1. Chapter 30: The Post War WorldChapter 30: The Post War World
and Cold War, 1945-Presentand Cold War, 1945-Present
The United States and the SovietThe United States and the Soviet
Union vie for superiority, and bothUnion vie for superiority, and both
countries extend their control overcountries extend their control over
other nations.other nations.
3. 33.1 Cold War:33.1 Cold War:
Superpowers Face OffSuperpowers Face Off
The opposing economic and politicalThe opposing economic and political
philosophies of the United States andphilosophies of the United States and
the Soviet Union lead to globalthe Soviet Union lead to global
competition.competition.
4. A Postwar PlanA Postwar Plan
Yalta and Potsdam Conferences:Yalta and Potsdam Conferences:
A Postwar PlanA Postwar Plan
In February 1945, British,In February 1945, British,
American, and Soviet leadersAmerican, and Soviet leaders
meet at Yalta, a second meetingmeet at Yalta, a second meeting
would take place months later atwould take place months later at
PotsdamPotsdam
Europe would be split, each zoneEurope would be split, each zone
would be occupied by the soldierswould be occupied by the soldiers
of one of the main Allied powers.of one of the main Allied powers.
They also agreed that GermanyThey also agreed that Germany
would have to repay the Sovietwould have to repay the Soviet
Union for damage and loss of life.Union for damage and loss of life.
Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, inSoviet leader Joseph Stalin, in
turn, promised free elections inturn, promised free elections in
Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.
7. Allies Become EnemiesAllies Become Enemies
Creation of the United NationsCreation of the United Nations
June 1945, 50 nations form theJune 1945, 50 nations form the UnitedUnited
NationsNations—an international organization—an international organization
All members are represented in the GeneralAll members are represented in the General
Assembly; 11 nations are on the SecurityAssembly; 11 nations are on the Security
CouncilCouncil
Five permanent members have SecurityFive permanent members have Security
Council veto powerCouncil veto power
8. Allies Become EnemiesAllies Become Enemies
Differing U.S. and Soviet GoalsDiffering U.S. and Soviet Goals
U.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII endsU.S. and Soviets split sharply after WWII ends
U.S. is world’s richest and most powerfulU.S. is world’s richest and most powerful
country after WWIIcountry after WWII
Soviets still recovering from high warSoviets still recovering from high war
casualties and had many destroyed citiescasualties and had many destroyed cities
9. Eastern Europe’s Iron CurtainEastern Europe’s Iron Curtain
Soviets Build a BufferSoviets Build a Buffer
Soviets control Eastern European countriesSoviets control Eastern European countries
after World War IIafter World War II
Stalin installs Communist governments inStalin installs Communist governments in
several countriesseveral countries
Truman urges free elections; Stalin refuses toTruman urges free elections; Stalin refuses to
allow free electionsallow free elections
In 1946, Stalin says capitalism andIn 1946, Stalin says capitalism and
communism cannot co-existcommunism cannot co-exist
10.
11. Eastern Europe’s Iron CurtainEastern Europe’s Iron Curtain
An Iron Curtain Divides East and WestAn Iron Curtain Divides East and West
Germany is divided; East Germany isGermany is divided; East Germany is
Communist, West Germany democraticCommunist, West Germany democratic
Iron CurtainIron Curtain—Winston Churchill’s name for—Winston Churchill’s name for
the division of Europethe division of Europe
12. The nations on the
eastern side of the
“Iron Curtain” were
known as the Eastern
Bloc
13.
14. United States Tries to Contain SovietsUnited States Tries to Contain Soviets
ContainmentContainment
ContainmentContainment—U.S. plan to stop the spread—U.S. plan to stop the spread
of communismof communism
The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine
Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine—U.S. supports countries—U.S. supports countries
that reject communismthat reject communism
Congress approves Truman’s request for aidCongress approves Truman’s request for aid
to Greece and Turkeyto Greece and Turkey
15. United States Tries to Contain SovietsUnited States Tries to Contain Soviets
The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan
Much of Western Europe lay in ruins afterMuch of Western Europe lay in ruins after
World War IIWorld War II
Marshall PlanMarshall Plan—U.S. program of assisting—U.S. program of assisting
Western European countriesWestern European countries
Congress approves plan after CommunistCongress approves plan after Communist
takeover of Czechoslovakiatakeover of Czechoslovakia
16.
17. Germany is SplitGermany is Split
Following WWII, GermanyFollowing WWII, Germany
is split into two differentis split into two different
countries.countries.
East Germany is influencedEast Germany is influenced
by the USSR and theby the USSR and the
government is communist.government is communist.
West Germany isWest Germany is
influenced by the US,influenced by the US,
France and the UK andFrance and the UK and
their government is atheir government is a
democracy.democracy.
