This document provides a summary of the history of Portugal in 7 periods: 1) From prehistory to the formation of an independent monarchy 2) From the founding of the monarchy in 1128 3) From the founding of the House of Avis dynasty 4) From 1415 when Portugal began maritime expansion, exploring Africa and discovering Madeira and Azores 5) From 1580 during the imperial decline period when Portugal was part of the Iberian Union until 1640 6) From 1820 with the establishment of a constitutional monarchy 7) From 1910 with the downfall of the monarchy and establishment of the First Republic.

1. Faculty of Spatial Science, University of Groningen
March 25, 2014, Groningen, The Netherlands

2. Iberian Peninsula
Portugal Spain
History
Government
Mismatch
Spatial
Planning
EU
Cooper.
Northern Portugal Galicia
2020
EU
Integration
Present
Past
Cooperation
Key figures
Past

9. Hence only grid
statistics can provide a
realistic portrait of
where people actually
live and how many
there are.
Eurostat
Population

12. On 11 May 2009, the Portuguese Republic submitted to the
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, in accordance
with Art. 76, of the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea, information on the limits of the continental shelf beyond
200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of
the territorial sea is measured.

17. • The persistently uneven development
• The rise of new technologies
• The financial and economic crisis
Albrechts, 2010
• The changes in production processes
• The globalisation of culture and the
economy
• The ageing of the population
• The environmental issues
• (...)

18. European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM)
The EFSM has been activated for Ireland and Portugal, for a total amount up to
€48.5 billion (up to €22.5 billion for Ireland and up to €26 billion for Portugal), to be
disbursed over 3 years (2011 – 2013).
Austerity Measures in Crisis Countries - Results and Impact on Mid-term Development

19. Spain: 25,8%Portugal: 15,3%

20. Spain: 55,2%
Portugal: 38,4%
NL: 9,8%

21. http://theportugueseeconomy.blogspot.nl/2010_12_01_archive.html

23. Spain: 0,7%
Portugal: -1,7%
NL: 1%

25. Spain: 109
Portugal: 77
NL: 113

30. 20. Atletico Madrid
19. AS Roma
18. Fenerbahce
17. Hamburger SV
16. Galatasaray
15. Inter Milan
14. Tottenham Hotspur
13. FC Schalke 04
12. Liverpool
11. Borussia Dortmund
10. AC Milan
9. Juventus
8. Arsenal
7. Chelsea
6. Manchester City
5. Paris Saint-Germain
4. Manchester United
3. Bayern Munich
2. FC Barcelona
1. Real Madrid
2012-13 revenue: £444.7m
2012-13 revenue: £413.6m

32. Located on the southwestern tip of the
European continent, the Iberian
Peninsula, includes the countries of
Andorra, Portugal and Spain, and the
British Crown colony of Gibraltar.

33. From 500 to 1000 A.D., the Iberian Peninsula witnesses different waves of
conquests by the Visigothic, Byzantine, and Arab armies. Christian rule under
the Byzantines and Visigoths in the first half of the period comes to an end
with the introduction of Islam in the eighth century by Arab armies. Under
Islamic Umayyad rule, there is remarkable cross-cultural exchange between
Christian, Jewish, and Muslim populations in the Iberian peninsula.

38. Christian kingdoms in the north gradually unite, become much more powerful, and
expand their territories through a campaign of reconquista (reconquest). Despite the
weakening of Islamic power, its influence in science, medicine, and art is extraordinary
and contributes to the rich diversity of the peninsula as Christians, Muslims, and Jews live
peacefully together.

39. Bilateral agreements
1143
Zamora
1267
Badajoz
1297
Alcanizes
1801
Badajoz
1815
Viena
1864
Lisboa
1926
Border agreements

40. At the start of this period, the Iberian Peninsula is fragmented into several kingdoms, its
rulers waging continual warfare and engaging in border disputes. The region eventually
emerges unified, and by the end of the sixteenth century is a major international power.
At its height, the Spanish empire numbers among its territorial possessions vast portions
of the Americas, the Philippines, Milan, and Sicily. The consolidation of the monarchy is
largely due to the marriage and joint rule of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.

42. In 1800, the Iberian Peninsula, also under the yoke of Napoleon, is torn by war with
its occupying forces. After Napoleon's fall in 1814, earlier political boundaries are
largely restored.

