1. The Muscular SystemThe Muscular System
Specialized tissue that enable theSpecialized tissue that enable the
body and its parts to move.body and its parts to move.

2. Anterior ViewAnterior View

3. Posterior ViewPosterior View

4. TRIVIA!TRIVIA!
 How many muscles are there in the human body?
 Answer: 640 Muscles
 The muscles make up about 40 % of the body mass.
 What is the longest muscle in the body?
 Answer: The Sartorius
 The Sartorius runs from the outside of the hip, down and across to the
inside of the knee. It twists and pulls the thigh outwards.
 What is the smallest muscle in the body?
 Answer: The Stapedius
 The Stapedius is located deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner
than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.
 What is the biggest muscle in the body?
 Answer: The Gluteus Maximus
 The Gluteus Maximus is located in the buttock. It pulls the leg
backwards powerfully for walking and running.

5. Functions of the MusclesFunctions of the Muscles
MovementMovement
Maintenance of posture and muscleMaintenance of posture and muscle
tonetone
Heat productionHeat production
Protects the bones and internalProtects the bones and internal
organs.organs.

6. Muscle ClassificationMuscle Classification
 FunctionallyFunctionally
Voluntarily – can be moved at willVoluntarily – can be moved at will
Involuntarily – can’t be movedInvoluntarily – can’t be moved
intentionallyintentionally
 StructurallyStructurally
Striated – have stripes across the fiberStriated – have stripes across the fiber
Smooth – no striationsSmooth – no striations

7. The 3 Types of MusclesThe 3 Types of Muscles
S k e le ta l M u s c le S m o o th M u s c le C a rd ia c M u s c le
3 T y p e s o f M u s c le s

8. Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle
 Fibers are thinFibers are thin
and spindleand spindle
shaped.shaped.
 No striationsNo striations
 Single nucleiSingle nuclei
 InvoluntaryInvoluntary
 Contracts slowlyContracts slowly

9. Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle
 They fatigue… but very slowlyThey fatigue… but very slowly
 Found in the circulatory systemFound in the circulatory system
 Lining of the blood vesselsLining of the blood vessels
 Helps in the circulation of the bloodHelps in the circulation of the blood
 Found in the digestive systemFound in the digestive system
 Esophagus, stomach, intestineEsophagus, stomach, intestine
 Controls digestionControls digestion
 Found in the respiratory systemFound in the respiratory system
 Controls breathingControls breathing
 Found in the urinary systemFound in the urinary system
 Urinary bladderUrinary bladder
 Controls urinationControls urination

10. Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
 Cells are branchedCells are branched
and appear fusedand appear fused
with one anotherwith one another
 Has striationsHas striations
 Each cell has aEach cell has a
central nucleicentral nuclei
 InvoluntaryInvoluntary

11. Cardiac MuscleCardiac Muscle
 Found ONLY in the heartFound ONLY in the heart
 Contractions of the heart musclesContractions of the heart muscles
pump blood throughout the body andpump blood throughout the body and
account for the heartbeat.account for the heartbeat.
 Healthy cardiac muscle NEVERHealthy cardiac muscle NEVER
fatiguesfatigues  or else…or else…

12. Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
 Fibers are long andFibers are long and
cylindricalcylindrical
 Has many nucleiHas many nuclei
 Has striationsHas striations
 Have alternatingHave alternating
dark and light bandsdark and light bands
 VoluntaryVoluntary

13. Skeletal MuscleSkeletal Muscle
 Attached to skeleton by tendonsAttached to skeleton by tendons
 Causes movement of bones at theCauses movement of bones at the
joints.joints.
 And yes… they do fatigueAnd yes… they do fatigue
 Muscle fatigue activityMuscle fatigue activity  whatwhat
substance forms causing musclesubstance forms causing muscle
fatigue???fatigue???

