Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. This blood is normally oxygenated, exceptions made for the pulmonary and umbilical arteries

1. Arteries, Veins
and Lymphatics
:Presented by
Dr. Shady A. M. Negm
.Bachelor's Degree School of Dentistry, Pharos University

2. Arteries

3. • Arteries are
blood vessels that carry
blood away from the
heart . This blood is
normally oxygenated,
exceptions made for the
pulmonary and
umbilical arteries

4. Description
• Arterial pressure varies between the peak
pressure during heart contraction, called the
systolic pressure, and the minimum, or diastolic
pressure between contractions, when the heart
expands and refills.
• Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Except
for the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to
the lungs for oxygenation, all arteries carry
oxygenated blood away from the heart to the
tissues that require oxygen.

5. Anatomy ( Gross anatomy )
• The arterial system of the human body is divided
into systemic arteries, carrying blood from the
heart to the whole body, and pulmonary arteries,
carrying blood from the heart to the lungs.

6. Systemic arteries
• Systemic arteries are the
arteries of the
systemic circulation,
which is the part of the
cardiovascular system
which carries oxygenated
blood away from the
heart, to the body, and
returns deoxygenated
blood back to the heart.

7. Pulmonary arteries
• Pulmonary arteries are
the arteries of the
pulmonary circulation,
which is the portion of the
cardiovascular system
which carries
deoxygenated blood
away from the heart, to
the lungs, and returns
oxygenated blood back to
the heart.

8. (Anatomy (microscopic anatomy
The outermost layer is known as the
tunica externa formerly composed of
connective tissue. Inside this layer is the
tunica media, or media, which is made up of
smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. The
innermost layer, which is in direct contact with
the flow of blood is the tunica intima, commonly
called the intima. This layer is made up of mainly
endothelial cells. The hollow internal cavity in
which the blood flows is called the lumen

9. Types of arteries

10. The Aorta
The aorta is the root systemic artery. It
receives blood directly from the left
ventricle of the heart via the
aortic valve. As the aorta branches,
and these arteries branch in turn,
they become successively smaller
in diameter, down to the arteriole.
The arterioles supply capillaries
which in turn empty into venules.
The very first branches off of the
aorta are the coronary arteries,
which supply blood to the heart
muscle itself. These are followed by
the branches off the aortic arch,
namely the brachiocephalic artery,
the left common carotid and the
left subclavian arteries.

11. Arterioles
• Arterioles, the smallest of
the true arteries, help
regulate blood pressure
by the variable
contraction of the smooth
muscle of their walls, and
deliver blood to the
capillaries.

12. Capillaries
• The capillaries are where
all of the important
exchanges happen in the
circulatory system. The
capillaries are a single
cell in diameter to aid fast
and easy diffusion of
gases, sugars and other
nutrients to surrounding
tissues.

13. Pathology

14. Blood pressure
• Systemic arterial pressures, are generated by
the forceful contractions of the heart's
left ventricle.
• Healthy resting arterial pressures, are relatively
low, mean systemic pressures typically being
under 100 mmHg, about 1.8 lbf/in², above
surrounding atmospheric pressure (about 760
mmHg).
• Over time, elevated arterial blood sugar,
lipoprotein cholesterol, and pressure, smoking,
and other factors are all involved in damaging
both the endothelium and walls of the arteries,
resulting in atherosclerosis.

15. Atheroma
• An atheroma or plaque in
the artery wall is a build
up of cell debris, that
contain lipids (cholesterol
and fatty acids), calcium
and a variable amount of
fibrous connective tissue

16. Veins

17. Vein
• veins (from the Latin vena) are blood vessels
that carry blood towards the heart . Most veins
carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back
to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and
umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated
blood to the heart. Veins differ from arteries in
structure and function; for example, arteries are
more muscular than veins, veins contain valves,
and they carry blood away from the heart.

18. Anatomy
• In general, veins function to return
deoxygenated blood to the heart, and are
essentially tubes that collapse when their
lumens are not filled with blood. The thick
outermost layer of a vein is made of
connective tissue, called tunica adventitia or
tunica externa. Deeper are bands of
smooth muscle called tunica media, which are,
in general, thin, as veins do not function
primarily in a contractile manner. The interior is
lined with endothelial cells called tunica intima.
Most veins have one-way flaps called venous
valves that prevent blood from flowing back and
pooling in the lower extremities due to the
effects of gravity.