44. The countries of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain and Portugal, make important
contributions to twentieth-century culture, despite the disruptions and isolation
caused by repressive political regimes throughout much of the period.
• 1936–39 The Spanish Civil War takes place.
• 1974 The Carnation Revolution (Revolução dos Cravos) brings about an end the
fascist regime in Portugal and establishes a liberal democracy.

46. • The political system is a
parliamentary monarchy.
The king (El Rey Don Juan
Carlos) is the head of the
state but he has limited
functions.
• The Spanish satate is
social, democratic and
ruled by law.
• The power of the state
and the government is
limited by the
constitution and laws.

47. Casa Real
Executive Legislative Judicial
Congreso de
Diputados
El Senado Tribunal

48. Ministerio de la Presidencia
Ministerio de Economía y
Competitividad
Ministerio de Hacienda
Ministerio de Asuntos
Exteriores y Cooperación
Ministerio de Justicia
Ministerio del Interior
Ministerio de Fomento
Ministerio de
Agricultura, Alimentación y
Medio Ambiente
Ministerio de Defensa
Ministerio de
Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e
Igualdad
Ministerio de
Educación, Cultura y Deportes
Ministerio de Empleo
Ministerio de Agricultura y
Ministries

49. • 17 autonomous communities (see map)
• 2 autonomous cities
• Ceuta
• Melilla
• Each community is governed by a statute of autonomy
or fundamental law – called Xunta.
• They also have their own institutions:
Regional
Parliament
Government High Court

50. • The provinces and municipalities form the local
administration.
• Their body of government is the Diputación or
Provincial Council, composed of deputies elected.
• The municipalities are the smallest territorial units.
• Their body of government is the Town or City Council.
• Their functions are to provide services to the
inhabitants of the municipal district:
• Waste collection, urbanism, infra-structures (…)

51. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment
Instruments of Ordenación Territorial
National level 17 Autonomous Communities
MunicipalietiesEU level

52. Definitions
El Ordenamiento territorial es la expresión espacial de la política
económica, social, cultural y ambiental e instrumento de
planificación y gestión. Es de carácter transversal y afecta las
normas de carácter básico o general y todas aquellas que tienen
que ver con el funcionamiento y administración del
territorio, siendo sus principios básicos la coordinación y
subordinación de las políticas sectoriales, destinada a configurar, en
el corto, mediano y largo plazo la organización y uso del territorio
acorde con las potencialidades y limitaciones del mismo, las
expectativas y necesidades de la población y los objetivos de
desarrollo sustentables, como principio rector.

53. Multi-level governance in
Spain in terms of
spatial planning
There is great heterogeneity in the
degree of their development, in
addition to the existence of a huge
variety and disparity of instruments.
After 1978 when the new Spanish
Constitution was approved, the
spatial planning competencies were
transferred to the Autonomous
Communities (CCAA).
SectorialRegional/Sub-Reg.

54. Types of Plans according to the State legislation
• Regional Plans
• Master Plans ( Planes Generales de Ordenación Urbana
Municipal, P.G.O.U.M )
• Partial Plans ( Planes Parciales)
• Special Plans
The State Law of 1975
Planning Regulation of 1978
The Municipal Master Plan The Partial Plan

55. - Municipal Master Plans (Planes Generales de Ordenación
Urbana Municipal) should assign not less than 5 m2/ per
inhabitant to green areas.
The Municipal Master Plan
It is the main instrument and the whole planning for the
township. Its scope includes the complete surface of the
municipality, and it is carried out by the Town Council
itself, or by a private planner commissioned for it by the
Council.
When Master Plan refers to Metropolitan areas, its
scope covers the main city that constitutes the focus of
the urban aglomeration as well as the rest of
councils integrated within the Metropolitan area.

56. The Master Plan is an integral Plan that establishes:
• The Land Classification (Urban, Land to develop, and Land
not to develop)
• The regulation of the uses of the land and the intensities of
the edification.
• The general and organisational structure of the territory
(System of communications).
• The General System of open spaces (parks and green
spaces), and community services ( educational
, cultural, health
assistance, sports, churches, cemeteries, etc ).
• The programming for the development of the Plan.
The Municipal Master Plan

57. Metropolitan areas
• In Spain although only
Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Sevilla and Bilbao, are
considered Metropolitan areas, while the Central Area
of Asturias, Málaga and the Bay of Cádiz are considered
urban agglomerations;
• At present only Barcelona has a real Metropolitan
Master Plan (27 councils);
• The Master Plan of Madrid includes only Madrid and
the former councils incorporated to the capital some
years ago.