18. The Berlin WallThe Berlin Wall
Not only is theNot only is the
country split, thecountry split, the
capital of Berlin iscapital of Berlin is
split as well.split as well.
East GermanyEast Germany
builds a wall tobuilds a wall to
maintain themaintain the
separationseparation
between the twobetween the two
and keeps itsand keeps its
citizens confinedcitizens confined
within.within.
Crossing over isCrossing over is
strictly forbidden.strictly forbidden.
24. United States Tries to Contain SovietsUnited States Tries to Contain Soviets
Blockade of Berlin and The Berlin AirliftBlockade of Berlin and The Berlin Airlift
In 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forcesIn 1948, U.S., Britain, and France withdraw forces
from West Germanyfrom West Germany
Their former occupation zones form one countryTheir former occupation zones form one country
Soviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic intoSoviets oppose this, stop land and water traffic into
West BerlinWest Berlin
West Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, facesWest Berlin, located in Soviet occupation zone, faces
starvationstarvation
U.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until theU.S. and Britain fly in supplies for 11 months until the
blockade endsblockade ends
28. The Cold War Divides the WorldThe Cold War Divides the World
The Cold WarThe Cold War
Cold-WarCold-War—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using—struggle of U.S. and Soviet Union using
means short of warmeans short of war
Superpowers Form Rival AlliancesSuperpowers Form Rival Alliances
In 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countriesIn 1949, U.S., Canada, and West European countries
form NATOform NATO
NATONATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a—North Atlantic Treaty Organization—is a
defensive military alliancedefensive military alliance
In 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign theIn 1955, Soviets and Eastern nations sign the
Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact alliancealliance
In 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate EastIn 1961, Soviets build the Berlin Wall to separate East
and West Berlinand West Berlin
30. Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact
NationsNations
Note: FederalNote: Federal
People’sPeople’s
Republic ofRepublic of
Yugoslavia isYugoslavia is
forced out of theforced out of the
Warsaw Pact inWarsaw Pact in
19481948
31.
32. The Cold War Divides the WorldThe Cold War Divides the World
The Threat of Nuclear WarThe Threat of Nuclear War
Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb inSoviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb in
19491949
U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the moreU.S. and Soviet Union both develop the more
powerful hydrogen bombpowerful hydrogen bomb
BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship—policy of willingness to go to—policy of willingness to go to
the edge of warthe edge of war
Increasing tensions lead to military buildup byIncreasing tensions lead to military buildup by
U.S. and the SovietsU.S. and the Soviets
33. Nuclear Arms RaceNuclear Arms Race
During the Cold War, both countriesDuring the Cold War, both countries
vie for nuclear superiority andvie for nuclear superiority and
increase their arsenals.increase their arsenals.
The idea was that by building moreThe idea was that by building more
and more bombs; eventually, oneand more bombs; eventually, one
side would stand down.side would stand down.
This, actually, will never happen.This, actually, will never happen.
While it is a little unclear about whoWhile it is a little unclear about who
was bigger or stronger, it iswas bigger or stronger, it is
speculated that the U.S. had manyspeculated that the U.S. had many
more bombs, while the Soviets hadmore bombs, while the Soviets had
more destructive ones such as themore destructive ones such as the
Tsar (Czar) Bomba.Tsar (Czar) Bomba.
38. The Space RaceThe Space Race
Not only was the ColdNot only was the Cold
War a race to increaseWar a race to increase
military prowess, it wasmilitary prowess, it was
also a race foralso a race for
technological prowess.technological prowess.
This included the raceThis included the race
to be the first countryto be the first country
into space.into space.
The Soviets were firstThe Soviets were first
to send the satelliteto send the satellite
known as Sputnik intoknown as Sputnik into
space (1957).space (1957).
41. The Space RaceThe Space Race
The Soviets bested theThe Soviets bested the
United States once againUnited States once again
when they sent Sovietwhen they sent Soviet
cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin ascosmonaut Yuri Gagarin as
first human in space on Aprilfirst human in space on April
12, 1961.12, 1961.
The U.S. would have beenThe U.S. would have been
the first, but instead we sent athe first, but instead we sent a
monkey on January 31, 1961.monkey on January 31, 1961.
43. The Cold War Divides the WorldThe Cold War Divides the World
The Cold War in the SkiesThe Cold War in the Skies
In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spyIn 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy
plane (a U-2), increasing tensionsplane (a U-2), increasing tensions
U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down
over the U.S.S.R.
46. 33.2 Communists Take Power in China33.2 Communists Take Power in China
After World War II, ChineseAfter World War II, Chinese
Communists defeat Nationalist forcesCommunists defeat Nationalist forces
and two separate Chinas emerge.and two separate Chinas emerge.
