1. Do you still remember?
o
o
o
o
o
o
Phrase
Clause
Sentence
Compound Sentence
Complex Sentence
Compound Complex Sentence

2. QUIZ
Phrase or Clause?
1. _____ the beautiful girl
2. _____ the beautiful girl is under the tree
3. _____ the computer on the table in the lab
4. _____ this class is dirty
5. _____ all of my friends come to my birthday party
Phrase is ...
Clause is ...
How many kinds of clause? What are they?

3. QUIZ
Write INDEP then put period after them for independent
clause or DEP for dependent clause!
a. ____ students normally spend four years in college
b. ____ although students normally spend four year in
college
c. ____ Indonesia was proclaimed in 1945
d. ____ which is simply the urge to sleep at inappropiate
Independent clause is ...
times
Dependent clause is ...

4. QUIZ
Determine whether these sentences is SIMPLE,
COMPOUND, COMPLEX, or COMPOUND COMPLEX!
a. ____ the athlete run
b. ____ Ali run quickly, so he come earlier than others
c. ____ the tall athlete run quckly
d. ____ I love this class because I like to write
e. ____ I hate you; you love me
f. ____ because we are family, I love you and you love me
Simple sentence is ...
Compound sentence is ...
Complex sentence is ...
Compound complex sentence is

5. QUIZ
Determine which one is better?
a. My cat namely Kitty is a cute cat. It has smooth body
hair. It has beautiful eyeball. Kitty likes to play in the
dirty land. But it always keep clean its body when it
come and sleep near me.
b. My cat namely kitty is a cute cat. It has smooth body
hair and beautiful eyeball. Although Kitty likes to play in
the dirty land, it always keep its body clean when it
come and sleep near me.

6. SIMPLE & COMPOUND SENTENCE

7. Terms we’ll need
o Subject
o Verb
o Clause
(group of words with a subject and a verb)
Independent-strong, stands alone
Dependent-subordinate-weak, needs support

8. Simple Sentence
 A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
 It expresses a single complete thought.
 A simple sentence is a single independent clause.
I live in Cikaliung.
Subject
Verb

9. Sample Simple Sentences
1. The cat crept through the dark house.
2. The wary mouse watched from underneath an
upturned cereal box.
3. The predatory cat stopped and surveyed his
surroundings.
4. The mouse darted for the safety of the nearly
invisible hole under the cabinet.

10. Simple sentence
A simple sentence has one independent
clause and no dependent clauses:

The student yawned.

11. Although a simple sentence cannot
have a dependent clause, it can have
modifiers:
The tall student yawned loudly.
The basic sentence is ‘The student
yawned’. The other words are
modifiers - they are descriptive words.

12. A simple sentence contains only one
independent clause, but it can have
more than one subject or verb:
Two Subjects:
The student and his friend yawned.
Two Verbs:
The student yawned and fell asleep.

13. A sentence with all these elements will be long, but it is
still simple because it contains only one independent
clause:
The tall student and his friend yawned
loudly and fell asleep.
Can you identify the ‘real’ sentence and
the modifiers?

14. The tall student and his friend
yawned loudly and fell asleep.

15. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent
clauses that are joined together.
She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs.
Independent
Clause
Independent
Clause

16. Compound Sentence
You can make a compound sentence by
joining two logically related independent
clauses by using…
- a semicolon
- a coordinating conjunction
- a transition

17. Using a Semicolon
Independent Clause ; Independent Clause
I love living in the city ; there are so many things to do.
Independent
Clause
Independent
Clause

18. Using a Coordinating Conjunction
Independent Clause , coordinating conjunction Independent Clause
He couldn’t watch the show, so he decided to tape it.
Independent
Clause
Independent
Clause

19. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating
Conjunction
Logical Relationship
Addition
And
Contrast
But, yet
Choice
Or, nor
Cause
For
Result
So

20. FANBOYS
Another way to remember these is…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
For 
And 
Nor 
But 
Or 
Yet 
So 
F
A
N
B
O
Y
S

21. CAUTION!
Do NOT use a comma every time you use the
words and, or, but, nor, for, so, yet. Use a
comma only when the coordinating conjunction
joins two independent clauses.
Simple Sentence
The necklace was beautiful but expensive.
Independent
Clause
No comma- not an
independent clause

22. Using a Transition
Independent Clause ; transition, Independent Clause
I love San Francisco; however, I hate the traffic.
Independent
Clause
Independent
Clause

