The Entanglement of Photography
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A presentation given as part of the final paper-project package for Ian Hodder's "Things" graduate seminar at the Stanford University Archaeology Center. The presentation lays out the myriad connections between early calotype photography and other scientific and social movements from ancient times to the present including optics, alchemy, perspective drawing, and the industrial revolution. The presentation is image heavy and relies on narration that the 38 photographs, drawings, and graphics compliment. To read the accompanying paper, please visit http://www.eaines.com/photography/calotypes/photographic-entanglement/.
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The Entanglement of Photography
- 2. In 1839, Talbot and Daguerre nearly simultaneously announced independent success making what would later be called photographs.
- 3. Talbot’s process, the calotype, later evolved to become modern negative- positive photography.
- 4. The confluence of these events and technologies is dependent upon extremely complex, interconnected networks of things and people.
- 5. calotype elements of a negative to positive photo process. lens tripod camera film holder/ focusing screen body chemicals pyrogallol fixer acetic acid succinic acid acids gallic acid citric acid developer ammonium iodide potassium bromide potassium iodide sodium chloride salts ammonia assorted others distilled water gold chloride potassium ferrocyanide contrast and color control arrow root sensitizer silver nitrate negative paper vellum lens setting lens elements apertures lens cap lab/ darkroom measuring weight time volume storage and pouring safety application printing practitioner light watch or clock scale balance graduated cylinder beaker flask measuring system brown glass bottles stoppers funnels glass baths eye protection ventilation droppers gloves glass coating rod printing frame
- 6. lens tripod camera film holder/ focusing screen body lens setting lens elements apertures lens cap
- 7. chemicals pyrogallol fixer acetic acid succinic acid acids gallic acid citric acid developer ammonium iodide potassium bromide potassium iodide sodium chloride salts ammonia assorted others distilled water gold chloride potassium ferrocyanide contrast and color control arrow root sensitizer silver nitrate
- 8. lab/ darkroom measuring weight time volume storage and pouring safety application printing watch or clock scale balance graduated cylinder beaker flask brown glass bottles stoppers funnels glass baths eye protection ventilation droppers gloves glass coating rod printing frame
- 9. Factors in the gathering and evolution of photographic technologies:
- 10. 1) inception of the camera obscura and diminution towards greater haptic affordance
- 11. Large portable camera obscura, 1646. Athansius Kircher.
- 12. Assorted camera obscura, including S’gravesande’s sedan chair camera obscura, 1711.
- 14. Table camera obscura,1769. Georg Brander.
- 16. Tent camera obscura, 1825.
- 17. Talbot’s lab, 1849. Sliding box cameras.
- 18. William Henry Fox Talbot w/ portable camera, 1864.
- 19. 2) (re)combination of lens elements towards greater mimesis of human visual perception
- 20. A small hole.
- 21. two examples of camera obscura; contemporary photographic paper notable incongruity with human visual perception
- 22. Wollaston Landscape Lens, 1812.
- 24. French Landscape Lens, 1845.
- 25. Grubb Aplanat Lens, 1857.
- 26. Dallmeyer Patent Portrait Lens, 1866.
- 27. Dallmeyer’s Rapid Landscape Lens, 1880.
- 28. Dallmeyer’s Rectilinear Landscape Lens, 1888.
- 29. Hopkins and Feder f/1 Objective, 1948.
- 30. 3) refinement of metallurgy to alchemy to photochemistry
- 34. Silver nitrate silver nitric acid potassium nitrate sulfuric acid silver ore sulfur dioxide water iron pyrite ore air saltpeter
- 35. 4) fusion of chemical and optical technologies
- 36. Humphrey Davy Thomas Wedgwood 1794
- 37. Chemicals needed to make a calotype chemicals acetic acid gallic acid succinic acid ammonia ammonium iodide potassium bromide potassium iodide gold chloride sodium chloride pyrogallol potassium ferrocyanide citric acid fixer acids contrast and color control developer salts assorted others sensitizer distilled water arrow root silver nitrate
- 39. 5) description and communication of process
- 40. 6) shift in habitus and attitudes toward memory and remembering
- 43. Window at Lacock Abbey, 1835.
- 44. Calotype, 1842.
- 45. Portrait, 1845.
- 46. Arago, François, and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. Annales De Chimie Et De Physique. Paris: Crochard, 1818. Print. Arnold, H. J. P. William Henry Fox Talbot: Pioneer of Photography and Man of Science. London: Hutchinson, 1977. Print. Batchen, Geoffrey. Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1997. Print. Darrigol, Olivier. A History of Optics: From Greek Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2012. Print. Fouque, Victor. The Truth Concerning the Invention of Photography: Nicéphore Niépce, His Life, Letters, and Works. Arno Press, 1973. Print. Gernsheim, Helmut. The History of Photography: From the Camera Obscura to the Beginning of the Modern Era. 2d ed. ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969. Print. Herschel, J. F. W. "On the Hypersulfurous Acid and Its Compounds." The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal (1819). Print. James, André. William H. Fox Talbot, Inventor of the Negative-Positive Process. New York: Macmillan, 1973. Print. James, Christopher. The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes. 2nd ed. ed. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Kingslake, Rudolf. A History of the Photographic Lens. Boston: Academic Press, 1989. Print. Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar. 1786. Print. Works Cited
- 47. Lindberg, David C. Studies in the History of Medieval Optics. London: Variorum Reprints, 1983. Print. Niépce, Nicéphore. Nicéphore Niépce:Lettres Et Documents Choisis Par Paul Jay. Paris: Centre national de la photographie, 1983. Print. Schaaf, Larry J. Records of the Dawn of Photography: Talbot's P&Q Notebooks. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1996. Print. Snelling, Henry Hunt. The History and Practice of the Art of Photography, or, the Production of Pictures through the Agency of Light: Containing All the Instructions Necessary for the Complete Practice of the Daguerrean and Photogenic Art, Both on Metalic Plates and on Paper. G.P. Putnam, 1849. Print. Szabadvary, Ferenc. History of Analytical Chemistry. Taylor & Francis, 1966. Print. Talbot, William Henry Fox. The Pencil of Nature. Chicago: KWS Publishers in association with National Media Museum, 2011. Print. Ward, John. Printed Light: The Scientific Art of William Henry Fox Talbot and David Octavius Hill with Robert Adamson. Edinburgh: Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 1986. Print. Wilford, John Noble. "Transforming the Alchemists." The New York Times 2006 08 01 2006, sec. Science. Print. "Nitric Acid (Chemical Compound) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia." "Saltpetre (Chemical Compound) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia." "Silver Nitrate (Chemical Compound) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia." "Silver Nitrate." prezi.com. "Sulfur Dioxide (Chemical Compound) — Britannica Online Encyclopedia."
- 48. the end