This document discusses strategies for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation. It presents four approaches: driving less through gas taxes or mileage taxes; improving fuel efficiency of vehicles through standards; making vehicles cleaner through emissions standards; and using cleaner fuels through policies like renewable fuel standards. It notes these approaches are difficult to directly measure and require models and averages. The document then discusses factors around accurately scoring GHG emissions, including system boundaries and models. It introduces a policy linkages model to analyze how policies could influence decisions and ultimately outcomes related to the economy, energy use, emissions and jobs.
5. population prosperity policy
Indirect
land use
CROP
change?
• PRICE
CROP
DEMAND
Increase Change land
management use
intensity
Environment
CROP
weather
change
SUPPLY
5
10. • People/Firms do the best they can with what
they’ve got
• People/Firms choose lowest‐cost activity that is
financially, legally, and technically feasible.
• Government sets the stage so that people/firms,
in doing what’s best for themselves, do what’s
best for Society.
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11. Policies
Electricity
Energy,
Emissions, and
Transportation
Expenditures—
and Jobs
Building
efficiency
11
16. CAFE Standard
CAFE
fuel use
standard
by car
(MPG)
(MPG)
GHG
from
vehicles
Cost to
Annual
meet CAFE
average fuel
($/Vehicle)
cost per car Fuel use
(BTU)
Other Vehicle
Costs Car
choice
16
17. GHG tax
Energy
intensity
(BTU/ton)
GHG Tax
Carbon
($/ton GHG)
intensity
(GHG/BTU)
Total cost
($/BTU)
Technical
costs
($/BTU)
GHG
Energy
emissions
portfolio
Demand (BTU)
for energy
(BTU)
17