58. Partial Plans (Operational urban development) that develop
the Municipal Master Plans in new urban areas (land in
development), meant for residential or industrial use, should
assign not less than 18 m2/per dwelling or every 100 m2
built (with a minimum of 10% of the total surface of the
Partial Plan ), to green areas in the case of first use (
residential ), and not less than 10% in the case of the second
use ( industrial ).
Partial Plans
• The regulation in detail of the use of the land as well as the
intensities and kinds of the edification.
• The setting of the local communication systems .
• The local System of green and sports areas, and public equipment.
• The economic valuation (of the land), and the development plan.
Is about land use planning

59. Land use planning and Urban Ruling Law, approved in 1975
Planning regulation for the development and application of the
Land use planning and Urban Ruling Law, approved in 1978
Both laws are prior to the approval of the
Constitution, and are applicable to those
Autonomous Communities
without a legislation of their own.
The general legislation applicable in all the Spanish territory is
the "Ley sobre Régimen de suelo y Valoraciones " (Land use
planning) approved in 1998

60. Since 2004 the mainly pro-regionalising Socialist
governments have approved several new statutes (local
constitutions) for CCAAs, which in turn seek in various ways
to extend regional powers.
Like foreign policy and the armed forces, are pure
central tasks, whilst some, like urbanism and regional
planning, are regional competences.
In practice richer CCAAs have added their own road priorities
to those of the central programme, whilst other regions have
gratefully accepted every last centrally paid for
kilometre, leaving highways totally to central government.

64. Spatial Planning, Housing and Transportation

65. Spatial planning, Environment and Infra-structures

66. As an example
A good example of Spanish enthusiasm for high speed rail
was the agreement in June 2009 between the central
government and the new Galician president, to bring the AVE
to Galicia
Marshall, 2009

67. Spatial Planning Guidelines*
Setting the spatial patterns of
settlement activities.
Aims:
• Achieve social and territorial
cohesion;
• Eliminating regional
disparities, which also contribute to
greater system efficiency
productive;
• Protection and enhancement of
the natural, cultural and landscape
and environmental.

68. Landscape Strategy*
A Xunta está a desenvolver as medidas integradas na Estratexia
da Paisaxe de Galicia, co fin de protexer e preservar os
elementos mais significativos e característicos das diferentes
paisaxes da nosa Comunidade Autónoma
Landscape Legislation, 2008
The Landscape Strategy will be developed through three
fundamental types of actions:
• Instruments, arrangements and landscape management
• Integration
• Awareness, Consensus-building

69. Landscape Strategy*

70. With the new framework of participation of the CCAA in the
EU, Spanish sub-national governments increase their access
to EU decision-making. However, this access is totally
mediated through the state.
Can we state that the Spanish sub-national governments gain
more influence on the EU? Or more influence into the “policy
of the Spanish national government on the EU”?.
For long time, Spanish CCAA have complained
about the lack of information on the evolution of
Council negotiations that directly affected their
competences. On the one hand, they had easy
access to the technical information about the
consequences of alternative policies, thanks to
their own autonomous lobbying strategies
(mainly through their own offices in Brussels)

71. The direct participation of the CCAA ministers at the EU
Council meetings will have a very important impact on the
working of existing intergovernmental cooperation.

72. The new framework of participation of the CCAA at the EU
was agreed at the end of 2004 in the CARCE
The 2004 CARCE agreement introduces the direct
participation of Sub-national ministers in the
sessions of the Council of Ministers.
The CARCE took into consideration that some of the other
Council configurations also affect regional powers: that is the
case of the “Competitiveness” Council (which includes
research, enterprise policy, industry, tourism and single market
issues) as well as “Transport Telecommunications and
Energy”, “Economic and Financial Affairs” (ECOFIN), and
“Justice and Home Affairs”.
Conferencia de Asuntos Relacionados con las Comunidades Europeas

74. THE HISTORY OF PORTUGAL can be divided into seven broad
periods.
The first begins in the Paleolithic period and extends to the
formation of Portugal as an independent monarchy. During
this period, Lusitania, that portion of the western Iberian
Peninsula known today as Portugal, experienced many waves
of conquest and settlement by
Iberos, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Swabians, Visigoths, an
d Muslims. Of these successive waves of people, the Romans
left the greatest imprint on present Portuguese society.
The second broad period of Portuguese history runs from the
founding of the monarchy in 1128.

