal Cellular study of brain architecture Cognitive genetics Study of behavior of patient with specific lesion the brain Imaging of brain of normal and abnormal Computer modeling December 29, 2010

57. Objectives To know Organization of Nervous system Nerve signal processing Neural Networking Sensory processing : Physical, chemical, EM Motor control mechanism voluntary and involuntary Consciousness, sleep, emotion reproduction Cognitive function: Language, Memory… Development of NS and Genetics December 29, 2010

58. 1. Functional Organization of NS December 29, 2010

59. 1.Structural Organization of NS December 29, 2010

60. 2.Nerve signal processing December 29, 2010

61. 3. Neural Network December 29, 2010

62. 4. Sensory Signal Processing Laws of specific sense energies – Muller 1826 “Each nerve fiber is activated primarily by a certain type of stimulus and each makes specific connections to structures in the central nervous system whose activity gives rise to specific sensations” December 29, 2010

63. 5. Motor Control Voluntary Involuntary December 29, 2010

64. 6. Consciousness, Sleep, Emotion Reproduction December 29, 2010

65. 7. Higher Cognitive Functions: Language, Memory December 29, 2010

66. 8. Brain Development and Genetics December 29, 2010

67. Selected Reading December 29, 2010