14. Functions of Skeletal MuscleFunctions of Skeletal Muscle
 Movement – muscle move bones byMovement – muscle move bones by
pulling not pushing.pulling not pushing.
 SynergistsSynergists – any movement is generally– any movement is generally
accomplished by more than one muscle. Allaccomplished by more than one muscle. All
of the muscles responsible for the movementof the muscles responsible for the movement
are synergists.are synergists.
 The one that is most responsible for theThe one that is most responsible for the
movement is themovement is the Prime Mover (agonist)Prime Mover (agonist)..

15. Functions of Skeletal MuscleFunctions of Skeletal Muscle
 MovementMovement
 AntagonistsAntagonists – muscles and muscle groups– muscles and muscle groups
usually work in pairsusually work in pairs
–– example the biceps flex your arm and itsexample the biceps flex your arm and its
partner the triceps extend your arm. The twopartner the triceps extend your arm. The two
muscles aremuscles are antagonistsantagonists, i.e. cause opposite, i.e. cause opposite
actions.actions.
–– when one contracts the other relaxes.when one contracts the other relaxes.
 LevatorsLevators – muscle that raise a body part.– muscle that raise a body part.

17. All skeletal muscles have fascicles
Fascicle arrangement allows
different functions of muscles
• parallel (fusiform)--
strap• pennate (feather)
• convergent—fan, triangle
• circular (sphincter)—
squeeze
Fascicle ArrangementFascicle Arrangement

19. Determined by fascicularDetermined by fascicular
arrangementarrangement
Skeletal muscle shortens to 70%
of resting length
• parallel--shorter, not powerful
• pennate--lots of fibers, powerful
Power and Range of Motion

20. Pennate MusclesPennate Muscles
 Unipennate::
 fibers on 1 side of tendonfibers on 1 side of tendon e.g.,e.g., extensor digitorumextensor digitorum
 Bipennate:
 fibers on both sides of tendonfibers on both sides of tendon e.g.,e.g., rectus femorisrectus femoris
Figure 11–1c, d, e
– tendon branches within muscle e.g., deltoid
• MultipennateMultipennate::
• Form angle with tendon
• Don’t move as far as
parallel muscles
• Contain more myofibrils
than parallel muscles
• Develop more tension
than parallel muscles

21. Functions of Skeletal MuscleFunctions of Skeletal Muscle
 Maintenance of posture or muscle toneMaintenance of posture or muscle tone
 We are able to maintain our body position becauseWe are able to maintain our body position because
of tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. Theseof tonic contractions in our skeletal muscles. These
contractions don’t produce movement yet hold ourcontractions don’t produce movement yet hold our
muscles in position.muscles in position.
 Heat productionHeat production – contraction of muscles– contraction of muscles
produces most of the heat required to maintainproduces most of the heat required to maintain
body temperature.body temperature.

22. Structure of Skeletal MuscleStructure of Skeletal Muscle
 Composed of striated muscle cells (=muscleComposed of striated muscle cells (=muscle
fibers) and connective tissue.fibers) and connective tissue.
 Most muscles attach to 2 bones that have aMost muscles attach to 2 bones that have a
moveable joint between them.moveable joint between them.
 The attachment to the bone that does not move is theThe attachment to the bone that does not move is the
originorigin..
 The attachment to the bone that moves is theThe attachment to the bone that moves is the insertioninsertion..
 TendonsTendons anchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendonsanchor muscle firmly to bones. Tendons
are made of dense fibrous connective tissue.are made of dense fibrous connective tissue.
 LigamentsLigaments connect bone to bone at a joint.connect bone to bone at a joint.

23. Structure of Skeletal MuscleStructure of Skeletal Muscle
 BursaeBursae – small fluid filled sacs that lie– small fluid filled sacs that lie
between some tendons and the bonesbetween some tendons and the bones
beneath them. They are made ofbeneath them. They are made of
connective tissue and are lined withconnective tissue and are lined with
synovial membrane that secretes synovialsynovial membrane that secretes synovial
fluid.fluid.