47. Communists vs. NationalistsCommunists vs. Nationalists
World War II in ChinaWorld War II in China
Mao ZedongMao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists—leads Chinese Communists
against Japanese invadersagainst Japanese invaders
Jiang JieshiJiang Jieshi (a.k.a.(a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek)—)—
leads of Chinese Nationalists in World War IIleads of Chinese Nationalists in World War II
Nationalist and Communist Chinese resumeNationalist and Communist Chinese resume
civil war after WWII endscivil war after WWII ends
50. Communists vs. NationalistsCommunists vs. Nationalists
Civil War ResumesCivil War Resumes
Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiersEconomic problems cause Nationalist soldiers
to desert to Communiststo desert to Communists
Mao’s troops take control of China’s majorMao’s troops take control of China’s major
citiescities
In 1949, People’s Republic of China isIn 1949, People’s Republic of China is
createdcreated
Nationalists flee to TaiwanNationalists flee to Taiwan
51. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold War
The Superpowers ReactThe Superpowers React
U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan,U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan,
called Republic of Chinacalled Republic of China
Soviets and China agree to help each other inSoviets and China agree to help each other in
event of attackevent of attack
U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion andU.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and
spread of communism in Chinaspread of communism in China
52. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarThe Two Chinas Affect the Cold War
China Expands under the CommunistsChina Expands under the Communists
China takes control of Tibet and southernChina takes control of Tibet and southern
MongoliaMongolia
India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeingIndia welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing
revolt against Chineserevolt against Chinese
China and India clash over border; fightingChina and India clash over border; fighting
stops but tensions remainstops but tensions remain
53. The Communists Transform ChinaThe Communists Transform China
Communists Claim a New “Mandate ofCommunists Claim a New “Mandate of
Heaven”Heaven”
Chinese Communists organize nationalChinese Communists organize national
government and Communist Partygovernment and Communist Party
Mao’s Brand of Marxist SocialismMao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism
Mao takes property from landowners andMao takes property from landowners and
divides it among peasantsdivides it among peasants
Government seizes private companies andGovernment seizes private companies and
plans production increaseplans production increase
54. The Communists Transform ChinaThe Communists Transform China
The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward
CommunesCommunes—large collective farms often—large collective farms often
supporting over 25,000 peoplesupporting over 25,000 people
Program is ended after inefficiency leads toProgram is ended after inefficiency leads to
crop failures and faminescrop failures and famines
55.
56. The Communists Transform ChinaThe Communists Transform China
New Policies and Mao’s ResponseNew Policies and Mao’s Response
China and Soviet Union clash over leadershipChina and Soviet Union clash over leadership
of communist movementof communist movement
Strict socialist ideas are moderated, MaoStrict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao
reduces his role in governmentreduces his role in government
Red GuardsRed Guards— groups of violent and radical— groups of violent and radical
youth militia — close schools and execute oryouth militia — close schools and execute or
imprison many intellectuals and enforce strictimprison many intellectuals and enforce strict
communism in Chinacommunism in China
57. The Red
Guards:
China’s
Teenage
Police Force
Between 1966
and 1976,
students in
China’s Red
Guard waged a
Cultural
Revolution on
teachers and
professionals
that left a million
people dead
and the country
in chaos.
58. The Communists Transform ChinaThe Communists Transform China
The Cultural RevolutionThe Cultural Revolution
Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution—movement to build—movement to build
society of peasants and workerssociety of peasants and workers
In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes,In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes,
or exiles most Red Guards who have beenor exiles most Red Guards who have been
labeled by the government “Counterlabeled by the government “Counter
Revolutionary.”Revolutionary.”
However, the Cultural Revolution continuesHowever, the Cultural Revolution continues
until Mao’s death in 1976until Mao’s death in 1976..
60. 33.3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam33.3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam
In Asia, the Cold War flares intoIn Asia, the Cold War flares into
actual wars supported mainly byactual wars supported mainly by
the superpowers.the superpowers.
61. The KoreasThe Koreas
Following WWII, theFollowing WWII, the
Korean peninsula isKorean peninsula is
divided into twodivided into two
separate countries.separate countries.
They make theirThey make their
border along the 38border along the 38thth
Parallel line.Parallel line.
North Korea is aNorth Korea is a
Communist andCommunist and
controlled by thecontrolled by the
USSRUSSR
South Korea is aSouth Korea is a
democracy anddemocracy and
influenced by the U.S.influenced by the U.S.
62. War in KoreaWar in Korea
A Divided LandA Divided Land
3838thth
parallelparallel—line dividing Korea into North Korea—line dividing Korea into North Korea
and South Koreaand South Korea
63. The Korean WarThe Korean War
In 1950, North KoreanIn 1950, North Korean
troops invade Southtroops invade South
Korea, supported by theKorea, supported by the
USSR and the People’sUSSR and the People’s
Republic of ChinaRepublic of China
South Korea calls for helpSouth Korea calls for help
and is backed by the U.S.and is backed by the U.S.
and the United Nationsand the United Nations
(15 countries).(15 countries).
