We have successfully uncovered and mapped the most comprehensive long-distance network of the Macaque monkey brain, which is essential for understanding the brain’s behavior, complexity, dynamics and computation.

1. Network Architecture of the Long-Distance Pathways in the Macaque Brain Modha, D. S. & Singh, R. (July 12, 2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 10.1073/pnas.1008054107 Dharmendra S Modha IBM Research – Almaden Raghavendra Singh IBM Research – India

2. Consensus dendrogram of a network of species Clauset, Moore, Newman, Nature, 2008 Topological modules in E. coli metabolism Ravasz, Somera, Mongru, Oltvai, Barabasi Science, 2002 Cartographic representation of the metabolic network of E. Coli Guimera, Amaral, Nature 2005 Map of protein–protein interactions Jeong, Mason, Barabasi, Oltvai, Nature 2001 Networks are Everywhere

3. The human brain is the most complex mass of protoplasm on earth-perhaps even in our galaxy. Marian C. Diamond, Arnold B. Scheibel

4. Gray and White Matter

5. Multiple Scales of The Brain Network Brainbow Livet et al, Nature 2007 Denk, Seung, et al, 2007 Hagman et al, PLoS Biology 2008 Binzeggar, Douglas, Martin, J. Neurosci. 2004

6. Nicolaus Steno, 1669 “ white matter is nature’s finest masterpiece”

7. CoCoMac 413 literature reports 7007 brain sites 8003 mapping details 2508 tracer injections 39748 connection details Rolf Kotter, Klass Stephen, 2000

8. Divergent Nomenclature and Abundant Conflicts FV91-V1 AP84-TE PG91b-IT BP82-46 SP89a-46 FV91-V4 FV91-TF RV99-TF RV99-CA1 BR98-CA1 FV91-TH BR98-TH = כ כ PFCd 9 = PCi IPL PF#1 7b = = CCa 24 24d 24c CMAr 24c כ כ = = = = =

10. Occipital Lobe: 23 Brain Regions

11. Temporal Lobe: 88 Brain Regions

12. Insula & Cingulate Cortex: 12 & 18 Brain Regions

13. Parietal Lobe: 41 Brain Regions

14. Frontal Lobe: 81 Brain Regions

15. Thalamus: 75 Brain Regions

16. Basal Ganglia: 41 Brain Regions

17. 383 Brain Regions

18. 1 connection

19. 6,602 Connections

20. Bundling Algorithm by Holten, 2006

24. Notable Collations 1,500 95 Scannell et al., 99 1,139 65 Scannell et al., 95 Cat 2,402 95 Kaiser, Hilgetag, 06 700 70 Young, 93 305 32 Felleman, Van Essen, 91 Monkey Connections Brain Regions Study Species

25. Notable Collations 1,500 95 Scannell et al., 99 6,602 383 This Collection Monkey 1,139 65 Scannell et al., 95 Cat 2,402 95 Kaiser, Hilgetag, 06 700 70 Young, 93 305 32 Felleman, Van Essen, 91 Monkey Connections Brain Regions Study Species

26. Kaiser, Hilgetag, 2006

27. Felleman, Van Essen, 1991

28. Ungerleider, Mishkin, 1982

30. Arcuate Fasciculus Schmahmann & Pandya, 2006

31. Cingulum Bundle Schmahmann & Pandya, 2006

32. Extreme Capsule Schmahmann & Pandya, 2006

33. Fronto-occipital Fasciculus Schmahmann & Pandya, 2006

34. Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus Schmahmann & Pandya, 2006

35. Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus Schmahmann & Pandya, 2006

36. Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Schmahmann & Pandya, 2006

37. Uncinate Fasciculus Schmahmann & Pandya, 2006

38. Connectivity between Cortex and Thalamus

39. Connectivity between Cortex and Amygdala

40. Connectivity between Cortex and Striatum/Claustrum

41. Connectivity between Amygdala and Diencephalon

42. Comprehensive Includes every study in CoCoMac Consistent Every connection can be tracked back Concise 6,877 areas to 383 Coherent Unified hierarchical parcellation Colossal 3 times larger than previous network C, C, C, C, and C

43. Brain is small-world SCC: 351 brain regions, 6,491 projections; Sparse: 4.5% 0.0528 0.33 Average Clustering Coefficient 5.34% 42% Reciprocity 2.30 2.62 Characteristic Path Length 3.93 6 Diameter Random (100 trials) Brain

44. “ Organized Complexity” – Weaver, 1948 27.45 24.64 20.71 19.16 20.45 15.85 14.25 14.16 Out-Degree (avg) 14.27 21.94 30.16 17.67 20.67 11.09 15.83 8.5 In-Degree (avg) 12 18 81 88 41 23 41 75 #Areas 14 13 101 78 41 0 44 15 Insula 10 39 202 63 48 0 22 37 CgG#2 32 151 695 238 178 12 145 197 FL#2 28 70 388 684 99 60 172 92 TL#2 21 55 251 83 178 38 47 103 Pl#6 0 6 46 77 53 77 16 61 OC#2 24 14 95 140 8 8 186 37 BG 26 25 600 105 160 37 10 10 DiE Insula CgG#2 FL#2 TL#2 Pl#6 OC#2 BG DiE

47. Degree Distribution Consistent with Exponential

48. 302 Neuron Network in C. Elegans is Exponential Watts and Strogatz; Amaral et al, 2000

49. Metrics for Topologically Centrality 11 12l 23c 24 12o PIT 36r 46 MD 32 PageRank PS 13 PIT TF 32 MD 13a LIP 46 24 Betweeness Intermediary PM#3 23 32 13 TH TE TF 9 24 46 Hubs 12 45,23 PGm LIP TH 9 TE TF 24 46 Out-Closeness V2 PGm TE,LIP TH 13a 13 9 TF 24 46 Out-Degree Distributor 9 MD F7 14 24 12l 11 46 12o 32 Authorities LIP,F7 8B 23c 8A MD 12l 24 32,11 12o 46 In-Closeness LIP 8A 14 F7 24 11 12l 12o 46 32 In-Degree Integrator 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Rank Characteristic

50. Prefrontal Cortex is Topologically Central Yellow = PfC 11 12l 23c 24 12o PIT 36r 46 MD 32 PageRank PS 13 PIT TF 32 MD 13a LIP 46 24 Betweeness Intermediary PM#3 23 32 13 TH TE TF 9 24 46 Hubs 12 45,23 PGm LIP TH 9 TE TF 24 46 Out-Closeness V2 PGm TE,LIP TH 13a 13 9 TF 24 46 Out-Degree Distributor 9 MD F7 14 24 12l 11 46 12o 32 Authorities LIP,F7 8B 23c 8A MD 12l 24 32,11 12o 46 In-Closeness LIP 8A 14 F7 24 11 12l 12o 46 32 In-Degree Integrator 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Rank Characteristic

53. Brain is small-world, Core is “tiny”-world! Core contains only 32% of vertices yet 88% of all edges originate or terminate in the core 0.39 0.33 Average Clustering Coefficient 1.95 2.62 Characteristic Path Lengh 4 6 Diameter Core Brain

54. Core contains correlated-anti-correlated networks and may be a key to higher cognition & consciousness Fox, Snyder, Vincent, Corbetta, Van Essen, and Raichle, 2005

56. Rachel Jones, Nature Rev. Neurosci., 2002

57. Sherbondy, Ananthanrayanan, Dougherty, Wandell, and Modha, HBM, 2009

58. Binzegger, Douglas, Martin, J. Neurosci., 2004