24. Movement of MusclesMovement of Muscles
 Origin:Origin: the attachment ofthe attachment of
the muscle to the bonethe muscle to the bone
that remains stationarythat remains stationary
 Insertion:Insertion: the attachmentthe attachment
of the muscle to the boneof the muscle to the bone
that movesthat moves
 Belly:Belly: the fleshy part ofthe fleshy part of
the muscle between thethe muscle between the
tendons of origin and/ortendons of origin and/or
insertioninsertion
origin
insertion
belly

25. Movement of skeletal muscleMovement of skeletal muscle
 These muscles move when the brainThese muscles move when the brain
sends messages to the musclesends messages to the muscle
 Always work in pairsAlways work in pairs
 2 movements of skeletal muscle2 movements of skeletal muscle
Contraction (shorten)Contraction (shorten)
Extension (lengthen)Extension (lengthen)

26. Categories ofCategories of
skeletal muscle actionsskeletal muscle actions
 CategoriesCategories ActionsActions
 ExtensorExtensor Increases the angle at a jointIncreases the angle at a joint
 FlexorFlexor Decreases the angle at a jointDecreases the angle at a joint
 AbductorAbductor Moves limb away from midline of bodyMoves limb away from midline of body
 AdductorAdductor Moves limb toward midline of bodyMoves limb toward midline of body
 LevatorLevator Moves insertion upwardMoves insertion upward
 DepressorDepressor Moves insertion downwardMoves insertion downward
 RotatorRotator Rotates a bone along its axisRotates a bone along its axis
 SphincterSphincter Constricts an openingConstricts an opening

28. Practice these MovementsPractice these Movements
1.1. Bend armBend arm
- biceps- biceps  contractcontract
- triceps- triceps  extendextend
2.2. Straighten armStraighten arm
- biceps- biceps  extendextend
- triceps- triceps  contractcontract
3. Bend knee3. Bend knee
- quadriceps- quadriceps  extendextend
- hamstrings- hamstrings  contractcontract

29. 4. Straighten knee4. Straighten knee
- quadriceps- quadriceps  contractcontract
- hamstrings- hamstrings  extendextend
5.5. CrunchesCrunches
- abdomen- abdomen  contractcontract
- back muscles- back muscles  extendextend
6.6. Point toesPoint toes
- calf muscle- calf muscle  contractcontract
- shin muscle- shin muscle  extendextend
More MovementsMore Movements

31. Naming Skeletal MusclesNaming Skeletal Muscles
 Location of the muscleLocation of the muscle
 Shape of the muscleShape of the muscle
 Relative Size of the muscleRelative Size of the muscle
 Direction/Orientation of the muscleDirection/Orientation of the muscle
fibers/cellsfibers/cells
 Number of OriginsNumber of Origins
 Location of the AttachmentsLocation of the Attachments
 Action of the muscleAction of the muscle

32. Muscles Named by LocationMuscles Named by Location
 EpicraniusEpicranius
(around cranium)(around cranium)
 Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior
(front of tibia)(front of tibia)
tibialis
anterior

33. Naming Skeletal MusclesNaming Skeletal Muscles
 Shape:Shape:
 deltoid (triangle)deltoid (triangle)
 trapezius (trapezoid, 2trapezius (trapezoid, 2
parallel sides)parallel sides)
 serratus (saw-serratus (saw-
toothed)toothed)
 rhomboideusrhomboideus
(rhomboid, 4 parallel(rhomboid, 4 parallel
sides)sides)
 orbicularis andorbicularis and
sphincters (circular)sphincters (circular)
Rhomboideus
major
Trapezius
Deltoid
Serratus anterior

34.  maximus (largest)maximus (largest)
 minimis (smallest)minimis (smallest)
 longus (longest)longus (longest)
 brevis (short)brevis (short)
 major (large)major (large)
 minor (small)minor (small)
Psoas
major
Psoas
minor
Muscles Named by SizeMuscles Named by Size