23. List of Transition
Relationship
Transition
Addition
Moreover
Furthermore
In addition
besides
Contrast
However
In contrast
Result or Effect
Consequently
Thus
Therefore
Reinforcement/Emphasis
Indeed
In fact
On the contrary
On the other hand
Accordingly
Hence
As a result

24. List of Transition
Relationship
Transition
Exemplification
For example
For instance
In particular
Time
Meanwhile (at the same time)
Subsequently (after)
Thereafter (after)
Reinforcement/Emphasis
Indeed
In fact
Exemplification
For example
For instance
In particular

25. Writing Complex Sentences

26. #1: Simple Sentence

A simple sentence has one subject
and one verb



I like to study grammar.
A simple sentence is also called an
independent clause.
An independent clause ends with a
period or semicolon.

27. One
subject
I love you.
One
verb
Independent clause: only one subject and one verb

28. #2: Compound Sentence

A compound sentence is made up of
two or more simple sentences joined by
one of the following:

A comma and one of the FANBOYS


A semicolon


I like to study grammar, and I love this class.
I like to study grammar; I love this class.
A semicolon and a transitional

I like to study grammar; therefore, I love this class.

29. Independent
clause
I love you, and you love me.
Independent
clause
Two independent clauses joined together

30. #3: Complex Sentence

A complex sentence is a simple
sentence (independent clause) to which
a part of a sentence (dependent clause)
has been added.


Because I like to study grammar, I
love this class.
I love this class because I like to study
grammar.

31. Dependent clause
Because you love me, I love you.
Independent clause
A dependent clause joined to an independent clause.
(The dependent clause needs the rest of the
sentence for support.)

32. Fragment!
Because you love me.
A dependent clause contains a subject and verb. It begins
with a subordinating conjunction, and thus it does not express
a completed thought. A dependent clause is also called a
subordinate clause.
Dependent clauses, like babies, cannot stand alone.

33. Complex Sentence
One independent clause and
one dependent clause.
These sentences use subordinating
conjunctions to link ideas:
after if
because
although
before since unless
while until
as
when

34. Complex Sentence
(When the dog barked), the cat ran away.
S
V
S
V
The cat ran away when the dog barked.

35. Complex Sentence
Because she was sick, she stayed home.
She stayed home because she was sick.

36. Complex Sentence
Relative Pronouns =
Subject ( S ) in a complex sentence
who
whom
which
that

37. Complex Sentences
The dog that ate my homework is a genius.
Clause = S + V
The dog is a genius.
S V
that ate my homework
S V
The dog ( that ate my homework ) is a genius.
S
S V
V

38. Complex Sentence
The student ( who studies hard ) will pass the final.
S
S
V
V
The novel, ( which I liked the most ), is about a spy.
S
S
V
V

39. A Tip on Punctuation

Since dependent clauses are only part
of a sentence, you can never connect
them to another sentence with a
semicolon. Semicolons are only used
between two independent clauses.


I have loved you for years ; although I
never admitted it.
No!
I have loved you for years, although I
never admitted it.
OK

40. Common Subordinating (Dependent)
Conjunctions
after
even if
although even
though
as
if
as if
now that
that
once
though whereas
rather than unless
whenever since
because in order
that
before
where
wherever
until
whether
so that
when
which
than
in case while

41. #4: Compound/Complex
Sentence


A compound/complex sentence is the
last and most complicated type of
sentence.
It contains at least one dependent
clause and at least two independent
clauses.

42. Dependent clause
Because we are a family, I
love you, and you love me.
2 independent clauses
A dependent clause added to two or more independent clauses

43. Compound-Complex
A compound-complex sentence has at
least two independent clauses and at
least one dependent clause.
2 independent clauses + 1 dependent clause
( compound )
( complex )

44. Compound-Complex Sentence
Simple
We drove from St. John’s to Corner Brook in one day.
Compound
We were exhausted, but we arrived in time for my mother’s
birthday party.
Complex
( Although he is now 81 years old ), he still claims to be 75.
Compound-complex
( After it was all over ), my mother claimed she knew we were
planning something, but we think she was really surprised.

45. Since every sentence in English fits into
one of these four categories,
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound/
complex

46. Developing Paragraph

47. There are four skills that need to be mastery
by students in learning English. They are listening,
speaking, reading, and writing. Listening and reading
are receptive skills, and speaking and writing are
productive skill. “The four skills are important;
however, of all the four skills, speaking seems
intuitively the most important” (Ur, 1996:120).

