1. Language and Communication

5. The Development of Language: A Critical Period in Humans A critical period for learning language is shown by the decline in language ability (fluency) of non-native speakers of English as a function of their age upon arrival in the United States

9. Only articulate sound he could make was “tan”

10. After autopsying eight similar patient with lesion in the left frontal lobe

14. The first responds to spoken words (including the individual’s own) and other sounds.

15. The second responds only to words spoken by someone else but is also activated when the individual recalls a list of words.

17. From the primary auditory cortex, information is transmitted to the posterior speech area, including Wernicke's area.

19. Cortical mapping of the language areas in the left cerebral cortex during neurosurgery

22. Hearing a word primary unimodel auditory cortex superior and anterior temporal lobe

23. Unimodel area send to

24. Paralimbic system, for long term memory and emotional system.

25. Posteriorsuperior temporal sulcus for meaning.

26. The triangular and orbital portions of the inferior frontal gyrus also play a role in semantic processing.

28. PET Speaking Task (Naming)

30. Information might therefore travel between these last two areas either directly, via the arcuate fasciculus, or by a second, parallel route that passes through the inferior parietal lobule.

32. whereas the angular gyrus (together with the posterior cingulategyrus) seems more involved in semantic processing.

35. Damage to these areas does not cause an aphasia in the proper sense but impairs the initiation of movement (akinesia) and causes mutism, the complete absence of speech.

36. Mutism is a rarity in aphasic patients and is seen only during the very early stages of the condition.

38. Lateralization of Language: Wada Test

39. Split Brain Experiment

40. The brain’s anatomical asymmetry

42. In deaf infants, meaningful hand shapes increase as a percentage of manual activity between ages 10 and 14 months.

46. Women have the reputation of being able to talk and listen while doing all sorts of things at the same time,

47. Men supposedly prefer to talk or hear about various things in succession rather than simultaneously.

48. Women language is more widespread in both hemisphere while in men more left lateralized (Brain scan studies)

49. Women also have more nerve fibres connecting the two hemispheres of their brains, which also suggests that more information is exchanged between them.

50. The males’ higher levels of testosterone, which delays the development of the left hemisphere

52. Language Evaluation Spontaneous speech Auditory comprehension Repetition Naming Oral reading Reading Comprehension Writing

53. Spontaneous speech Ideational counter Phrase length Articulatory agility Gramatic form Paraphasias: Literal, verbal, Neologism Word finding Automatic speech Prosody: Recitation, singing

54. Auditory Comprehension Identification of object, action, letter, color, form, number Body part identification Command: One step, two step, three step Complex ideational material Two sentences (Boat/ Stone sink in water) Story -> question

55. Repetition, Naming, Reading Repetition: Word, Phrase, Sentence Naming: Responsive naming (what do we tell time with) Visual conform naming: object, action, letter, color, form, number Body part naming Animal, vegetable, fruit naming Oral reading Word, Phrase, Sentence

56. Reading comprehension Reading comprehension Symbol Word Oral spelling Word picture matching Reading sentence

57. Writing Mechanical: Name, address Serial writing Primer level dictation: letter, number, word, sentence and paragraph Writing confrontation naming Narrative writing

59. Aphasias Naming, writing, reading aloud impaired in all types Writing comprehension poor in sensory aphasias Copying impaired in Wernicke’s Other Pure Syndromes Pure word deafness (Auditory word agnosia) Pure word blindness (Alexia) Aphemia Agraphia Anomia Subcortical, thalamic and puaminal aphasias

60. Xenoglosia

61. Thank You