35. Muscles Named byMuscles Named by
Direction of FibersDirection of Fibers
 Rectus (straight)Rectus (straight)
––parallel to longparallel to long
axisaxis
 TransverseTransverse
 ObliqueOblique
Rectus
abdominis
External
oblique

36.  Biceps (2)Biceps (2)
 Triceps (3)Triceps (3)
 Quadriceps (4)Quadriceps (4)
Muscles Named forMuscles Named for
Number of OriginsNumber of Origins
Biceps
brachii

37. Muscles Named for Origin andMuscles Named for Origin and
InsertionInsertion
SternocleidomastoidSternocleidomastoid
originates fromoriginates from
sternum and claviclesternum and clavicle
and inserts onand inserts on
mastoid process ofmastoid process of
temporal bonetemporal bone
origins
insertion

38. Muscles Named for ActionMuscles Named for Action
 Flexor carpi radialisFlexor carpi radialis
(extensor carpi radialis)(extensor carpi radialis)
–– flexes wristflexes wrist
 Abductor pollicis brevisAbductor pollicis brevis
(adductor pollicis)(adductor pollicis)
–– flexes thumbflexes thumb
 Abductor magnusAbductor magnus
–– abducts thighabducts thigh
 Extensor digitorumExtensor digitorum
–– extends fingersextends fingers
Adductor
magnus

39. CLINICAL CORRELATIONCLINICAL CORRELATION

40. Exercise-Induced Muscle DamageExercise-Induced Muscle Damage
 Intense exercise can cause muscle damageIntense exercise can cause muscle damage
 electron micrographs reveal tornelectron micrographs reveal torn
sarcolemmas, damaged myofibrils ansarcolemmas, damaged myofibrils an
disrupted Z discsdisrupted Z discs
 increased blood levels of myoglobin & creatineincreased blood levels of myoglobin & creatine
phosphate found only inside muscle cellsphosphate found only inside muscle cells
 Delayed onset muscle sorenessDelayed onset muscle soreness
 12 to 48 Hours after strenuous exercise12 to 48 Hours after strenuous exercise
 stiffness, tenderness and swelling due tostiffness, tenderness and swelling due to
microscopic cell damagemicroscopic cell damage

41.  AtrophyAtrophy
wasting away of muscleswasting away of muscles
caused by disuse (disuse atrophy) or severing ofcaused by disuse (disuse atrophy) or severing of
the nerve supply (denervation atrophy)the nerve supply (denervation atrophy)
the transition to connective tissue can not bethe transition to connective tissue can not be
reversedreversed
 HypertrophyHypertrophy
increase in the diameter of muscle fibersincrease in the diameter of muscle fibers
resulting from very forceful, repetitive muscularresulting from very forceful, repetitive muscular
activity and an increase in myofibrils, SR &activity and an increase in myofibrils, SR &
mitochondriamitochondria

42. Axial MusculatureAxial Musculature
 Arises from and inserts on the axialArises from and inserts on the axial
skeletonskeleton
 Positions the head and spinal columnPositions the head and spinal column
 Moves the rib cage, assisting inMoves the rib cage, assisting in
breathingbreathing
• Axial musculature
– Originates and inserts on axial skeleton
• Appendicular musculature
– Stabilizes or moves components of the
appendicular skeleton

45. Axial muscles organized into fourAxial muscles organized into four
groupsgroups
 Muscles of the head and neckMuscles of the head and neck
 Muscles of the vertebral columnMuscles of the vertebral column
 Oblique and rectus musclesOblique and rectus muscles
 Muscles of the pelvic floorMuscles of the pelvic floor

46. Muscles of the Head and NeckMuscles of the Head and Neck
 Muscles of facial expressionMuscles of facial expression
 Extrinsic eye musclesExtrinsic eye muscles
 Muscles of masticationMuscles of mastication
 Muscles of the tongueMuscles of the tongue
 Muscles of the pharynxMuscles of the pharynx
 Muscles of the anterior neckMuscles of the anterior neck