Douglas MacArthurDouglas MacArthur——
leads UN forces againstleads UN forces against
North KoreansNorth Koreans
65. War in KoreaWar in Korea
North Koreans controlsNorth Koreans controls
most of the peninsulamost of the peninsula
when MacArthur attackswhen MacArthur attacks
Half of North Korea’sHalf of North Korea’s
army surrenders, thearmy surrenders, the
rest retreatrest retreat
UN troops push NorthUN troops push North
Koreans almost toKoreans almost to
Chinese borderChinese border
67. The Chinese Join the WarThe Chinese Join the War
Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN forcesChinese send 300,000 troops against UN forces
and capture Seoul.and capture Seoul.
69. A Cease FireA Cease Fire
In 1953, a cease fireIn 1953, a cease fire
is declared and endsis declared and ends
the war.the war.
The war does notThe war does not
have a clear cuthave a clear cut
winner as not muchwinner as not much
territory is gained orterritory is gained or
lost.lost.
The border at the 38The border at the 38thth
Parallel is restored.Parallel is restored.
70. Did You Know?Did You Know?
Even though they signedEven though they signed
a cease fire in 1953, thea cease fire in 1953, the
Korean War is technicallyKorean War is technically
still going on today!still going on today!
Even though there is notEven though there is not
full outbreak of war,full outbreak of war,
tensions remain high andtensions remain high and
2 million soldiers are2 million soldiers are
readily available on eachreadily available on each
side of the border, readyside of the border, ready
to go to war.to go to war.
71. The Forgotten WarThe Forgotten War
Many times theMany times the
Korean War isKorean War is
referred to in thereferred to in the
United States as theUnited States as the
“Forgotten War” or“Forgotten War” or
“Unknown War”“Unknown War”
because the issuesbecause the issues
were not as clear cutwere not as clear cut
as WWII and theas WWII and the
Vietnam War.Vietnam War.
74. War in KoreaWar in Korea
Aftermath of the WarAftermath of the War
North Korea builds collective farms, heavyNorth Korea builds collective farms, heavy
industry, nuclear weaponsindustry, nuclear weapons
South Korea establishes democracy, growingSouth Korea establishes democracy, growing
economy with U.S. aideconomy with U.S. aid
Tension is still high today between the twoTension is still high today between the two
countries.countries.
75. A Divided PeninsulaA Divided Peninsula
Although a treaty was signed,Although a treaty was signed,
tensions remain high even to thistensions remain high even to this
day.day.
The Koreas create a 2.5 mileThe Koreas create a 2.5 mile
wide buffer zone along the 38wide buffer zone along the 38thth
Parallel between the twoParallel between the two
countries. (De-Militarized Zone)countries. (De-Militarized Zone)
The border is heavily guardedThe border is heavily guarded
and danger of war always loomsand danger of war always looms
as there are 2 million troops areas there are 2 million troops are
stationed on each side.stationed on each side.
Some talks of reunification haveSome talks of reunification have
begun, but the future isbegun, but the future is
uncertain.uncertain.
78. War Breaks Out in VietnamWar Breaks Out in Vietnam
The Road to WarThe Road to War
Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh——
Vietnamese nationalist,Vietnamese nationalist,
later Communist leaderlater Communist leader
The Fighting BeginsThe Fighting Begins
In 1954, FrenchIn 1954, French
surrender to Vietnamesesurrender to Vietnamese
after major defeatafter major defeat
Domino theoryDomino theory—U.S.—U.S.
theory of Communisttheory of Communist
expansion in Southeastexpansion in Southeast
AsiaAsia Ho Chi Minh
79. The War in
Vietnam, 1957-
1973
Note the Ho
Chi Minh Trail
through Laos
and Cambodia
80. War Breaks Out in VietnamWar Breaks Out in Vietnam
Vietnam—A DividedVietnam—A Divided
CountryCountry
International peaceInternational peace
conference agrees on aconference agrees on a
divided Vietnamdivided Vietnam
Ngo Dinh DiemNgo Dinh Diem—leads—leads
anti-Communistanti-Communist
government in Southgovernment in South
VietnamVietnam
VietcongVietcong—South—South
Vietnamese CommunistVietnamese Communist
guerillas fighting againstguerillas fighting against
DiemDiemNgo Dinh Diem
81. Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), President of South Vietnam 1955-1963, with U.S.Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), President of South Vietnam 1955-1963, with U.S.
President Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, 1957. DirectPresident Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, 1957. Direct
U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S.U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S.
took over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration begantook over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration began
by supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors andby supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors and
increased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. hadincreased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. had
fewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup infewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup in
1963.1963.
82. Lyndon B. Johnson, the President
of the United States from 1963 to
1970, makes a public statement on
the Tonkin Gulf incident, August 4,
1964. When North Vietnam was said
to have attacked two U.S.
destroyers, Congress hastily
passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution,
giving the president blanket
authority to take necessary actions
to protect U.S. forces.
Subsequently, there have been
serious questions as to what
actually occurred in the Tonkin
Gulf, but with vastly increased U.S.
expenditures, the war quickly
escalated; by 1969 the U.S. forces
totaled almost 550,000 individuals.
There was much opposition to the
war in the Congress and among the
U.S. people, and Johnson's very
considerable domestic policy
achievements were overshadowed
by the criticism of his war policy.
83. General William C. WestmorelandWilliam C. Westmoreland, McGeorge BundyMcGeorge Bundy
and General KanhGeneral Kanh of South Vietnam, photographed at
Camp Holloway, South Vietnam, in February 1965. Gen.
Westmoreland commanded the U.S. troops in Vietnam
1964-68; Bundy was special assistant for national security
to President Johnson from 1961 to 1966, and a key
supporter of the Vietnam war.
84. The United States Gets InvolvedThe United States Gets Involved
U.S. Troops Enter the FightU.S. Troops Enter the Fight
In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet CongIn 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong
and North Vietnameseand North Vietnamese
U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasinglyU.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly
unpopular governmentunpopular government
Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh,Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh,
China, and Soviet UnionChina, and Soviet Union
85. The United States Gets InvolvedThe United States Gets Involved
The United States WithdrawsThe United States Withdraws
War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969,War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969,
Nixon starts withdrawing troopsNixon starts withdrawing troops
VietnamizationVietnamization—Nixon’s plan to withdraw—Nixon’s plan to withdraw
U.S. from war graduallyU.S. from war gradually
Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; SouthLast U.S. troops leave in 1973; South
Vietnam overrun in 1975Vietnam overrun in 1975
86. Nixon appeared on television January 23, 1973, to announceNixon appeared on television January 23, 1973, to announce
the ceasefire. The agreement ended nearly 12 years ofthe ceasefire. The agreement ended nearly 12 years of
warfare in which 58,000 Americans had lost their lives. It didwarfare in which 58,000 Americans had lost their lives. It did
not contain an enforceable plan for the peaceable settlementnot contain an enforceable plan for the peaceable settlement
of Vietnam's internal problems; within a year, fighting thereof Vietnam's internal problems; within a year, fighting there
had resumed. Eventually, the South Vietnamese governmenthad resumed. Eventually, the South Vietnamese government
of Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionaryof Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionary
Government (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebelsGovernment (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebels
and North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished toand North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished to
intervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powersintervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powers
Act'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from actingAct'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from acting
without its consent - a consent that Congress would havewithout its consent - a consent that Congress would have
been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975.been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975.
87. Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwar Southeast Asia
Cambodia in TurmoilCambodia in Turmoil
Khmer RougeKhmer Rouge——
Communist rebels whoCommunist rebels who
take control of Cambodia intake control of Cambodia in
19751975
They slaughter 2 millionThey slaughter 2 million
people; overthrown bypeople; overthrown by
Vietnamese invadersVietnamese invaders
In 1993, Cambodia adoptsIn 1993, Cambodia adopts
democracy, holds electionsdemocracy, holds elections
with UN helpwith UN help
Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer
Rouge (Cambodian Communist
Party, literally “Red Khmers”) in
1977 at the height of his power
88. Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwar Southeast Asia
The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields werewere
a number of sites ina number of sites in
Cambodia where largeCambodia where large
numbers of people werenumbers of people were
killed and buried by thekilled and buried by the
Khmer Rouge regime,Khmer Rouge regime,
during its rule of theduring its rule of the
country from 1975 tocountry from 1975 to
1979, immediately after1979, immediately after
the end of the Vietnamthe end of the Vietnam
War.War.
89. Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwar Southeast Asia
At least 200,000 peopleAt least 200,000 people
were executed by thewere executed by the
Khmer Rouge (whileKhmer Rouge (while
estimates of the totalestimates of the total
number of deathsnumber of deaths
resulting from Khmerresulting from Khmer
Rouge policies, includingRouge policies, including
disease and starvation,disease and starvation,
range from 1.4 to 2.2range from 1.4 to 2.2
million out of a populationmillion out of a population
of around 7 million).of around 7 million).
A commemorative stupa filled
with the skulls of the victims.