75. The third period begins with the founding of the House
of Avis, Portugal's second ruling dynasty.
The fourth period begins in 1415 when the Portuguese
seized Ceuta in Morocco, thus beginning Portugal's
maritime expansion. During this period, Portugal
explored the west coast of Africa, discovered and
colonized Madeira and the Azores, opened the passage
to India around Africa, built an empire in Asia, and
colonized Brazil.

76. The fifth period, that of imperial decline, begins with
the dynastic crisis of 1580, which saw the demise of
the House of Avis. During this period, Portugal was
part of the Iberian Union until 1640, when the
monarchy was restored and a new dynasty, the
House of Bragança, was established. This period
includes the advent of absolutism in Portugal and
ends with the Napoleonic invasions in the early
1800s.
The sixth, the period of constitutional
monarchy, begins with the liberal revolution of
1820, which established in Portugal for the first
time a written constitution.

77. The final period begins in 1910 with the downfall of the
monarchy and the establishment of the First Republic.

78. Relations between church and state improved in the
second half of the nineteenth century, but a new wave of
anticlericalism emerged with the establishment of the
First Republic in 1910.
Not only were church properties seized and education
secularized, but the republic went so far as to ban the
ringing of church bells, the wearing of clerical garb on
the streets, and the holding of many popular, religious
festivals.
These radical steps antagonized many deeply religious
Portuguese, cost the republic popular support, and
paved the way for its overthrow and the establishment of
a conservative right-wing regime.

79. For centuries the most distinctive feature of Portugal's
social structure was its remarkable stability.
Portuguese society was long cast in an almost
premoderrn, quasifeudal mold. The system consisted of
a small elite at the top, a huge mass of peasants at the
bottom, and almost no one in between.
Portugal's industrialization arrived so late, the country
did not experience until late in the nineteenth century
some of the class changes associated with rapid
economic development in other nations.

80. When industrialization finally did come, Salazar's dictatorship
held its sociopolitical effects in check almost to the very end.
This period includes the corporative republic of António de
Oliveira Salazar; the collapse of that regime on April 25, 1974;
and the establishment of Portugal's present democratic
regime, the Second Republic.

81. In the early months following
the military coup, the new
Portuguese government's
economic orientation could
be described as moderate-
reformist.
"to stimulate agriculture and
gradual reform of the land
tenure system"; and, within
the sphere of social
policy, favored introduction of
"a minimum wage to be
progressively extended to all
sectors of activity."

82. 1982 Planning towards right balance
Of biological landscapes.
1989 Secure a correct spatial planning
(…) land use planning, location of
activities, socio-economic
development.
1986 - EU Integration
April 25, 1974 Democracy

83. 1992 Sought to adapt the text of the Constitution to the
principles of the European Union Treaties and the Treaties of
Maastricht and Amsterdam.
2004 The Legislative Assemblies of each autonomous region
(Azores and Madeira) have been given the power to legislate
on Spatial Planning and Urbanism
1997 Bases for spatial planning and urbanism.
Artigo 165.º
Exclusive competence of Parliament to legislate on the following matters (…)
Z) Spatial planning and urbanism
2005 - Present

84. Mota, 2010

85. Encarnação, 2010 Pardal, 2006 Oliveira, 2000 Gaspar e Simões, 2000
Law n.º 48/98, de 11 de Agosto
Lei de Bases da Política de Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo
Present
National
PNPOT National Spatial Planning Programme – National Spatial Strategy
PSECT Sectorial Spatial Plans PEOT Special Spatial Plans

86. National
PEOT Special Spatial Plans:
Coastline
Public Water
Protected Areas
Archaeological Parks
Estuaries
Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve Peneda-Gerês National Park
The Portuguese maritime spatial plan

87. Natura 2000
is the centrepiece of EU
nature & biodiversity
policy.
http://natura2000.eea.europa.eu/
Rede Natura 2000
FINANCING NATURA 2000
2014‐2020

89. Regional
Define the regional development
strategy, integrating the options set at
the national level and considering the
municipal development
strategies, constituting the reference
framework for the preparation of
municipal spatial plans.
Integrate the Structural and
Cohesion Funds of the
European Union.
5 regions (NUT II) 5 plans
PROT Regional Spatial Plans

90. Municipal
PMOT Local/Municipal Spatial Plans
EU Council adopts the
multiannual financial
framework 2014-2020
308 Plans

91. Inter - Municipal
Implementation
Multiannual financial
framework
2014-2020 and EU budget 2014

92. Mota, 2010

93. Mota, 2010

94. Mota, 2010 Pereira, 2003

96. 3rd enlargement: Spain and Portugal

97. Next slides are dedicated to international cooperation on
spatial planning and urban development.
EU – Portugal – Iberian active projects/programmes

98. http://urbact.eu/
URBACT III will be a European
Territorial Cooperation
programme jointly financed by
the European Union (through
the European Regional
Development Fund) and
Member States and will be
delivered across the 2014-2020
programming period.