47. Muscles of Facial ExpressionMuscles of Facial Expression
 Originate on surface of skullOriginate on surface of skull
 Largest group associated with mouthLargest group associated with mouth
Orbicularis orisOrbicularis oris
BuccinatorBuccinator
 Occipitofrontalis muscleOccipitofrontalis muscle
Movement of eyebrows, forehead, scalpMovement of eyebrows, forehead, scalp
 PlatysmaPlatysma
Skin of neck, depresses mandibleSkin of neck, depresses mandible

50. Six Extra-Ocular (Oculomotor)Six Extra-Ocular (Oculomotor)
MusclesMuscles
 Inferior rectusInferior rectus
 Superior rectusSuperior rectus
 Medial rectusMedial rectus
 Lateral rectusLateral rectus
 Superior obliqueSuperior oblique
 Inferior obliqueInferior oblique

51. Muscles of MasticationMuscles of Mastication
 Act on the mandibleAct on the mandible
MasseterMasseter
TemporalisTemporalis
Pterygoid musclesPterygoid muscles

52. Muscles of the TongueMuscles of the Tongue
 Necessary for speech and swallowingNecessary for speech and swallowing
GenioglossusGenioglossus
HyoglossusHyoglossus
PalatoglossusPalatoglossus
StyloglossusStyloglossus

53. Muscles of the PharynxMuscles of the Pharynx
 Initiate swallowingInitiate swallowing
Pharyngeal constrictorsPharyngeal constrictors
Laryngeal elevatorsLaryngeal elevators
PalatopharyngeusPalatopharyngeus
SalpingopharyngeusSalpingopharyngeus
StylopharyngeusStylopharyngeus
Palatal musclesPalatal muscles

54. Muscles of the PharynxMuscles of the Pharynx

55. Anterior Muscles of the NeckAnterior Muscles of the Neck
 Foundation for the muscles of the tongue andFoundation for the muscles of the tongue and
pharynxpharynx
DigastricDigastric
MylohyoidMylohyoid
StylohyoidStylohyoid
SternocleidomastoidSternocleidomastoid

56. Anterior Muscles of the NeckAnterior Muscles of the Neck

57. Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of the Vertebral Column
 Covered by a superficial layer of backCovered by a superficial layer of back
musclesmuscles
 TrapeziusTrapezius
 Latissimus dorsiLatissimus dorsi
 Superficial and deep layersSuperficial and deep layers
• Superficial muscles:
• Splenius muscles
• Spinal extensors
– Spinalis
– Longissimus
– Iliocostalis
• Longissimus and iliocostalis merge in
lumbar region
• Deep muscles: Interconnect and
stabilize the vertebrae
– Transversospinal group
• Semispinalis
• Multifidus
• Rotatores
• Interspinales
– Intertransversarii

58. Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of the Vertebral Column
 Longus capitusLongus capitus
 Longus colliLongus colli
 Rotate and flex the neckRotate and flex the neck
 Quadratus lumborumQuadratus lumborum
musclesmuscles
 Flex the spineFlex the spine
 Depress the ribsDepress the ribs

59. Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of the Vertebral Column

60.  Oblique muscles of neckOblique muscles of neck
and thoraxand thorax
 ScalenesScalenes
 IntercostalsIntercostals
 Transverses musclesTransverses muscles
 Important in respirationImportant in respiration
 DiaphragmDiaphragm
 Separates abdominopelvicSeparates abdominopelvic
and thoracic cavitiesand thoracic cavities
 Most important muscle inMost important muscle in
respirationrespiration
The Oblique and RectusThe Oblique and Rectus
MusclesMuscles
• Oblique and Rectus Muscles
• Rectus abdominus
• Abdominal oblique muscles
– Compress underlying
organs
– Rotate the vertebral
column
• External oblique
muscle
• Internal oblique
muscle
• Rectus abdominis
muscle