92. History in Film:History in Film: The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields (1984)(1984)
The Killing FieldsThe Killing Fields is a 1984is a 1984
British drama film about theBritish drama film about the
Khmer Rouge regime inKhmer Rouge regime in
Cambodia, which is based onCambodia, which is based on
the experiences of threethe experiences of three
journalists:journalists:
CambodianCambodian Dith PranDith Pran
AmericanAmerican Sydney SchanbergSydney Schanberg
BritishBritish Jon SwainJon Swain..
The film won three AcademyThe film won three Academy
Awards, includingAwards, including
Best Supporting Actor for HaingBest Supporting Actor for Haing
S. Ngor as Dith Pran.S. Ngor as Dith Pran.
Sam Waterston from Law andSam Waterston from Law and
Order stars in the film as SydneyOrder stars in the film as Sydney
SchanbergSchanberg
93. Postwar Southeast AsiaPostwar Southeast Asia
Vietnam after the WarVietnam after the War
Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; VietnamSaigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam
united as Communist nationunited as Communist nation
About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, someAbout 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some
settling in the U.S. and Canadasettling in the U.S. and Canada
In 1995, United States normalizes relationsIn 1995, United States normalizes relations
with Vietnamwith Vietnam
94. 33.4 The Cold War33.4 The Cold War
Divides the WorldDivides the World
The superpowers supportThe superpowers support
opposing sides in Latin Americanopposing sides in Latin American
and Middle Eastern conflictsand Middle Eastern conflicts
95. Fighting for the Third WorldFighting for the Third World
More Than One “World”More Than One “World”
Third WorldThird World—developing nations; often—developing nations; often
newly independent, nonalignednewly independent, nonaligned
Cold War StrategiesCold War Strategies
U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete forU.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for
influence over the Third Worldinfluence over the Third World
They back revolutions and give economic ,They back revolutions and give economic ,
military and technical aidmilitary and technical aid
96. Fighting for the Third WorldFighting for the Third World
Association of Nonaligned NationsAssociation of Nonaligned Nations
Many countries, like India, want to avoidMany countries, like India, want to avoid
involvement in the Cold Warinvolvement in the Cold War
In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and AfricanIn 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African
leaders who want neutralityleaders who want neutrality
Nonaligned nationsNonaligned nations—independent countries—independent countries
not involved in the Cold Warnot involved in the Cold War
97. Confrontations in Latin AmericaConfrontations in Latin America
Fidel Castro and the Cuban RevolutionFidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution
Fidel CastroFidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against—leads revolt in Cuba against
dictator supported by the U.S.dictator supported by the U.S.
By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizesBy 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes
economy, takes U.S. propertyeconomy, takes U.S. property
In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained CubanIn 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban
exiles at the Bay of Pigsexiles at the Bay of Pigs
99. Confrontations in Latin AmericaConfrontations in Latin America
Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile CrisisNuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, U.S. demands removal of SovietIn 1962, U.S. demands removal of Soviet
missiles in Cubamissiles in Cuba
Soviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises notSoviets withdraw missiles; U.S. promises not
to invade Cubato invade Cuba
Cuban economy is left dependent on SovietCuban economy is left dependent on Soviet
supportsupport
100. The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis
After the CubanAfter the Cuban
Revolution in the earlyRevolution in the early
1960’s, the new Cuban1960’s, the new Cuban
government adoptedgovernment adopted
communism.communism.
Shortly thereafter, theShortly thereafter, the
Soviets started buildingSoviets started building
nuclear missile silos onnuclear missile silos on
the island.the island.
Through secret, spyThrough secret, spy
photographs, the U.S.photographs, the U.S.
found out about thefound out about the
missiles.missiles.
101.
102. The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis
Angered by these actions, the U.S. demanded the SovietsAngered by these actions, the U.S. demanded the Soviets
withdraw from Cuba.withdraw from Cuba.
The Soviets refused and it seemed a conflict wasThe Soviets refused and it seemed a conflict was
imminent.imminent.
Both sides believed that only armed combat could resolveBoth sides believed that only armed combat could resolve
the issue.the issue.
President Kennedy was even set to invade Cuba andPresident Kennedy was even set to invade Cuba and
remove the missiles by force.remove the missiles by force.
Just when it looked as if nuclear war was going to occur,Just when it looked as if nuclear war was going to occur,
the two sides came to an agreement. The Soviets wouldthe two sides came to an agreement. The Soviets would
remove their missiles from Cuba as long as the Americansremove their missiles from Cuba as long as the Americans
removed their own from Turkey.removed their own from Turkey.
103. Confrontations in Latin AmericaConfrontations in Latin America
Civil War in NicaraguaCivil War in Nicaragua
Anastasio Somoza DebayleAnastasio Somoza Debayle—Nicaraguan dictator—Nicaraguan dictator
supported by the U.S.supported by the U.S.