19. Notable veins and vein systems
• The pulmonary veins carry relatively oxygenated
blood from the lungs to the heart. The superior
and inferior venae cavae carry relatively
deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower
systemic circulations, respectively.
• A portal venous system is a series of veins or
venules that directly connect two capillary beds.
Examples of such systems include the
hepatic portal vein and
hypophyseal portal system
• The Thebesian veins within the myocardium of
the heart are valveless veins that drain directly
into the chambers of the heart. The coronary
veins all empty into the coronary sinus which

20. Classification
• Veins are classified in a number of ways, including
superficial vs. deep, pulmonary vs. systemic, and large
vs. small.

21. • Superficial veins
– Superficial veins are those whose course is
close to the surface of the body, and have no
corresponding arteries.
• Deep veins
– Deep veins are deeper in the body and have
corresponding arteries.
• Pulmonary veins
– The pulmonary veins are a set of veins that
deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart.
• Systemic veins
– Systemic veins drain the tissues of the body

22. Clinical significance

23. Phlebology
• Phlebology is the medical discipline that involves
the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of
venous origin. Diagnostic techniques used
include the history and physical examination,
venous imaging techniques and laboratory
evaluation related to venous thromboembolism.
The American Medical Association has added
phlebology to their list of self-designated practice
specialties. A medical specialist in Phlebology is
termed a Phlebologist. A related image is called
a phlebography

24. Venous diseases
• Deep vein thrombosis :
Deep-vein thrombosis is a
condition in which a
blood clot forms in a deep
vein, which can lead to
pulmonary embolism and
chronic venous
insufficiency.
• Thrombophlebitis :
Thrombophlebitis is an
inflammatory condition of
the veins related to

25. Lymph vessel

26. • lymph vessels are thin walled, valved structures
that carry lymph. As part of the lymphatic system,
lymph vessels are complementary to the
cardiovascular system. Lymph vessels are lined by
endothelial cells, and deep to that have a thin layer
of smooth muscles, and adventitia that bind the
lymph vessel to the surroundings. Lymph vessels
are devoted to propulsion of the lymph from the
lymph capillaries, which are mainly concerned with
absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues.
Lymph vessel that carries lymph to a lymph node
are called the afferent lymph vessel, and one that
carries it from a lymph node is called the
efferent lymph vessel, from where the lymph may
travel to another lymph node or may be returned to
a vein, or may travel to a larger lymph duct. Lymph
ducts drain the lymph into one of the
subclavian veins and thus return it to general

27. Function
• Lymph vessels act as a reservoir from plasma
and other substances including cells that leaked
from the vascular system and transport lymph
fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory
system. Without functioning lymph vessels,
lymph cannot be effectively drained and edema
typically results.

28. General structure of Lymphatics
• There is an inner lining of single flattened cells
composed of a type of epithelium that is called
endothelium, and the cells are called endothelial
cells. This layer functions to mechanically
transport fluid and since the
basement membrane on which it rests is
discontinuous; it leaks easily.The next layer is
that of smooth muscles that are arranged in a
circular fashion around the endothelium, which
by shortening (contracting) or relaxing alter the
diameter (caliber) of the lumen. The outermost
layer is the adventitia that consists of fibrous
tissue.

29. • The general structure described here is seen
only in larger lymphatics; smaller lymphatics
have fewer layers. The smallest vessels
(lymphatic or lymph capillaries) lack both the
muscular layer and the outer adventitia. As they
proceed forward and in their course are joined
by other capillaries, they grow larger and first
take on an adventitia, and then smooth muscles.

30. Lymph vessels
• The lymph capillaries drain the lymph to larger
contractile lymphatics, which have valves as
well as smooth muscle walls. These are called
the collecting lymphatics.As the collecting lymph
vessel accumulates lymph from more and more
lymph capillaries in its course, it becomes larger
and is called the afferent lymph vessel as it
enters a lymph node. Here the lymph percolates
through the lymph node tissue and is removed
by the efferent lymph vessel.