61. The Oblique and RectusThe Oblique and Rectus
MusclesMuscles

62. The DiaphragmThe Diaphragm

63. Muscles of the Pelvic FloorMuscles of the Pelvic Floor
 Extend from the sacrum and coccyx to the ischium and pubisExtend from the sacrum and coccyx to the ischium and pubis
 Support the organs of the pelvic cavitySupport the organs of the pelvic cavity
 Flex the joints of the sacrum and coccyxFlex the joints of the sacrum and coccyx
 Control movement of materials through anus and urethraControl movement of materials through anus and urethra
• Perineum
– Anterior urogenital triangle
• Urogenital diaphragm
– Posterior anal triangle
• Pelvic diaphragm

64. Muscles of the Pelvic FloorMuscles of the Pelvic Floor

65. Figure 10.15c Muscles of theFigure 10.15c Muscles of the
Pelvic FloorPelvic Floor

66. Appendicular musculature isAppendicular musculature is
responsible forresponsible for
 Stabilizing pectoral girdleStabilizing pectoral girdle
 Stabilizing pelvic girdleStabilizing pelvic girdle
 Moving upper and lower limbsMoving upper and lower limbs
Four groups of muscles
• Muscles that position the pectoral girdle
• Muscles that move the arm
• Muscles that move the forearm and hand
• Muscles that move the hand and fingers

67. Muscles that move the pectoralMuscles that move the pectoral
girdlegirdle
 Trapezius muscleTrapezius muscle
 Affects position of pectoral girdle,Affects position of pectoral girdle,
neck, headneck, head
 Rhomboid musclesRhomboid muscles
 Adducts scapulaAdducts scapula
 Deep to trapeziusDeep to trapezius
 Inserts on scapulaInserts on scapula
 Levator scapulae muscleLevator scapulae muscle
 Elevates scapulaElevates scapula
• Serratus anterior muscle
– Abducts scapula
– Swings shoulder anteriorly
– Originates on ribs
• Subclavius and pectoralis minor
muscles
– Arise along ventral surface of
ribs
– Depress and protract shoulder

68. Muscles that Move the ArmMuscles that Move the Arm
 Deltoid and supraspinatusDeltoid and supraspinatus
 Abduction at the shoulderAbduction at the shoulder
 Supscapularis and teresSupscapularis and teres
majormajor
 Rotate arm mediallyRotate arm medially
 Infraspinatus and teresInfraspinatus and teres
minorminor
 Rotate arm laterallyRotate arm laterally
• Rotator cuff
– Supraspinatus
– Infraspinatus
– Teres minor
– Subscapularis
• Coracobrachialis
– Flexion and adduction at shoulder
• Pectoralis major muscle
– Flexes shoulder
– Adducts and medially rotates arm
• Latissumus dorsi muscle
– Extends shoulder
– Adducts and medially rotates arm

70. Muscles that Move the ArmMuscles that Move the Arm

71. Muscles of the pelvic girdle andMuscles of the pelvic girdle and
lower limbslower limbs
 Three groupsThree groups
Muscles that move the thighsMuscles that move the thighs
Muscles that move the legMuscles that move the leg
Muscles that move the foot and toesMuscles that move the foot and toes

72. Muscles that Move the ThighMuscles that Move the Thigh
 Gluteal muscles cover lateralGluteal muscles cover lateral
surface of iliumsurface of ilium
 Gluteus maximusGluteus maximus
 Extension and lateral rotation of hipExtension and lateral rotation of hip
 Pulls on iliotibial tractPulls on iliotibial tract
 Tensor fasciae latae muscleTensor fasciae latae muscle
 Produces flexion, abduction andProduces flexion, abduction and
medial rotationmedial rotation
 Pulls on iliotibial tractPulls on iliotibial tract
• Piriformis and obturator muscles
– Lateral rotators
• Psoas major and iliacus
– Merge to form iliopsoas
– Power flexor of hip
• Adductor group adducts
hip
– Adductor magnus
muscle
– Adductor brevis
muscle
– Adductor longus
muscle
– Pectineus muscle
– Gracilis muscle

