The document summarizes key events in the development of Latin American societies following European colonization. It discusses how the Inca established an empire in the Andes Mountains and developed advanced infrastructure like roads and communication systems. It then covers Columbus' arrival in the Americas, the establishment of Spanish and Portuguese colonies, the transatlantic slave trade, and the economic and social changes caused by the Columbian Exchange. The document concludes by outlining the rise of nationalist revolutions in Latin America led by figures such as Bolivar and Hidalgo that eventually led to independence from European colonial rule.

1. Americas Review
Spring 2008 Final
Mrs. Lozano
Chapter 16, 20 and 24.1

3. Chapter 16.4-The Inca Create
a Mountain Empire

4. Chapter 16.4-The Inca Create
a Mountain Empire

5. Chapter 16.4-The Inca Create
a Mountain Empire
 Inca-settle in the Valley of Cuzco-1200s
develop kingdom

6. Chapter 16.4-The Inca Create
a Mountain Empire
 Inca-settle in the Valley of Cuzco-1200s
develop kingdom
-Incan Road system-most spectacular
public works-spanned the empire

7. Chapter 16.4-The Inca Create
a Mountain Empire
 Inca-settle in the Valley of Cuzco-1200s
develop kingdom
-Incan Road system-most spectacular
public works-spanned the empire
-shelter for travelers along roads

8. Chapter 16.4-The Inca Create
a Mountain Empire
 Inca-settle in the Valley of Cuzco-1200s
develop kingdom
-Incan Road system-most spectacular
public works-spanned the empire
-shelter for travelers along roads
-chasquis-system of runners like
postal service

9. Chapter 16.4-The Inca Create
a Mountain Empire
 Inca-settle in the Valley of Cuzco-1200s
develop kingdom
-Incan Road system-most spectacular
public works-spanned the empire
-shelter for travelers along roads
-chasquis-system of runners like
postal service
-allowed for easy movement of troops
to control empire

10. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World

11. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
1492 Columbus arrives in the Caribbean and
begins Spanish colonialism in the Americas.

12. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
1492 Columbus arrives in the Caribbean and
begins Spanish colonialism in the Americas.
Portugal believed Columbus had reached Asian
lands claimed by them. 1493-Pope Alexander
VI draws the Line of Demarcation-North and
south line through Atlantic Ocean-east-
Portugal , west-Spain. Portugal claimed to mch
to Spain-land moved farther west. 1494-Treaty
of Tordesillas signed to honor line

13. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
1492 Columbus arrives in the Caribbean and
begins Spanish colonialism in the Americas.
Portugal believed Columbus had reached Asian
lands claimed by them. 1493-Pope Alexander
VI draws the Line of Demarcation-North and
south line through Atlantic Ocean-east-
Portugal , west-Spain. Portugal claimed to mch
to Spain-land moved farther west. 1494-Treaty
of Tordesillas signed to honor line
Spain utilized their weaponry, diseases and
often the aid of native groups to build conquer
the Americas and build an Empire.

14. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World

15. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
-Native Americans begin dying from disease and
exploitation-more slaved are needed

16. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
-Native Americans begin dying from disease and
exploitation-more slaved are needed
-Atlantic Slave Trade-buying and selling of African for work
in the Americas

17. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
-Native Americans begin dying from disease and
exploitation-more slaved are needed
-Atlantic Slave Trade-buying and selling of African for work
in the Americas
Triangular trade-network of trade networks crisscrossing
the northern and southern colonies, the West Indies,
England, Europe, and Africa-fur, fruit, tar, tobacco and
African slaves

18. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
-Native Americans begin dying from disease and
exploitation-more slaved are needed
-Atlantic Slave Trade-buying and selling of African for work
in the Americas
Triangular trade-network of trade networks crisscrossing
the northern and southern colonies, the West Indies,
England, Europe, and Africa-fur, fruit, tar, tobacco and
African slaves
Middle Passage-voyage that brought captured Africans to
the West Indies and later to North and South America

19. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
-Native Americans begin dying from disease and
exploitation-more slaved are needed
-Atlantic Slave Trade-buying and selling of African for work
in the Americas
Triangular trade-network of trade networks crisscrossing
the northern and southern colonies, the West Indies,
England, Europe, and Africa-fur, fruit, tar, tobacco and
African slaves
Middle Passage-voyage that brought captured Africans to
the West Indies and later to North and South America
Columbian Exchange-global exchange of foods,plants and
animals during the colonization of the Americas

20. Chapter 20-The Atlantic World
-Native Americans begin dying from disease and
exploitation-more slaved are needed
-Atlantic Slave Trade-buying and selling of African for work
in the Americas
Triangular trade-network of trade networks crisscrossing
the northern and southern colonies, the West Indies,
England, Europe, and Africa-fur, fruit, tar, tobacco and
African slaves
Middle Passage-voyage that brought captured Africans to
the West Indies and later to North and South America
Columbian Exchange-global exchange of foods,plants and
animals during the colonization of the Americas
Commercial Revolution-new wealth from Americas and
growth in overseas trade-change economic
atmosphere

21. 6

22.  Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and
the investment of wealth for profit
6

23.  Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and
the investment of wealth for profit
 Increase in the money supply and Inflation-steady rise in the
price of goods-more money=more demand for goods=goods
become scarce and valuable
6

24.  Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and
the investment of wealth for profit
 Increase in the money supply and Inflation-steady rise in the
price of goods-more money=more demand for goods=goods
become scarce and valuable
 joint-stock company-group of people combining wealth for a
common purpose-business venture
6