31. • An efferent lymph vessel may directly drain into
one of the (right or thoracic) lymph ducts, or may
empty into another lymph node as its afferent
lymph vessel. Both the lymph ducts return the
lymph to the blood stream by emptying into the
subclavian veins

32. Head & Neck

33. Circulatory system
• Blood circulates from the upper systemic loop
originating at the aortic arch, and includes: the
brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid and
left subclavian artery. The head and neck are
emptied of blood by the subclavian vein and
jugular vein.

34. Blood supply

35. • The brachiocephalic artery or trunk is the first
and largest artery that branches to form the
right common carotid artery and the
right subclavian artery. This artery provides blood
to the right upper chest, right arm, neck, and head,
through a branch called right vertebral artery. The
right and left vertebral artery feed into the
basilar artery and upward to the
Posterior cerebral artery, which provides most of
the brain with oxygenated blood. The
posterior cerebral artery and the
posterior communicating artery are within the
circle of Willis .

36. • The left common carotid artery divides to
form the: internal carotid artery (ICA) and an
external carotid artery (ECA). The ICA supplies
the brain. The ECA supplies the neck and face.
• The left subclavian artery and the right
subclavian artery , one on each side of the
body form the internal thoracic artery, the
vertebral artery, the thyrocervical trunk, and the
costocervical trunk. The subclavian becomes the
axiliary artery at the lateral border of the first rib.
The left subclavian artery also provides
blood to the left upper chest and left arm.

37. Blood-brain barrier

38. • The Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is semi-
permeable membrane that controls the capillary
leak potential of the circulatory system. In most
parts of the body, the smallest blood vessels,
called capillaries, are lined with endothelial cells.
Endothelial tissue has small spaces between
each individual cell so substances can move
readily between the inside and the outside of the
vessel. However, in the brain, the endothelial
cells fit tightly together to create a tight junction
and substances cannot pass out of the
bloodstream. Some molecules, such as glucose,
are transported out of the blood by
active transport.

39. Blood return

40. • Blood from the brain and neck flows within the
cranium via the internal jugular veins, a
continuation of the sigmoid sinuses. The right and
left external jugular veins drain from the
parotid glands, facial muscles, scalp into the
subclavian veins. The right and left vertebral veins
drain the vertebrae and muscles into the right
subclavian vein and into the superior vena cava,
into the right atrium of the heart.

41. Lymphatic system

42. • The lymphatic system drains the head and neck of
excess interstitial fluid via lymph vessels or
capillaries, equally into the right lymphatic duct
and the thoracic duct.
• Lymph nodes line the cervical spine and neck
regions as well as along the face and jaw.
• The tonsils also are lymphatic tissue and help
mediate the ingestion of pathogens.
• Tonsils in humans include, from superior to
inferior: nasopharyngeal tonsils (also known as
adenoids), palatine tonsils, and lingual tonsils.
• Together this set of lymphatic tissue is called the
tonsillar ring or Waldeyer's ring .

43. Nervous system

44. • The nervous system is composed of a
central nervous system (CNS), brain and spinal cord
, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS),
cranial nerves and spinal nerves. The CNS is
located within the dorsal cavity, and the PNS
extends through the . The central nervous system
provides control and coordination of all eleven body
systems and utilizes the endocrine system to form
hormone chemical messengers that transport
through the blood to influence the activity of
individual cells of the body and their associated
tissues, organs and systems.

45. • The CNS receives sensory (afferent) input from the
PNS and directs the flow of information to
association neurons (interneurons), located in the
grey matter of the spinal cord and brain to create
chemical synapse responses which in turn cause
the formation of motor (efferent nerve) responses to
stimulus.
• The CNS is protected by the cranium, vertebral
column, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid. The spinal
cord, which is an extension of the brain, and brain
stem are joined at the base of the cranium at the
foramen magnum.

46. • The PNS has two subdivisions :
A)somatic nervous system (SNS). The SNS is
associated with the voluntary control of body
movements through the action of skeletal
muscles, and also reception of external stimuli.
B) the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The
ANS is divided into subsystems: the sympathetic
nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic
(PNS) nervous systems. The SNS and PNS often
have opposing effects in the same organs or
physiological systems, and the ANS is a major
factor in maintaining homeostasis.

47. References