48. There are four skills that need to be mastery
by students in learning English. They are listening,
speaking, reading, and writing. Listening and reading
are receptive skills, and speaking and writing are
productive skill. “The four skills are important. But,
of all the four skills, speaking seems intuitively the
most important” (Ur, 1996:120).

49. There are some experts who state that speaking is the
most important. McDonough and Shaw (1993:151) state that
“Speaking is often the skill upon which a person is judge „at
face‟”. In other words, people may often form judgments
about our language competence from our speaking rather than
from any of the other language skills. In addition, Richards
and Renandya (2002:210) also write in their book that
“Speaking is one of central elements of communication”. In
EFL (English as a Foreign Language) teaching, it is an aspect
that needs special attention and instruction.

50. There are some experts who state that speaking is the
most important. McDonough and Shaw (1993:151) state that
“Speaking is often the skill upon which a person is judge „at
face‟”. In other words, people may often form judgments
about our language competence from our speaking rather than
from any of the other language skills. Likewise, Richards and
Renandya (2002:210) also write in their book that “Speaking
is one of central elements of communication”. In EFL
(English as a Foreign Language) teaching, it is an aspect that
needs special attention and instruction.

51. The paragraph is a series of sentences
developing
one topic.

52. I live in a house in west Provo. I like the
view from our house. We have lived there
since November. We also have a car that I
like very much. We were in an accident a
few months ago. We hit a deer that was
crossing the street at night. I felt sorry for
the deer, but it cost a lot of money to repair
the car.

53. My husband and I bought our first house last
November, and we love it. It is located in west
Provo near Utah Lake. Although we cannot see the
lake from our house, we do have a beautiful view
of Mount Timpanogos. Our house has three
bedrooms, two bathrooms, a living room and a
family room, and a large kitchen and dining area.
We also have a large backyard and a small garden.
We are very happy to own our own home, and I
hope that we will live there for several years.

54. Paragraph Structure
A paragraph should have a logical structure
that is easy to put into an outline:
•
•
•
•
•
Topic Sentence
Supporting Detail
Supporting Detail
Supporting Detail
Concluding Sentence

55. The Topic Sentence
• The topic of a paragraph is
stated in one sentence. This is
called the topic sentence.

56. Topic Sentences
• A topic sentence is the sentence that tells the
reader the main idea of the paragraph.
• The topic sentence should contain only one main
idea. It should be specific and detailed.
• The topic sentence is often found at the beginning
of the paragraph, but it can be in other places, too.

57. Topic Sentences: Good Examples
• When I was a child, I lived in a house that
had a strange atmosphere.
• There is a canyon in Northern Arizona that
is the most beautiful place on Earth.
• My favorite item of clothing is a
comfortable, worn pair of jeans that I have
had for many years.

58. Topic Sentences: Bad Examples
• I went to the Grand Canyon this winter and
to Mexico in the spring of 1994.
• My friend is nice.
• I like my bedroom.

59. The rest of the paragraph consists
of sentences that develop or
explain the main idea.
•
Through the centuries rats
have managed to survive all our
efforts to destroy them. We have
poisoned them and trapped
them. We have fumigated,
flooded, and burned them. We
have tried germ warfare. Some
rats even survived atomic bomb
tests conducted on Entwetok
atoll in the Pacific after World
War II. In spite of all our efforts,
these enemies of ours continue to
prove that they are the most
indestructible of pests.

60. Developing a Paragraph

61. Unity in the Paragraph
Every sentence in a paragraph should support the main
idea expressed in the topic sentence.

62. The concluding or
clincher sentence
• Restate the topic sentence in different words.
• A clincher sentence or concluding sentence
clinches the point made in the paragraph.
• It summarizes the paragraph.

63. Coherence in a Paragraph
• Stick to the point: The ideas have
a clear and logical relation to each other.
• Put details or examples or
incidents in logical order.
chronological
in relation to each other
in order of importance
4
3
2
1

64. Connecting Sentences
Within the Paragraph
Transition words
chronological
order
objects in relation to
one another
in order of
importance
first
next to
however
meanwhile
in front of
furthermore
later
beside
as a result
afterwards
between
in fact
finally
behind
yet

65. Transitions
Help your paragraphs flow together. They link
ideas so that they relate to one another
in the same way
as a result
similarly
therefore
likewise
finally
while
in conclusion
on the other hand
in summary
although
lastly
however
in addition

66. Types of Paragraphs
• The narrative paragraph
• tells a story
• The persuasive paragraph.
• tries to convince the audience
• The descriptive paragraph
• describes something
• The expository or explanatory paragraph
• gives information or explains something