Daniel OrtegaDaniel Ortega—leads—leads SandinistaSandinista rebels who takerebels who take
power in Nicaraguapower in Nicaragua
U.S. and Soviet Union both initially supportU.S. and Soviet Union both initially support
SandinistasSandinistas
Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El SalvadorSandinistas aid Communist rebels in El Salvador
U.S. helps anti-CommunistU.S. helps anti-Communist ContrasContras in Nicaragua toin Nicaragua to
assist El Salvadorassist El Salvador
In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections,In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections,
Sandinistas loseSandinistas lose
104. Daniel Ortega on Time magazine,
March 31, 1986
Anastasio Somoza Debayle
(U.S. supported president of
Nicaragua from 1967-1980)
105. Confrontations in the Middle EastConfrontations in the Middle East
Religious and SecularReligious and Secular
Values Clash in IranValues Clash in Iran
Shah Reza Pahlavi embracesShah Reza Pahlavi embraces
Western governments and oilWestern governments and oil
companiescompanies
The U.S. and U.K. supportedThe U.S. and U.K. supported
the Shah which was verythe Shah which was very
unpopular with people of theunpopular with people of the
Middle EastMiddle East
In addition to this, the ShahIn addition to this, the Shah
tried to “modernize” histried to “modernize” his
country which clashed withcountry which clashed with
the ideals of traditionalthe ideals of traditional
IslamistsIslamists
Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi
106. Confrontations in the Middle EastConfrontations in the Middle East
The United States SupportsThe United States Supports
Secular RuleSecular Rule
Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi
westernizes Iran with U.S.westernizes Iran with U.S.
supportsupport
Ayatollah Ruholla KhomeiniAyatollah Ruholla Khomeini
—Iranian Muslim leader; lives—Iranian Muslim leader; lives
in exilein exile
In 1978, Khomeini sparks riotsIn 1978, Khomeini sparks riots
in Iran, Shah flees to the U.S.in Iran, Shah flees to the U.S.
Khomeini claims a jihad (holyKhomeini claims a jihad (holy
war) on Western influences.war) on Western influences.
107. Confrontations in the Middle EastConfrontations in the Middle East
Khomeini’s Anti-U.S.Khomeini’s Anti-U.S.
PoliciesPolicies
Muslim radicals takeMuslim radicals take
control in Irancontrol in Iran
Islamic revolutionariesIslamic revolutionaries
attack the U.S. Embassyattack the U.S. Embassy
in Iran and holdin Iran and hold
American hostages inAmerican hostages in
Tehran (1979-1981) forTehran (1979-1981) for
444 days444 days
They demand that theThey demand that the
U.S. hands over theU.S. hands over the
Shah in exchange for theShah in exchange for the
hostages.hostages.
109. Iraq-Iran War (First Persian Gulf War)Iraq-Iran War (First Persian Gulf War)
The Iranian Revolution put muchThe Iranian Revolution put much
strain on relations between Iraqstrain on relations between Iraq
(Sunnis) and Iran (Shiites).(Sunnis) and Iran (Shiites).
With the oustering of the Shah inWith the oustering of the Shah in
Iran, the U.S. supported SaddamIran, the U.S. supported Saddam
Hussein and forces in Iraq byHussein and forces in Iraq by
supplying them with weapons,supplying them with weapons,
money and intelligence.money and intelligence.
Iran, on the other hand, wasIran, on the other hand, was
supported by the USSR who soldsupported by the USSR who sold
weapons to the Iranians.weapons to the Iranians.
Despite heavy losses on eachDespite heavy losses on each
side, neither seemed to beside, neither seemed to be
110. Confrontations in the Middle EastConfrontations in the Middle East
The Superpowers Face Off in AfghanistanThe Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan
Soviets invade Afghanistan to helpSoviets invade Afghanistan to help
Communist government against rebelsCommunist government against rebels
Muslim rebels fight guerilla war againstMuslim rebels fight guerilla war against
Soviets with U.S. weaponsSoviets with U.S. weapons
U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet UnionU.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union
Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989
111. 33.5 The Cold War33.5 The Cold War
ThawsThaws
The Cold War begins to thaw asThe Cold War begins to thaw as
the superpowers enter an era ofthe superpowers enter an era of
uneasy diplomacyuneasy diplomacy
112. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and ChinaSoviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
Destalinization and Rumblings ofDestalinization and Rumblings of
ProtestProtest
Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev—leader of—leader of
Soviet Union after Stalin diesSoviet Union after Stalin dies
(1953)(1953)
Khrushchev condemns Stalin;Khrushchev condemns Stalin;
Soviets and West can peacefullySoviets and West can peacefully
competecompete
Citizens of Soviet-controlledCitizens of Soviet-controlled
governments begin protestinggovernments begin protesting
communismcommunism
Khrushchev sends Soviet militaryKhrushchev sends Soviet military
to put down Hungarian protesters.to put down Hungarian protesters.
113. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and ChinaSoviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
The Revolt inThe Revolt in
CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia
Leonid BrezhnevLeonid Brezhnev
—Soviet leader—Soviet leader
after Khrushchev—after Khrushchev—
represses dissentrepresses dissent
In 1968, WarsawIn 1968, Warsaw
Pact troops blockPact troops block
reforms inreforms in
CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia
114. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe and ChinaSoviet Policy in Eastern Europe and China
The Soviet-Chinese SplitThe Soviet-Chinese Split
In 1950, Mao and Stalin sign friendship treaty,In 1950, Mao and Stalin sign friendship treaty,
but tensions growbut tensions grow
Chinese and Soviets each want to lead worldChinese and Soviets each want to lead world
communismcommunism
Khrushchev ends economic aid and refusesKhrushchev ends economic aid and refuses
to share nuclear secretsto share nuclear secrets
Soviets and Chinese fight small skirmishesSoviets and Chinese fight small skirmishes
across borderacross border
115. From Brinkmanship to DFrom Brinkmanship to Détenteétente
Brinkmanship BreaksBrinkmanship Breaks
DownDown
Brinkmanship causeBrinkmanship cause
repeated crises; nuclear warrepeated crises; nuclear war
a constant threata constant threat
John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy—U.S.—U.S.
president during the Cubanpresident during the Cuban
Missile CrisisMissile Crisis
Lyndon JohnsonLyndon Johnson——
president who increasespresident who increases
U.S. involvement in VietnamU.S. involvement in Vietnam
116. From Brinkmanship to DFrom Brinkmanship to Détenteétente
The United States Turns toThe United States Turns to
DDétenteétente
Vietnam-era turmoil fuelsVietnam-era turmoil fuels
desire for lessdesire for less
confrontational policyconfrontational policy
DétenteDétente—policy of reducing—policy of reducing
Cold War tensions to avoidCold War tensions to avoid
conflictconflict
Richard M. NixonRichard M. Nixon—U.S.—U.S.
president who launchespresident who launches
détentedétente
Détente grows out ofDétente grows out of
philosophy known asphilosophy known as
realpolitik—”realisticrealpolitik—”realistic
politics”—recognizes need topolitics”—recognizes need to
be practical and flexiblebe practical and flexible
117. From Brinkmanship to DFrom Brinkmanship to Détenteétente
Nixon Visits Communist PowersNixon Visits Communist Powers
Nixon visits Communist China and SovietNixon visits Communist China and Soviet
Union, signs SALT I TreatyUnion, signs SALT I Treaty
SALTSALT—Strategic Arms Limitation Talks——Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—
limits nuclear weaponslimits nuclear weapons
119. The Collapse of DThe Collapse of Détenteétente
Policy ChangesPolicy Changes
Nixon and Gerald Ford improve relations withNixon and Gerald Ford improve relations with
Soviets and ChinaSoviets and China
Jimmy Carter has concerns about SovietJimmy Carter has concerns about Soviet
policies but signs SALT IIpolicies but signs SALT II
Congress will not ratify SALT II due to SovietCongress will not ratify SALT II due to Soviet
invasion of Afghanistaninvasion of Afghanistan
120. The Collapse of DThe Collapse of Détenteétente
Reagan Takes an Anti-Reagan Takes an Anti-
Communist StanceCommunist Stance
Ronald ReaganRonald Reagan—anti-—anti-
Communist U.S. presidentCommunist U.S. president
takes office in 1981takes office in 1981
Reagan increases militaryReagan increases military
spending and proposes aspending and proposes a
missile defense programmissile defense program
called “Star Wars”called “Star Wars”
122. The Collapse of the USSRThe Collapse of the USSR
In the 1980s, new SovietIn the 1980s, new Soviet
leadership allows easingleadership allows easing
of Cold War tensions.of Cold War tensions.
In 1986, Soviet leaderIn 1986, Soviet leader
Mikhail GorbachevMikhail Gorbachev
introduces his policyintroduces his policy
known asknown as PerestroikaPerestroika
(restructuring),(restructuring), to allowto allow
more economic, politicalmore economic, political
freedom.freedom.
123. The Collapse of the USSRThe Collapse of the USSR
This causes a domino effectThis causes a domino effect
and the people (especiallyand the people (especially
those in the smaller republics)those in the smaller republics)
demand independence.demand independence.
This leads to collapse ofThis leads to collapse of
Soviet Union, end of ColdSoviet Union, end of Cold
War in 1991War in 1991
Region divides into 15Region divides into 15
independent republics.independent republics.
Russia becomes aRussia becomes a
democracy and remains thatdemocracy and remains that
today.today.