25.  Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and
the investment of wealth for profit
 Increase in the money supply and Inflation-steady rise in the
price of goods-more money=more demand for goods=goods
become scarce and valuable
 joint-stock company-group of people combining wealth for a
common purpose-business venture
 mercantilism-country’s power depended on wealth-
6

26.  Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and
the investment of wealth for profit
 Increase in the money supply and Inflation-steady rise in the
price of goods-more money=more demand for goods=goods
become scarce and valuable
 joint-stock company-group of people combining wealth for a
common purpose-business venture
 mercantilism-country’s power depended on wealth-
 How could a country increase its wealth and power?
6

27.  Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and
the investment of wealth for profit
 Increase in the money supply and Inflation-steady rise in the
price of goods-more money=more demand for goods=goods
become scarce and valuable
 joint-stock company-group of people combining wealth for a
common purpose-business venture
 mercantilism-country’s power depended on wealth-
 How could a country increase its wealth and power?
 more gold and silver or favorable balance of trade-sold more
goods than bought
6

28.  Capitalism-economic system based on private ownership and
the investment of wealth for profit
 Increase in the money supply and Inflation-steady rise in the
price of goods-more money=more demand for goods=goods
become scarce and valuable
 joint-stock company-group of people combining wealth for a
common purpose-business venture
 mercantilism-country’s power depended on wealth-
 How could a country increase its wealth and power?
 more gold and silver or favorable balance of trade-sold more
goods than bought
 Commercial Revolution=rise in merchant class-changed social
mobility and towns and cities grew in size
6

30. 8

31. 9

32. Diseases-smallpoz, influenza, measles,
malaria, diptheria, whooping cough,
typhus
9

33. Nationalist Revolutions

34. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism

35. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism
-belief that ones greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people that share a common culture and history

36. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism
-belief that ones greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people that share a common culture and history
Haiti (formerly Saint Domingue)-1st Latin American
Territory to free itself from European (French) rule

37. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism
-belief that ones greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people that share a common culture and history
Haiti (formerly Saint Domingue)-1st Latin American
Territory to free itself from European (French) rule
Enslaved Africans- majority of population

38. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism
-belief that ones greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people that share a common culture and history
Haiti (formerly Saint Domingue)-1st Latin American
Territory to free itself from European (French) rule
Enslaved Africans- majority of population
Leader:

39. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism
-belief that ones greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people that share a common culture and history
Haiti (formerly Saint Domingue)-1st Latin American
Territory to free itself from European (French) rule
Enslaved Africans- majority of population
Leader:
Toussaint L’Ouverture

40. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism
-belief that ones greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people that share a common culture and history
Haiti (formerly Saint Domingue)-1st Latin American
Territory to free itself from European (French) rule
Enslaved Africans- majority of population
Leader:
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Latin American society divided into classes based on
birth

41. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism
-belief that ones greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people that share a common culture and history
Haiti (formerly Saint Domingue)-1st Latin American
Territory to free itself from European (French) rule
Enslaved Africans- majority of population
Leader:
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Latin American society divided into classes based on
birth
Highest-Peninsulares-

42. Nationalist Revolutions
Nationalism
-belief that ones greatest loyalty should be to a nation of
people that share a common culture and history
Haiti (formerly Saint Domingue)-1st Latin American
Territory to free itself from European (French) rule
Enslaved Africans- majority of population
Leader:
Toussaint L’Ouverture
Latin American society divided into classes based on
birth
Highest-Peninsulares-
-men born in Spain-could hold high office

44. Creoles-

45. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated

46. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated
Mulattos-mixed European and African heritage

47. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated
Mulattos-mixed European and African heritage
Mestizo- European and Indian heritage

48. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated
Mulattos-mixed European and African heritage
Mestizo- European and Indian heritage
Indians- treated as lowest class

49. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated
Mulattos-mixed European and African heritage
Mestizo- European and Indian heritage
Indians- treated as lowest class
Libertadores-

50. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated
Mulattos-mixed European and African heritage
Mestizo- European and Indian heritage
Indians- treated as lowest class
Libertadores-
Simon Bolivar -wins independence for Venezuela

51. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated
Mulattos-mixed European and African heritage
Mestizo- European and Indian heritage
Indians- treated as lowest class
Libertadores-
Simon Bolivar -wins independence for Venezuela
Jose de San Martin -defeats forces in Chile and turns
army over to Bolivar

52. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated
Mulattos-mixed European and African heritage
Mestizo- European and Indian heritage
Indians- treated as lowest class
Libertadores-
Simon Bolivar -wins independence for Venezuela
Jose de San Martin -defeats forces in Chile and turns
army over to Bolivar
Bolivar -defeats Spanish in Peru, winning freedom for
Spanish colonies in America

53. Creoles-
-Spaniards born in Latin America-most educated
Mulattos-mixed European and African heritage
Mestizo- European and Indian heritage
Indians- treated as lowest class
Libertadores-
Simon Bolivar -wins independence for Venezuela
Jose de San Martin -defeats forces in Chile and turns
army over to Bolivar
Bolivar -defeats Spanish in Peru, winning freedom for
Spanish colonies in America
Both fighting for-nationalism

55. Mexico

56. Mexico
Padre Hidalgo -took first step towards independence
“Grito de Dolores”-defeated and died

57. Mexico
Padre Hidalgo -took first step towards independence
“Grito de Dolores”-defeated and died
Morelos led for 4 years-defeated- Itubirrde- eventually
made peace with last rebel leader and granted Mexican
independence