99. Thematic Objectives
1: Strengthening research, technological development and innovation
4: Supporting the shift towards a low-carbon economy in all sectors
6: Protecting the environment and promoting resource efficiency
8: Promoting employment and supporting labour mobility
9: Promoting social inclusion and combating poverty
URBACT III is organised around four main objectives:
Capacity for Policy Delivery: To improve the capacity of cities to manage sustainable
urban policies and practices in an integrated and participative way
Policy Design: To improve the design of sustainable urban policies and practices in
cities.
Policy Implementation: To improve the implementation of integrated and
sustainable urban strategies and actions in cities
Building and Sharing Knowledge: To ensure that practitioners and decision makers
at all levels have access to knowledge and share know how on all aspects of
sustainable urban development in order to improve urban development policies.

101. Portuguese
Strategy
follows EU
Strategy
NPT
Strategy
follows EU
Strategy
Cohesion policy
2014-2020
Partnership Agreement
Portugal – EU

102. http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/euro
pe-2020-in-a-nutshell/flagship-
initiatives/index_en.htm
http://www.ccdrn.pt/pt/norte-2020/o-que-e/

103. These have come from:
Polska 10/01
France 14/01
Latvija 15/02
Portugal 04/02
Lietuva 04/01
Slovensko 14/02
Suomi - Finland 17/02
Deutschland 26/02
Eesti 28/02
Danmark 04/03
Magyarország 07/03
Nederland 10/03
The European Commission is now analysing the official
Partnership Agreements received from 12 Member
States outlining their investment plans for EU Structural
and Investment Funds for the 2014-2020 programming
period.

105. The Commission has
underlined that a strategic
approach to the use of the
funds is critical and quality is
more important than speed.
Investments under the European Regional
Development Fund (ERDF) will be concentrated
on 4 key priorities:
• Innovation and research
• The digital agenda
• Support for small and medium-sized
businesses (SMEs)
• Low-carbon economy

108. Cohesion policy encourages regions and cities from different EU Member States
to work together and learn from each other through joint programmes, projects
and networks. In the period 2007-2013 the European Territorial Co-operation
objective (formerly the INTERREG Community Initiative) covers three types of
programmes:
• 53 cross-border co-operation programmes along internal EU borders. ERDF
contribution: €5.6 billion.
• 13 transnational co-operation programmes cover larger areas of co-operation
such as the Baltic Sea, Alpine and Mediterranean regions. ERDF contribution:
€1.8 billion.
• The interregional co-operation programme (INTERREG IVC) and 3 networking
programmes (Urbact II, Interact II and ESPON) cover all 27 Member States of
the EU. They provide a framework for exchanging experience between regional
and local bodies in different countries. ERDF contribution: €445 million.
The European Territorial Co-operation objective is financed by the
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and supports cross-
border, transnational and interregional co-operation programmes.

109. Facilitate and promote
territorial cooperation
First EU cooperation structure
with a legal personality
Strengthening the economic and social cohesion (EU)
The European Grouping for Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) is a new European legal
instrument designed to facilitate and promote cross-border, transnational and
interregional cooperation.
45 EGTCs established by the end of 2013, getting ready for the new Cohesion
Policy: EGTC Monitoring Report 2013 – Towards the New Cohesion Policy

110. Regulation (European Council) no.
1302/2013, 17 December.

111. European grouping for territorial cooperation

112. Cross-border cooperation Galicia North of Portugal
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/agriculture/general_framework/g24235_en.htm
The EGTC Galicia-Norte de Portugal results from a
partnership between Portugal and
Spain, involving around 6.4 million inhabitants in a
51.000 km²'s area.
This EGTC is an agent and promoter of
interconnection for the Euroregion. It has been
created as a legally established meeting point for
institutions, businesses and citizens on both sides
of the border to develop joint projects and
programs.