73. Muscles that Move the Thigh

74. Muscles that Move the ThighMuscles that Move the Thigh

75. Muscles that Move the LegMuscles that Move the Leg
 Extensor muscles of theExtensor muscles of the
kneeknee
 Anterior and lateral surfaces ofAnterior and lateral surfaces of
the thighthe thigh
 Flexor muscles of the kneeFlexor muscles of the knee
 Posterior and medial surfacesPosterior and medial surfaces
of the thighof the thigh
 Flexors and adductorsFlexors and adductors
 Originate on pelvic girdleOriginate on pelvic girdle
 ExtensorsExtensors
 Originate at femoral surfaceOriginate at femoral surface
• Flexors of the knee and extensors of
hip
– Biceps femoris
– Semimembranosus muscle
– Semitendinosus muscle
• Sartorius muscle
– Flexor of knee
• Popliteal muscle
– Medial rotation of tibia
– Unlocks knee joint
• Quadriceps femoris knee extensors
– Vastus intermedius muscle
– Vastus lateralis muscle
– Vastus medialis muscle
– Rectus femoris muscle

79. Muscles that Move the Foot andMuscles that Move the Foot and
ToesToes Gastrocnemius and soleus musclesGastrocnemius and soleus muscles
 Plantar flexionPlantar flexion
 Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior
 DorsiflexionDorsiflexion
 Fibularis musclesFibularis muscles
 Eversion and plantar flexionEversion and plantar flexion
• Smaller muscles of calf and shin
– Position foot
– Move toes
• Precise control of phalanges
– Muscles on tarsal and metatarsal bones

80. Muscles that Move the ForearmMuscles that Move the Forearm
and Handand Hand
 Biceps brachiiBiceps brachii
Flexes elbowFlexes elbow
Supinates forearmSupinates forearm
 Triceps brachiiTriceps brachii
Extends elbowExtends elbow

81. Muscles that Move the ForearmMuscles that Move the Forearm
and Handand Hand
 Brachialis andBrachialis and
brachioradialisbrachioradialis
 Flex the elbowFlex the elbow
 Anconeus muscle andAnconeus muscle and
triceps brachiitriceps brachii
 Extend the elbow (opposeExtend the elbow (oppose
brachialis)brachialis)
 Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexorFlexor carpi ulnaris, flexor
carpi radialis, palmariscarpi radialis, palmaris
longuslongus
 Flex the wristFlex the wrist
 Flexor carpi ulnaris adductsFlexor carpi ulnaris adducts
wristwrist
 Flexor carpi radialis abductsFlexor carpi radialis abducts
• Extensor carpi radialis muscle
– Abducts and extends wrist
• Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle
– Adducts and extends wrist
• Pronator teres, pronator quadratus
muscles
– Pronate forearm without flexion
or extension
• Suppinator muscle
– Opposes pronator muscles

82. Muscles that Move the Hand andMuscles that Move the Hand and
FingersFingers
 Superficial and deep muscles ofSuperficial and deep muscles of
the forearmthe forearm
 Large musclesLarge muscles
 Tendons cross wristTendons cross wrist
 Synovial tendon sheathsSynovial tendon sheaths
 Thickened fasciaThickened fascia
 Extensor retinaculum and flexorExtensor retinaculum and flexor
retinaculumretinaculum
 Carpal tunnel syndromeCarpal tunnel syndrome

83. Extrinsic Muscles that Move the Hand andExtrinsic Muscles that Move the Hand and
FingersFingers

85. Intrinsic Muscles, Tendons and LigamentsIntrinsic Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments
of the Handof the Hand