113. Cross-border cooperation Galicia North of Portugal

114. Galicia
Cross-border cooperation Galicia North of Portugal

115. Northern Portugal
Cross-border cooperation Galicia North of Portugal
#2 - Porto
#3 - Braga
#9 – Guimarães

116. Cross-border cooperation Galicia North of Portugal
Ride Walkor

117. Because
Weak crossborder
railway system

118. The 21st of March, 2014, in the headquarters of the GNP-
EGTC in Vigo, took place a meeting between Mr. Alfonso
Rueda Vicepresident of Xunta de Galicia, and
Professor Emidío Gomes, President of the CCDR-N, where
issues related to the recent transfer of the Direction of the
GNP-EGTC, from Galicia to the North Region of Portugal
were discussed.
Cross-border cooperation Galicia North of Portugal
At the same time, the main strategic lines and
projects for the activities of the GNP-EGTC to be
developed in the short term were analyzed.

119. Galicia
North
Portugal
20.7%(Dec/2013)* 16.1% 9.3%
Unemployment rate -
December/2013*
Portugal - 15.40%
Spain - 25.80%
Population EGTC G-NP*
6.430.789
*EUROSTAT
Galicia - Northern Portugal: Key Figures

120. Facilitating cross border relationship (e.g. governance; decision-making).
Adding value to the euroregional entrepreneur base, by promoting competition
through knowledge and innovation (e.g. universities; R & D).
Increasing euroregional social and institutional cohesion (e.g. human capital).
Developing transport and access to basic transport systems (e.g. road/rail/air).
Cross-border Cooperation
Knowledge-Innovation
EGTC – GNP: Main Objectives (content analysis)
Infra-Structure
Regional Cohesion
Territorial cooperation Fostering regional competitiveness

121. Facilitation and coordination of the regions with public entities which take
their liability portfolios, defined in terms of central governance.
Clarification of the cross-border human resources mobility.
Center in EGTC’s financial responsibility for the management of cross
border cooperation and territorial projects
Explore the possibility of participation of private entities in cooperation
with the EGTC.
Governance
Employment Tax Health
Institutional responsibility
Decentralisation
Partnerships
Rights
EGTC – GNP: Main Objectives (content analysis)

122. EGTC – GNP: Operability I
Industry Universities R & D Tourism
Creativity Knowledge Techn. Sea
Key regional sectors towards cross-border branding

123. It is a cultural, scientific and educational cooperation
program that will develop a system for the exchange of
professors, researchers and administrative staff among
the academic centers of the Euroregion Galicia – Norte
Portugal.
EGTC – GNP: Operability II
Cooperation – Last Minute decision
The GNP-EGTC has also between its future priorities, the
cooperation with business clusters and the main economic areas
of Galicia and North Portugal, as well as the support for the
innovation and to those activities able to generate a higher added
value and a competitive improvement for the Euroregion.
IACOBUS program.
Common Investment Plan

124. Key-sectors / measures for Cross-border cooperation I
Cross-border trade
• Sharing trade facilities and resources.
• Sharing the participation in national and international
trade fairs.
• Facilitating the coalition of trade associations and unions.
Cross-border infra-structure developments
• Sharing facilities for cross-border mobility (e.g., railway
networks connecting the main cities in the region).
• Improving virtual networks and communication
technologies.
Cross-border entrepreneurship, employment and labour mobility
• Facilitating strategic networks enterprise-university.
• Exploring synergies with other territories (i.e., EU and non-EU
regions) to incentive start-up and spin-off developments.

125. Cross-border investment and tourism development
• Taking advantage of the tourism potential in both sides of
the border (e.g., the pilgrimage routes to Santiago de
Compostela; River Douro; wine and gastronomy;
promoting cross-border cultural touring).
• Promoting cross-border sensemaking by taking
advantage of the historical roots of Galicia and Northern
Portugal to construct project orientations for the future
(e.g., cultural events; historical recreations) – short-term
actions embedded in long-term strategic visions.
• Sharing facilities, social and human capital for joint
investment. Promote synergies to support industrial
production (e.g., exchanging know-how).
Key-sectors / measures for Cross-border cooperation II

126. Cross-border research and development projects
• Sharing facilities to capitalize nanotechnology, bioscience
and biomaterials research (e.g., enhance the regional role of
the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory located
in Braga, Northern Portugal).
• Sharing facilities for utilization of laboratories and best-
practices in academic research
(i.e., food, health, regenerative medicine, high-tech textile
materials).
• Sharing procedures and tools for talent attraction and
retention.
Key-sectors / measures for Cross-border cooperation III

127. Eduardo Oliveira
e.h.da.silva.oliveira@rug.nl
Thank you
(references upon request via email)